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六自由度:修订间差异

维基百科,自由的百科全书
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{{See also|欧拉角}}
{{See also|欧拉角}}


== 依運作範圍分類 ==
== Operational envelope types ==
六自由度系統依運作範圍可以分為三類:分別是直接型(Direct)、半直接型(Semi-direct,或稱為條件型)、以及非直接型(Non-direct),這三類都和機械運作需要的時間、執行運作需要的能量、運作是由人或是電腦下達指令無關。
There are three types of operational envelope in the Six degrees of freedom. These types are ''Direct'', ''Semi-direct'' (conditional) and ''Non-direct,'' all regardless of the time remaining for the execution of the maneuver, the energy remaining to execute the maneuver and finally, if the motion is commanded via a biological entity (human) or a robotical entity (computer).


#直接型(Direct type):在正常運作下,可以針對某一自由度直接進行控制,不需要特殊的的條件(例如飛機上的[[副翼]])。
'''''1-''' Direct type'' : Involved a degree can be commanded directly without particularly conditions and described as a normal operation. (An [[副翼|aileron]] on a basic airplane)
#半直接型(Semi-direct):在特殊條件成立,才可以針對某一自由度直接進行控制(例如飛機上的[[推力反向器]])。
#非直接型(Non-direct):自由度的調整是透過和環境的交互作用來達成,不能直接控制(例如海上船隻的俯仰運動)。


有些系統也會出現過渡型的情形。例如[[航天飞机]]在太空中飛行時,因為可以直接控制六個自由度,六自由度都是直接型。但在返回地面,進入大氣層的過程中,因為許多技術限制,無法進行六自由度的直接型控制。
'''''2-''' Semi-direct'' type : Involved a degree can be commanded when some specific conditions are met. ([[推力反向器|Reverse thrust]] on an aircraft)

'''''3-''' Non-direct'' type : Involved a degree when is achieved via the interaction with its environment and cannot be commanded. (Pitching motion of a [[艇|vessel]] at sea)

Transitional type also exists in some vehicles. For example, when the [[航天飞机|Space Shuttle]] operates in space, the craft is described as fully-direct-six because its six degrees can be commanded. However, when the Space Shuttle is in the earth's atmosphere for its return, the fully-direct-six degrees are not longer applicable for many technical reasons.


==Game controllers==
==Game controllers==

2018年11月21日 (三) 10:53的版本

六個運動的自由度:前後、上下、左右、俯仰(pitch)、偏擺(yaw)、翻滾(roll)

六自由度是指剛體三維空間中運動的自由度。特別是指剛體可以在前後、上下、左右三個互相垂直坐標軸平移,也可以在三個垂直軸上旋轉方向,三種旋轉方向稱為俯仰(pitch)、偏擺(yawl)及翻滾(Roll)。

機器人

串行英语serial manipulator平行機器手臂英语parallel manipulator系統一般會設定可以以六個自由度的方式幫物體定位,其中包括三個平移自由度以及三個旋轉自由度。因此在機器手臂的組態以及致動器的位置之間會有對應關係,此關係是由正運動學英语forward kinematics逆运动学所定義的。

机器人自由度是其重要的性能指標。其數字一般是指其單臂上旋轉關節的數量,其自由度越高,表示其到達特定位置的靈活度就越高。這個是實務上的度量方式,和表示系統整體定位能力的絶對自由度不同[1]

2007年時,賽格威的發明者狄恩·卡门國防高等研究計劃署(DARPA)提出了一個機器手臂的原型[2],共有14個自由度。類人型機器人的自由度至少會有30個,每一個手臂會有六個自由度,每一隻腳有五到六個自由度,而軀幹也有更多的自由度[3]

工程

力學系統中的自由度很重要,特別在生物力学中會需要分析及量測,以確認其是否有六個自由度。六個自由度的量測是透過感測器以及交流或是直流的磁場(或電磁場),感測器會送出位移及旋轉信號給處理器。會透過使用者的需求以及規範,透過軟體得到這些資料。

Ascension Technology Corporation已經開發了小到可以放在活檢針頭內的6DoF設備,可以讓醫生可以進行較好的研究。新的感測器接收發射器(cubic transmitter或flat transmitter)產生的脈衝直流磁場,醫療產品代工生产商可以以此資料進行整合[4]

像船隻在海上的行動就是一個六自由度的例子。可以描述如下[5]

平移:

  1. 沿X軸前後移動
  2. 沿Y軸左右移動
  3. 沿Z軸上下移動

旋轉:

  1. 繞X軸旋轉(翻滾、roll)。
  2. 繞y軸前後旋轉(俯仰、pitch)
  3. 繞Z軸左右旋轉(偏擺、yaw)。

依運作範圍分類

六自由度系統依運作範圍可以分為三類:分別是直接型(Direct)、半直接型(Semi-direct,或稱為條件型)、以及非直接型(Non-direct),這三類都和機械運作需要的時間、執行運作需要的能量、運作是由人或是電腦下達指令無關。

  1. 直接型(Direct type):在正常運作下,可以針對某一自由度直接進行控制,不需要特殊的的條件(例如飛機上的副翼)。
  2. 半直接型(Semi-direct):在特殊條件成立,才可以針對某一自由度直接進行控制(例如飛機上的推力反向器)。
  3. 非直接型(Non-direct):自由度的調整是透過和環境的交互作用來達成,不能直接控制(例如海上船隻的俯仰運動)。

有些系統也會出現過渡型的情形。例如航天飞机在太空中飛行時,因為可以直接控制六個自由度,六自由度都是直接型。但在返回地面,進入大氣層的過程中,因為許多技術限制,無法進行六自由度的直接型控制。

Game controllers

Six degrees of freedom also refers to movement in video game-play.

First-person shooter (FPS) games generally provide five degrees of freedom: forwards/backwards, slide left/right, up/down (jump/crouch/lie), yaw (turn left/right), and pitch (look up/down). If the game allows leaning control, then some consider it a sixth DoF; however, this may not be completely accurate, as a lean is a limited partial rotation.

The term 6DoF has sometimes been used to describe games which allow freedom of movement, but do not necessarily meet the full 6DoF criteria. For example, Dead Space 2, and to a lesser extent, Homeworld and Zone Of The Enders allow freedom of movement.

Some examples of true 6DoF games, which allow independent control of all three movement axes and all three rotational axes, include Shattered Horizon, the Descent franchise, Retrovirus, Miner Wars, Space Engineers, Forsaken and Overload (from the same creators of Descent). The space MMO Vendetta Online also features 6 degrees of freedom.

Motion tracking devices such as TrackIR are used for 6DoF head tracking. This device often finds its places in flight simulators and other vehicle simulators that require looking around the cockpit to locate enemies or simply avoiding accidents in-game.

The acronym 3DoF, meaning movement in the three dimensions but not rotation, is sometimes encountered.

The Razer Hydra, a motion controller for PC, tracks position and rotation of two wired nunchucks, providing six degrees of freedom on each hand.

The SpaceOrb 360 is a 6DOF computer input device released in 1996 originally manufactured and sold by the SpaceTec IMC company (first bought by Labtec, which itself was later bought by Logitech).

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ Paul, Richard P., Robot Manipulators: Mathematics, Programming, and Control, MIT Press, 1981.
  2. ^ Luke, a new prosthetic arm for soldiers. ted.com. 2007-03-01 [2017-02-26]. 
  3. ^ Craig, John J., Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control, Addison-Wesley, 1986.
  4. ^ Medical News Today. Ascension Develops World's Smallest Six Degrees-of-Freedom Sensor For Emerging Medical Procedures. 25 Aug 2008
  5. ^ Summary of ship movement 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期November 25, 2011,.