跳转到内容

德內-高加索語系：修订间差异

维基百科，自由的百科全书
以互动方式浏览历史
←上一版本下一版本→
删除的内容 添加的内容
可视化wikitext
Kezpe（留言 | 贡献）
1,327次编辑
无编辑摘要
标签：2017年版源代码编辑
Alexkyoung（留言 | 贡献）
278次编辑
添加图片
第1行： 第1行：
'''汉-高加索语系'''，亦作'''德内-高加索语系'''，或譯作'''達內-高加索語系'''，是一个假設的[[大语系]]，包括[[汉藏语系]]、[[布鲁夏斯基语]]、[[叶尼塞语系]]、[[北高加索語系]]以及北美的[[纳-德内语系]]。其存在还处在争议中，因为大部分的研究在20世纪90年代才开始展开。有时[[苏美尔语]]和[[阿尔冈昆-瓦卡希语系]]也被归入其中。
'''汉-高加索语系'''，亦作'''德内-高加索语系'''，或譯作'''達內-高加索語系'''，是一个假設的[[大语系]]，包括[[汉藏语系]]、[[布鲁夏斯基语]]、[[叶尼塞语系]]、[[北高加索語系]]以及北美的[[纳-德内语系]]。其存在还处在争议中，因为大部分的研究在20世纪90年代才开始展开。有时[[苏美尔语]]和[[阿尔冈昆-瓦卡希语系]]也被归入其中。
[[File:Dené-Caucasian.JPG|缩略图|可能的'''中美语系'''（在西方也被叫做[[德內-高加索語系]]），包括中国语言、[[美国原住民]]、以及有些欧洲语言]]


== 語系樹建議 ==
== 語系樹建議 ==

2019年7月28日 (日) 18:57的版本

汉-高加索语系，亦作德内-高加索语系，或譯作達內-高加索語系，是一个假設的大语系，包括汉藏语系、布鲁夏斯基语、叶尼塞语系、北高加索語系以及北美的纳-德内语系。其存在还处在争议中，因为大部分的研究在20世纪90年代才开始展开。有时苏美尔语和阿尔冈昆-瓦卡希语系也被归入其中。

可能的中美语系（在西方也被叫做德內-高加索語系），包括中国语言、美国原住民、以及有些欧洲语言

語系樹建議

斯塔罗斯金的觀點

根據俄罗斯语言学家斯塔罗斯金及他的同事在《巴別塔計劃》的共同研究認為，德內-高加索語系的分支語言大約在以下日子以修订语言年代学來估算裡分化[1]：

1. 得内-高加索语系 (公元前8700年)
1.1. 納-得內語系
1.2. 漢-瓦斯科尼亞語系 (Sino-Vasconic languages，公元前7900年)
1.2.1. 瓦斯科尼亞語系 (Vasconic，見下段)
1.2.2. 漢-高加索語系 (公元前6200年)
1.2.2.1. 布鲁夏斯基语
1.2.2.2. 高加索-漢-葉尼塞語系 (公元前5900年)
1.2.2.2.1. 北高加索語系
1.2.2.2.2. 漢-葉尼塞語系 (公元前5100年)
1.2.2.2.2.1. 葉尼塞語系
1.2.2.2.2.2. 漢藏語系

Bengtson的觀點

John D. Bengtson把巴斯克語、高加索語及布魯夏斯基語組合成為大高加索語系(Macro-Caucasian family)[2]。根據他的講法，現時要再加入其他語系為時尚早，因為研究尚未成熟。不過，他留意到蘇美爾語在地理上與其西支及東支分享着相同的等語線[3]。

1. 得内-高加索语系（Dené-Caucasian）
1.1. 大高加索語系（The Macro-Caucasian family）
1.1.1. 瓦斯科尼亞語系（巴斯克語）
1.1.2. 北高加索語系
1.1.3. 布鲁夏斯基语（Burushaski）
1.2. 蘇美爾語（Sumerian?）
1.3. 汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan）
1.4. 叶尼塞语系（Yeniseian）
1.5. 納-德內語系（Na-Dené）

參看

註釋

  1. ^ 參看：The preliminary phylogenetic tree according to the Tower of Babel Project
  2. ^ 見 Bengtson 1997a
  3. ^ 見 Bengtson 1997b

參考書目

  • BENEDICT, Paul K., 1972. Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus: 103ff; Ed. by J. A. Matisoff. Cambridge University Press.
  • BENGTSON, John D., Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene-Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages. (PDF), Aspects of Comparative Linguistics 3, Moscow: RSUH Publishers: 45–118, 2008 
  • BENGTSON, John D., 2004. "Some features of Dene-Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque)." In Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (CILL): 33–54.
  • BENGTSON, John D., 2003. "Notes on Basque Comparative Phonology." Mother Tongue 8: 21–39.
  • BENGTSON, John D., 2002. "The Dene-Caucasian noun prefix *s-." In The Linguist's Linguist: A Collection of Papers in Honour of Alexis Manaster Ramer, ed. by F. Cavoto, pp. 53–57. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
  • BENGTSON, John D., 1999a. "Review of R.L. Trask, The History of Basque." In Romance Philology 52 (Spring): 219–224.
  • BENGTSON, John D., 1999b. "Wider genetic affiliations of the Chinese language." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 27 (1): 1–12.*BENGTSON, John D., 1994. "Edward Sapir and the ‘Sino-Dene’ Hypothesis." Anthropological Science (Tokyo) 102: 207-230.
  • BENGTSON, John D., 1998. "Caucasian and Sino-Tibetan: A Hypothesis of S. A. Starostin." General Linguistics, Vol. 36, no. 1/2, 1998 (1996). Pegasus Press, University of North Carolina, Asheville, North Carolina.
  • BENGTSON, John D., 1997a. "Ein Vergleich von Buruschaski und Nordkaukasisch [A comparison of B. and North Caucasian]." Georgica 20: 88–94.
  • BENGTSON, John D., 1997b. "The riddle of Sumerian: A Dene-Caucasic language?" Mother Tongue 3: 63–74.
  • BENGTSON, John D., 1996. "A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1." (see External links below)
  • BERGER, Hermann, 1998. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager. 3 volumes. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • BERGER, Hermann, 1974. Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • BOMHARD, Allan R., 1997. "On the origin of Sumerian." Mother Tongue 3: 75-93.
  • CATFORD, J. C., 1977. "Mountain of Tongues: The languages of the Caucasus." Annual Review of Anthropology 6: 283-314.
  • DIAKONOFF, Igor M., 1997. "External Connections of the Sumerian Language." Mother Tongue 3: 54-63.
  • ENRICO, John. 2004. Toward Proto–Na-Dene. Anthropological Linguistics 46(3).229–302.
  • HANDEL, Zev Joseph. The Medial Systems of Old Chinese and Proto-Sino-Tibetan (PDF). Ph. D. thesis. University of California at Berkeley. 1998 [2008-01-28]. 
  • MORVAN, Michel, 1996. Les origines linguistiques du basque. Bordeaux University Press.
  • CHIRIKBA, Vyacheslav A., 1985. "Баскский и северокавказские языки [Basque and the North Caucasian languages]." In Древняя Анатолия [Ancient Anatolia], pp. 95-105. Moscow: Nauka.
  • NIKOLA(Y)EV, Sergei L., 1991. "Sino-Caucasian Languages in America." In Shevoroshkin (1991), pp. 42–66.
  • PEIROS, Ilia, and STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 1996. "A comparative vocabulary of five Sino-Tibetan languages". University of Melbourne Department of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics.
  • PINNOW, Heinz-Jürgen (1990a). Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation [The Na-Dene languages in the light of the Greenberg classification]. Nortorf: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft. (Abhandlungen, Heft 64)
  • PINNOW, Heinz-Jürgen (1990b) (in two parts). Vogelnamen des Tlingit und Haida. Materialien zu ihrer sprachhistorischen Erforschung sowie Auflistung der Vogelarten von Alaska [Bird names of Tlingit and Haida. Materials to their language-historical investigation and list of the bird species of Alaska]. Nortorf: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft. (Abhandlungen, Hefte 67–68)
  • PINNOW, Heinz-Jürgen (1988). Verwandtschafts- und andere Personenbezeichnungen im Tlingit und Haida: Versuch ihrer sprachhistorischen Deutung [Kinship and other person terms in Tlingit and Haida: attempt at their language-historical interpretation]. Nortorf: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft. (Abhandlungen, Heft 62)
  • PINNOW, Heinz-Jürgen (1986a). Die Zahlwörter des Haida in sprachvergleichender Sicht [The numerals of Haida in comparative view]. Nortorf: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft. (Abhandlungen, Heft 47)
  • PINNOW, Heinz-Jürgen (1986b). Säugetiernamen des Haida und Tlingit: Materialien zu ihrer historischen Erforschung [Mammal names of Haida and Tlingit: materials to their historical investigation]. Nortorf: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft. (Abhandlungen, Heft 50)
  • PINNOW, Heinz-Jürgen (1985a). Sprachhistorische Untersuchung einiger Tiernamen im Haida (Fische, Stachelhäuter, Weichtiere, Gliederfüßer, u.a.) [Language-historical investigation of some animal names in Haida (fish, echinoderms, mollusks, arthropods, and others]. Nortorf: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft. (Abhandlungen, Heft 39)
  • PINNOW, Heinz-Jürgen (1985b) (in four parts). Das Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache [Haida as a Na-Dene language]. Nortorf: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft. (Abhandlungen, Hefte 43–46)
  • RUBICZ, R., MELVIN, K. L., CRAWFORD, M.H. 2002. Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers. Human Biology, Dec 1 2002 74 (6) 743-761.
  • RUHLEN, Merritt, 2001a. "Il Dene-caucasico: una nuova famiglia linguistica." Pluriverso 2: 76–85.
  • RUHLEN, Merritt, 2001b. “Taxonomic Controversies in the Twentieth Century,” in New Essays on the Origin of Language, ed. by Jürgen Trabant and Sean Ward, Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter, 197–214.
  • RUHLEN, Merritt, 1998a. "Dene-Caucasian: A New Linguistic Family," in The Origins and Past of Modern Humans—Towards Reconciliation, ed. by Keiichi Omoto and Phillip V. Tobias, Singapore: World Scientific, 231–46.
  • RUHLEN, Merritt, 1998b. "The Origin of the Na-Dene." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 95: 13994–13996.
  • RUHLEN, Merritt, 1998c. "The Origin of the Na-Dene." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95: 13994–96.
  • RUHLEN, Merritt. 1997. "Une nouvelle famille de langues: le déné-caucasien," Pour la Science (Dossier, October), 68–73.
  • SCHMIDT, Karl Horst, 1994. "Class Inflection and Related Categories in the Caucasus." In Non-Slavic Languages of the USSR, ed. by H. I. Aronson, pp. 185-192. Columbus, OH: Slavica.
  • SCHULZE-FÜRHOFF, Wolfgang, 1992. "How Can Class Markers Petrify? Towards a Functional Diachrony of Morphological Subsystems in the East Caucasian Languages." In The Non-Slavic Languages of the USSR: Linguistic Studies, Second Series, ed. by H. I. Aronson, pp. 183-233. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
  • SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 2004. "Proto-Salishan and Proto-North-Caucasian Consonants: a few cognate sets." in Nostratic Centennial Conference: the Pécs Papers. ed. by. I. Hegedűs & P. Sidwell, pp. 181–191. Pécs: Lingua Franca Group.
  • SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 2003. "Salishan and North Caucasian." Mother Tongue 8: 39–64.
  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A. and Orel, V., 1989. "Etruscan and North Caucasian." Explorations in Language Macrofamilies. Ed. V. Shevoroshkin. Bochum Publications in Evolutionary Cultural Semiotics. 23. Bochum.
  • SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 1999 "Nostratic and Sino-Caucasian: two ancient language phyla." In From Neanderthal to Easter Island (Festschrift W. W. Schuhmacher), ed. by N. A. Kirk & P. J. Sidwell. pp. 44–74. Melbourne.
  • SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaly V., 1998 Symposium on Nostratic at Cambridge (JPEG), Mother Tongue (ASLIP), Fall 1998, (31): 28–32 [2008-01-28] 
  • SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 1991. (Ed.) Dene-Sino-Caucasian Languages. Bochum: Brockmeyer.
  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 2004–2005. Sino-Caucasian [comparative phonology] & Sino-Caucasian [comparative glossary].
  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 2002. "A response to Alexander Vovin's criticism of the Sino-Caucasian theory." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 30.1:142–153.
  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 2000. "Genesis of the Long Vowels in Sino-Tibetan." In Проблемы изучения дальнего родства языков на рыбеже третьего тысячелетия: Доклады и тезисы международной конференции РГГУ [Problems of the research on the distant origin of languages at the beginning of the third millennium: Talks and abstracts of the international conference of the RGGU], Moscow 2000.
  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 1996. "Word-final resonants in Sino-Caucasian." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 24.2: 281–311. (written for the 3rd International Conference on Chinese Linguistics in Hongkong in 1994)
  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 1995. "Old Chinese Basic Vocabulary: A Historical Perspective." In The Ancestry of the Chinese Language (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph No. 8), ed. by W. S.-Y. Wang, pp. 225–251. Berkeley, CA.
  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A., Preface (PDF), Sergei A., Starostin; Nikola(y)ev, Sergei L. (编), A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary, Moscow: Asterisk Publishers: 7–199, 1994 
  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A., On the Hypothesis of a Genetic Connection Between the Sino-Tibetan Languages and the Yeniseian and North Caucasian Languages, SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V. (编), Dene-Sino-Caucasian languages: materials from the First International Interdisciplinary Symposium on Language and Prehistory, Ann Harbor: Bochum: Brockmeyer: 12–41, 1991  [Translation of Starostin 1984]
  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A., Гипотеза о генетических связях синотибетских языков с енисейскими и северокавказскими языками [A hypothesis on the genetic relationships of the Sino-Tibetan languages with the Yeniseian and the North Caucasian languages], Vardu, I. F. (编), Лингвистическая реконструкция и древнейшая история Востока [Linguistic reconstruction and the ancient history of the East], Moscow: Академия наук, Институт востоковедения Institute of Orientalistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences: 19–38, 1984  [See Starostin 1991 for English translation]
  • The preliminary phylogenetic tree (PNG), The Tower of Babel (Evolution of Human Language Project), 2006-05-28 [2008-01-28] 
  • TRASK, R. L., 1999. "Why should a language have any relatives?" Pages 157–176 in: C. Renfrew & D. Nettle (eds.): Nostratic: Examining a Linguistic Macrofamily, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge (UK).
  • TRASK, R. L., 1997. "Basque and the Superfamilies". The History of Basque, Routledge, London. (See especially pages 403–408.)
  • TRASK, R. L., 1995. "Basque and Dene-Caucasian: A Critique from the Basque Side". Mother Tongue 1:3–82.
  • TRASK, R. L., 1994–1995. "Basque: The Search for Relatives (Part 1)." Dhumbadji! 2:3–54.
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (2004): Ket. (Languages of the World, Materials, 204) München: LINCOM Europa
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (2002): The origin of phonemic tone in Yeniseic. CLS 37 (Parasession on Arctic languages): 305-320
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (2001a): Toward a typology of position class: comparing Navajo and Ket verb morphology. Read at: SSILA Summer Meeting, July 7, 2001
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (2001b): Linguistic relations across Bering Strait: Siberia and the Native Americans. Read at: Bureau of Faculty Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, March 8, 2001
  • VAJDA, Edward J. 2000. Evidence for a genetic connection between Na-Dene and Yeniseian (Central Siberia). – Paper read at: January 2000 meeting of Society for the Study of Indigenous Languages of America (SSILA) and Linguistic Society of America (LSA)
  • VAJDA, Edward J. 2000a. Yeniseian and Na-Dene: evidence for a genetic relationship. – Paper read at: 38th Conference on American Indian Languages (SSILA), Chicago, Jan. 2000
  • VAJDA, Edward J. 2000b. Yeniseian and Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.' – Paper read at: Linguistics Department Colloquium, University of British Columbia, Mar. 2000
  • VAJDA, Edward J. 2000c. Ket verb morphology and its parallels with Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit: evidence of a genetic link. – Paper read at: Athabaskan Language Conference, Moricetown, BC, June 9, 2000
  • VAJDA, Edward J. 2000d. Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit and Yeniseian: lexical and phonological parallels. Read at: 39th Conference on American Indian Languages, San Francisco, Nov. 14-18, 2000
  • VAN DRIEM, George, 2001. "The Languages of the Himalayas." Brill, Leiden.
  • VOVIN, Alexander, 2002. "Building a 'bum-pa for Sino-Caucasian." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 30.1: 154–171.
  • VOVIN, Alexander, 1997. "The Comparative Method and Ventures Beyond Sino-Tibetan." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25.2: 308–336.
  • WERNER, Heinrich K. (2004): Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft [On the Yeniseian-[American] Indian primordial relationship]. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=德內-高加索語系&oldid=55413418”