執政黨：修订间差异

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2021年2月4日 (四) 13:22的版本

執政黨，是一個國家政府中獲得政權的政黨，一般是國家元首、政府首腦或地方行政長官所屬的政黨，或者是其他形式而掌握執政權的政黨。

标准的議會民主國家中，执政党是指实际控制立法行政权力的政党，政治下的执政权力一般限于国家治理，不是能真正掌握国家建制的权力，因为单一政党及其政治家无法代表绝对多数政治力量。民主國家的執政黨政治人物在担任国家及地方政府重要职务时，擁有依法組織政府和制定政策的权力，同时执政党負起政治責任，以維護執政權，否則會在下次選舉中成為在野黨甚至丧失国家层面的政治活动地位。在政党轮替中與執政黨相反的是在野黨，即在国家机关中拥有席位，有政治地位的政党，或反對黨，即广义上反对执政党的政党。

總統制

總統制的國家，則以總統所屬的政黨作為執政黨，總統兼任國家元首和政府首腦。如美國、墨西哥、巴西、阿根廷、智利、哥倫比亞、菲律賓和南韓。執政黨在議會未必是多數黨，或擁有佔多數的執政聯盟，擁有行政权力，属行政主導。政治較為穩定，總統受到任期保障，除非犯下嚴重罪行，否則難以被趕下台，而民主國家的議會擁有彈劾總統的權力。

实行总统制的国家

实行总统制的政权，多集中在美洲、非洲及中亞，总统制以美國為代表。

实行总统制但总理为超级部长的国家

实行总统制但設最高領袖的國家

伊朗^{[註 4]}

实行总统制的未被普遍承认的国家

半總統制

半總統制又稱雙首長制的國家，民選的總統和受任命的總理共同行使行政權，然而每個半總統制的國家實施的方式不一樣。

總統優勢制

總統擁有最高的行政權力，可以不經國會同意，逕行任免總理（多為同一政黨），再由總理組成內閣，所以總理又稱閣揆。閣揆必須受總統領導。閣揆由總統任命、免除、替換，也不須徵詢國會的意見，閣揆及部會首長惟有代表總統，接受國會的質詢。國會可以行使倒閣權，但總統通常也有權解散國會。實行國家如下：

雙軌制

總統提名總理和內閣須咨询国会、得到國會的同意或依慣例任命議會最大黨主席為總理，內閣與總統互不隸屬，當兩者分屬不同政黨時總統將喪失部份或全部權力。只有國會有權撤換總理和內閣，但總統有權解散國會。當兩者屬同個政黨，就會像總統優勢制一樣，總統擁有最高的行政權力，總理將失去部分或全部權力。實行國家如下：

內閣制

內閣制或君主立憲制國家的政府需要經公民直接選舉國會議員，再由國會多數黨作為執政黨。現時行兩院制的國家，多數會以下議院多數，作為執政基礎，政府亦需要獲下議院的多數才能繼續執政。

若有一黨贏得國會下議院過半數席次並自行組閣，該黨即為執政黨，如英國和日本；若無任一政黨席次過半，則各參與聯合政府的政黨皆為執政黨，如德國和意大利；若数个政党组成联盟的国家内，赢得最多议席的政党占据了主导优势，如马来西亚。

完整的议会共和制度

混合的议会共和制度

具有礼仪/非执行君主的议会制君主立宪制

君主掌握实权的议会制君主立宪制国家

混合制

也因实行總統內閣制，總統由议会選出，但握有实际行政权力，如緬甸聯邦共和國、南非共和國、博茨瓦納共和國。

混合制的總統、议会共和制度

君主獨裁

君主專制獨裁國家，政權為君主絕對掌控，如沙烏地阿拉伯和阿曼。這些國家政權不會有政黨存在。

君主掌握实权的君主獨裁制国家

共和獨裁

在一黨獨大或一黨執政的國家，只有一個具支配地位的合法執政黨，反對黨長期處於在野地位且无机会執政，部分國家不允許具競爭性的政黨存在，如俄羅斯、白俄羅斯、亞塞拜然、土耳其、敘利亞、葉門、新加坡、土庫曼斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦、哈薩克斯坦、辛巴威、蘇丹、厄利垂亞、赤道幾內亞、坦桑尼亞、莫三比克等。

共和國最高領導人掌握实权的共和獨裁制国家

一黨專政國家

在共產黨执政的国家，该国共产党常常是唯一合法的执政党，只不過有時也允许存在一些其他卫星党參政，卻不能取得执政地位，屬政治花瓶，如朝鮮、中華人民共和國、越南、古巴，老撾。

現存的一黨專政制度的國家

参見

备注

^ 在法國，總統可以任命總理，但不能解僱總理，只有國會才能利用不信任權來解僱總理。總統也可以解散國會一次。
^ 根據第19條修正案，斯里蘭卡總統只能在原來的總理遭到失去國會信任、辭職或死亡而空缺職位後才能任命新總理，並且不擁有隨意解解僱總理的權力。

^ 阿富汗总统作为阿富汗的国家元首兼任政府首脑，阿富汗首席执行官只是作為政府首席部長，类似于美国国务卿的职务。
^ 阿爾察赫总统作为阿爾察赫的国家元首兼任政府首脑，此前有阿爾察赫總理作為政府首腦的职务。2017年2月的公投（英语：Nagorno-Karabakh constitutional referendum, 2017）後廢除阿爾察赫總理職務。^[1]^[2]
^ 韓國实行总统制，总统为国家元首，总理同时作为政府首脑，總統负责主持政府的對外工作，國會行使對總理的同意權，但總理向總統負責，總統領導內閣。参见韓國政治。
^ 伊朗伊斯兰共和国实行政教合一，总统与最高领袖同时作为国家元首，总统作为政府首脑，负责主持伊朗政府的對外工作，最高领袖才是伊朗的最高領導人。参见伊朗政治。

注释

^ (in Armenian) «Մտադիր եմ շարունակել ծառայել հայրենիքին». Արցախի վարչապետի պաշտոնակատար （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 1in.am, 13 September 2017
^ Referendum to create 'Republic of Artsakh' on Europe's fringe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） EU Observer, 20 February 2017
^ Kudelia, Serhiy. Presidential activism and government termination in dual-executive Ukraine. Post-Soviet Affairs. 4 May 2018, 34 (4): 246–261. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251.
^ In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.
^ Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
^ Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko. From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland. Scandinavian Political Studies. June 2001, 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat, and is immune from a vote of no confidence (as well is their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
^ Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino (PDF). Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri: 5. July 2012 [2019-09-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-01）（意大利语）.
^ The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.
^ ^11.00 ^11.01 ^11.02 ^11.03 ^11.04 ^11.05 ^11.06 ^11.07 ^11.08 ^11.09 ^11.10 ^11.11 ^11.12 ^11.13 ^11.14 ^11.15 ^11.16 ^11.17 One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".

In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes the PM the de facto head of government.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.
^ Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino (PDF). Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri: 5. July 2012 [2019-09-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-01）（意大利语）.

[7] 在法國，總統可以任命總理，但不能解僱總理，只有國會才能利用不信任權來解僱總理。總統也可以解散國會一次。

[8] 根據第19條修正案，斯里蘭卡總統只能在原來的總理遭到失去國會信任、辭職或死亡而空缺職位後才能任命新總理，並且不擁有隨意解解僱總理的權力。

[1] 阿富汗总统作为阿富汗的国家元首兼任政府首脑，阿富汗首席执行官只是作為政府首席部長，类似于美国国务卿的职务。

[4] 阿爾察赫总统作为阿爾察赫的国家元首兼任政府首脑，此前有阿爾察赫總理作為政府首腦的职务。2017年2月的公投（英语：Nagorno-Karabakh constitutional referendum, 2017）後廢除阿爾察赫總理職務。^[1]^[2]

[5] 韓國实行总统制，总统为国家元首，总理同时作为政府首脑，總統负责主持政府的對外工作，國會行使對總理的同意權，但總理向總統負責，總統領導內閣。参见韓國政治。

[6] 伊朗伊斯兰共和国实行政教合一，总统与最高领袖同时作为国家元首，总统作为政府首脑，负责主持伊朗政府的對外工作，最高领袖才是伊朗的最高領導人。参见伊朗政治。

[2] (in Armenian) «Մտադիր եմ շարունակել ծառայել հայրենիքին». Արցախի վարչապետի պաշտոնակատար （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 1in.am, 13 September 2017

[3] Referendum to create 'Republic of Artsakh' on Europe's fringe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） EU Observer, 20 February 2017

[9] Kudelia, Serhiy. Presidential activism and government termination in dual-executive Ukraine. Post-Soviet Affairs. 4 May 2018, 34 (4): 246–261. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251.

[Bd-10] In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.

[11] Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.

[12] Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko. From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland. Scandinavian Political Studies. June 2001, 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further.

[Combo-13] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.

[Assembly-independent-14] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat, and is immune from a vote of no confidence (as well is their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.

[15] Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino (PDF). Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri: 5. July 2012 [2019-09-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-01）（意大利语）.

[and-16] The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.

[Commonwealthrealm-17] 11.00 ^11.01 ^11.02 ^11.03 ^11.04 ^11.05 ^11.06 ^11.07 ^11.08 ^11.09 ^11.10 ^11.11 ^11.12 ^11.13 ^11.14 ^11.15 ^11.16 ^11.17 One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".

In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes the PM the de facto head of government.

[NZ-Monarch-18] 12.0 ^12.1 The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.

[19] Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino (PDF). Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri: 5. July 2012 [2019-09-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-01）（意大利语）.

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@@ 第86行： / 第86行： @@
 == 半總統制 ==
+[[半總統制]]又稱雙首長制的國家，民選的[[總統]]和受任命的[[總理]]共同行使行政權，然而每個半總統制的國家實施的方式不一樣。
-[[半總統制]]又稱[[雙首長制]]的國家，擁有行政权的[[總統]]和领導內閣的[[總理]]共同行使政治权力，總統与總理並非一定屬同一政党，但總理的权力一般是基于其政党在議會是否維持多数，如：[[中華民國]]。而[[中華民國]]設置[[中華民國總統|總統]]卻不設[[總理]]，取而代之的是[[行政院院長]]，且[[中華民國總統|總統]]與[[行政院長]]通常同屬一個政黨，另依據[[中華民國憲法]]第55條規定：行政院院長，由總統提名，經立法院同意任命之。後[[中華民國憲法增修條文]]第三條改由行政院院長由總統直接任命之。
 === 總統優勢制 ===
-總統擁有最高的行政權力，可以不經國會同意，逕行任免總理（多為同一政黨），再由總理組成內閣。所以閣揆必須受總統領導。閣揆由總統任命、免除、替換，也不須徵詢國會的意見，閣揆惟有代表政府，接受國會的質詢，其職位更類似於一個超級部長。國會可以行使[[不信任动议|倒閣]]權，但總統通常也有權[[解散國會]]。實行國家如下：
+總統擁有最高的行政權力，可以不經國會同意，逕行任免總理（多為同一政黨），再由總理組成內閣，所以總理又稱閣揆。閣揆必須受總統領導。閣揆由總統任命、免除、替換，也不須徵詢國會的意見，閣揆及部會首長惟有代表總統，接受國會的質詢。國會可以行使[[不信任动议|倒閣]]權，但總統通常也有權[[解散國會]]。實行國家如下：
 {{colbegin|colwidth=200px}}
 * {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
@@ 第104行： / 第104行： @@
 * {{flag|Republic of China}}
 * ''{{flag|Transnistria}}''
-* {{flag|Weimar Republic}}
 {{colend}}
 === 雙軌制 ===
-總統提名總理和內閣須咨询国会、得到國會的同意或依慣例任命議會最大黨主席為總理，內閣與總統互不隸屬，當兩者分屬不同政黨時總統將喪失部份或全部權力。只有國會有權撤換總理和內閣，但總統有權解散國會。實行國家如下：
+總統提名總理和內閣須咨询国会、得到國會的同意或依慣例任命議會最大黨主席為總理，內閣與總統互不隸屬，當兩者分屬不同政黨時總統將喪失部份或全部權力。只有國會有權撤換總理和內閣，但總統有權解散國會。當兩者屬同個政黨，就會像總統優勢制一樣，總統擁有最高的行政權力，總理將失去部分或全部權力。實行國家如下：
 {{colbegin|colwidth=290px}}
@@ 第117行： / 第116行： @@
 * {{flag|East Timor}}
 * {{flag|Egypt}}
+* {{flag|France}}{{efn|在法國，總統可以任命總理，但不能解僱總理，只有國會才能利用不信任權來解僱總理。總統也可以解散國會一次。}}
-* {{flag|France}}{{efn|In France, the President chooses but cannot dismiss the Prime Minister, but the National Assembly can remove the Prime Minister from office with a ''vote of no confidence''. The president can also dissolve the National Assembly once.}}
 * {{flag|Haiti}}
 * {{flag|Lithuania}}
@@ 第128行： / 第127行： @@
 * {{flag|Romania}}
 * {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
+* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}{{efn|根據第19條修正案，斯里蘭卡總統只能在原來的總理遭到失去國會信任、辭職或死亡而空缺職位後才能任命新總理，並且不擁有隨意解解僱總理的權力。}}
-* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}{{efn|Following the 19th amendment, Sri Lankan president can only appoint the prime minister following vacating of the position due to loss of confidence of Parliament, death or resignation. And does not hold the power to dismiss the prime minister at will.}}
 * {{flag|Tunisia}}
 * {{flag|Ukraine}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kudelia |first1=Serhiy |title=Presidential activism and government termination in dual-executive Ukraine |journal=Post-Soviet Affairs |date=4 May 2018 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=246–261 |doi=10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251}}</ref>