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四边安全对话：修订间差异

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|start = 2007年
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'''四边安全对话'''（{{lang-en|Quadrilateral Security Dialogue}}，简称QSD，也称作Quad；或譯為'''四方安全對話'''）是[[美国]]、[[日本]]、[[印度]]和[[澳大利亚]]之间的非正式战略对话，依靠成员国之间的对话维持。四边安全对话是2007年由[[日本首相]][[安倍晋三]]发起的，得到[[美国副总统]][[迪克·切尼]]、[[印度总理]][[曼莫汉·辛格]]、[[澳大利亚总理]][[约翰·霍华德]]的支持。四边安全对话还进行了名为[[馬拉巴爾_(海軍演習)|馬拉巴爾]]（始於1992年美印合作開始）的军事演习。
'''四边安全对话'''（{{lang-en|Quadrilateral Security Dialogue}}，简称QSD，也称作Quad；或譯為'''四方安全對話'''）是[[美国]]、[[日本]]、[[印度]]和[[澳大利亚]]之间的非正式战略对话，依靠成员国之间的对话维持。四边安全对话是2007年由時任[[日本首相]][[安倍晋三]]发起的，得到[[美国副总统]][[迪克·切尼]]、[[印度总理]][[曼莫汉·辛格]]、[[澳大利亚总理]][[约翰·霍华德]]的支持。四边安全对话还进行了名为[[馬拉巴爾_(海軍演習)|馬拉巴爾]]（始於1992年美印合作開始）的军事演习。

⚫
[[陆克文]]担任澳大利亚总理大臣期间，澳大利亚退出了四边安全对话，导致其停止运作，此举反映出澳大利亚对美国和中国在亚太地区之间日益紧张的政策持一种矛盾的态度。2010年[[朱莉亞·吉拉德]]上任澳大利亚总理大臣后，澳大利亚和美国恢复并加强了军事合作。此外，美国、印度、日本仍继续通过[[馬拉巴爾 (海軍演習)|馬拉巴爾]]的框架举行联合军事演习。

⚫
2017年[[东盟峰会]]期间，所有成员国重新参加了谈判，以恢复四边安全对话。在马尼拉，澳大利亚总理[[麦肯·腾博]]、日本首相安倍晋三、印度总理[[纳伦德拉·莫迪]]和[[美国总统]][[唐纳德·特朗普]]同意重启安全对话，以便在[[南中国海]]地区通过外交、军事方式对抗[[中国]]。在特朗普实施“[[美国优先]]”关税政策，并导致[[2018年中美贸易战|中美贸易战]]后，出于对[[第二次冷战]]的担忧，四边安全对话再次得到重视。四边安全对话外交、军事上的安排被普遍认为是针对对中国经济、军事力量不断增强的回应，中国政府通过向成员国发出正式外交抗议作为回应。


2021年的联合声明“四方精神”强调了对[[自由开放的印度-太平洋]]的共同愿景，这是东海和南海基于规则的海事秩序，并承诺应对COVID-19的经济和健康影响。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quad Leaders’ Joint Statement: “The Spirit of the Quad”|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/12/quad-leaders-joint-statement-the-spirit-of-the-quad/|author=白宫|access-date=2021-04-03|archive-date=2021-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706060647/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/12/quad-leaders-joint-statement-the-spirit-of-the-quad/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
2021年的联合声明“四方精神”强调了对[[自由开放的印度-太平洋]]的共同愿景，这是东海和南海基于规则的海事秩序，并承诺应对COVID-19的经济和健康影响。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quad Leaders’ Joint Statement: “The Spirit of the Quad”|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/12/quad-leaders-joint-statement-the-spirit-of-the-quad/|author=白宫|access-date=2021-04-03|archive-date=2021-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706060647/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/12/quad-leaders-joint-statement-the-spirit-of-the-quad/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
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===中美衝突===
===中美衝突===
2000年代初，美國主要戰略位於[[伊拉克]]、[[阿富汗]]等中東地區，但因為[[中國崛起]]，美國戰略重點逐漸轉往印太地區<ref name="CNAS Campbell">Campbell, K. M., Patel, N. and V. J. Singh, 2008. [http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CampbellPatelSingh_iAsia_June08.pdf "The Power of Balance: America in iAsia"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CampbellPatelSingh_iAsia_June08.pdf |date=20121114132131 }}. ''[[Center for a New American Security]]’’.</ref>。為了遏止中國，美國尋求中國周邊[[民主國家]]建立戰略夥伴關係<ref name="CNAS Campbell" />。儘管美國與[[日本]]、[[澳大利亞]]和[[印度]]形成聯盟，然而美國與印度建立更緊密的軍事聯繫是一個複雜困難的過程。<ref name="CNAS Campbell" />
2000年代初，美國主要戰略位於[[伊拉克]]、[[阿富汗]]等中東地區，但因為[[中國崛起]]，美國戰略重點逐漸轉往印太地區<ref name="CNAS Campbell">Campbell, K. M., Patel, N. and V. J. Singh, 2008. [http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CampbellPatelSingh_iAsia_June08.pdf "The Power of Balance: America in iAsia"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CampbellPatelSingh_iAsia_June08.pdf |date=20121114132131 }}. ''[[Center for a New American Security]]’’.</ref>。為了遏止中國，美國尋求中國周邊[[民主國家]]建立戰略夥伴關係<ref name="CNAS Campbell" />。儘管美國與[[日本]]、[[澳大利亞]]和[[印度]]形成聯盟，然而美國與印度建立更緊密的軍事聯繫是一個複雜困難的過程。<ref name="CNAS Campbell" />

===美印軍事合作===


== 歷史 ==
== 歷史 ==
2007年由時任[[日本內閣总理大臣]][[安倍晋三]]发起，主張四國加強合作以應對[[中國崛起]]。
{{expand-section}}

2008年[[陆克文]]担任[[澳大利亚总理]]期间，澳大利亚退出了四边安全对话，导致其停止运作，此举反映出澳大利亚对美国和中国在亚太地区之间日益紧张的政策持一种矛盾的态度，也與陆克文在任時的親中外交政策有關。

⚫
2010年[[朱莉亞·吉拉德]]上任澳大利亚总理后，澳大利亚和美国恢复并加强了军事合作。此外，美国、印度、日本仍继续通过[[馬拉巴爾 (海軍演習)|馬拉巴爾]]的框架举行联合军事演习。


===第二次冷戰===
===川普政府===
===川普政府===
⚫
2017年[[东盟峰会]]期间，所有成员国重新参加了谈判，以恢复四边安全对话。在马尼拉，澳大利亚总理[[麦肯·腾博]]、日本首相安倍晋三、印度总理[[纳伦德拉·莫迪]]和[[美国总统]][[唐纳德·特朗普]]同意重启安全对话，以便在[[南中国海]]地区通过外交、军事方式对抗[[中国]]。在特朗普实施“[[美国优先]]”关税政策，并导致[[2018年中美贸易战|中美贸易战]]后，出于对[[第二次冷战]]的担忧，四边安全对话再次得到重视。四边安全对话外交、军事上的安排被普遍认为是针对对中国经济、军事力量不断增强的回应，中国政府通过向成员国发出正式外交抗议作为回应。
===亚洲版北约===

2020年[[馬拉巴爾_(海軍演習)|馬拉巴爾]]演习后，[[美国国务卿]][[迈克·蓬佩奥]]会见四边成员，讨论将安全对话转变为具有“共同的安全和地缘政治目标”的“亚洲版[[北约]]”。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Guy|date=2020-10-05|title=‘Asian NATO’ faces hurdles as Pompeo meets with ‘Quad’ allies on countering China|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/oct/5/mike-pompeo-confronts-asian-nato-hurdles-asian-all/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111004756/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/oct/5/mike-pompeo-confronts-asian-nato-hurdles-asian-all/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=US, European officials mulling to create 'Asian NATO' to contain China's expansionist ambitions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/us-european-officials-mulling-to-create-asian-nato-to-contain-chinas-expansionist-ambitions/articleshow/78429090.cms|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224180837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/us-european-officials-mulling-to-create-asian-nato-to-contain-chinas-expansionist-ambitions/articleshow/78429090.cms|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-12|title=Top US diplomat calls for expansion of Quad group|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-us-diplomat-calls-for-expansion-of-quad-group/story-R06qlCO6ft59K6GMJPkEPM.html|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105102349/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-us-diplomat-calls-for-expansion-of-quad-group/story-R06qlCO6ft59K6GMJPkEPM.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>[[南华早报]]评论员将此评价为“反对中国崛起的堡垒”，一名中国外交官员表示抗议，认为此举为“让历史的时钟倒转”：<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srinivasan|first=J.|date=2020-07-16|title=Can the Quad rise to be an Asian NATO?|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/can-the-quad-rise-to-be-an-asian-nato/article32103609.ece|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106123932/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/can-the-quad-rise-to-be-an-asian-nato/article32103609.ece|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Park|first=Joshua|date=2020-10-30|title=Why the Quad alliance won’t realise its ‘Asian Nato’ ambition|url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3107469/why-us-led-quad-alliance-wont-realise-its-asian-nato-ambition|access-date=2020-10-31|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616225318/https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3107469/why-us-led-quad-alliance-wont-realise-its-asian-nato-ambition|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=2020-10-13|title=China’s Foreign Minister says U.S. using Quad to build ‘Indo-Pacific NATO’|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-fm-calls-us-indo-pacific-strategy-a-huge-security-risk/article32844084.ece|access-date=2020-10-31|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2021-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527030809/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-fm-calls-us-indo-pacific-strategy-a-huge-security-risk/article32844084.ece|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-27|title=Quad effect: 'Asian NATO' rattles China as local press propaganda goes in high gear|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/quad-effect-asian-nato-rattles-china-as-local-press-propaganda-goes-in-high-gear-338406|access-date=2020-10-31|website=WION|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126065315/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/quad-effect-asian-nato-rattles-china-as-local-press-propaganda-goes-in-high-gear-338406|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bennett|first=Yan C.|last2=Garrick|first2=John|date=2020-10-28|title=China’s actions have driven the evolution of the Quad|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-actions-have-driven-the-evolution-of-the-quad/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Strategist|language=en-AU|archive-date=2021-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409145505/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-actions-have-driven-the-evolution-of-the-quad/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
2020年[[馬拉巴爾_(海軍演習)|馬拉巴爾]]演习后，[[美国国务卿]][[迈克·蓬佩奥]]会见四边成员，讨论将安全对话转变为具有“共同的安全和地缘政治目标”的“亚洲版[[北约]]”。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Guy|date=2020-10-05|title=‘Asian NATO’ faces hurdles as Pompeo meets with ‘Quad’ allies on countering China|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/oct/5/mike-pompeo-confronts-asian-nato-hurdles-asian-all/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111004756/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/oct/5/mike-pompeo-confronts-asian-nato-hurdles-asian-all/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=US, European officials mulling to create 'Asian NATO' to contain China's expansionist ambitions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/us-european-officials-mulling-to-create-asian-nato-to-contain-chinas-expansionist-ambitions/articleshow/78429090.cms|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224180837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/us-european-officials-mulling-to-create-asian-nato-to-contain-chinas-expansionist-ambitions/articleshow/78429090.cms|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-12|title=Top US diplomat calls for expansion of Quad group|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-us-diplomat-calls-for-expansion-of-quad-group/story-R06qlCO6ft59K6GMJPkEPM.html|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105102349/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-us-diplomat-calls-for-expansion-of-quad-group/story-R06qlCO6ft59K6GMJPkEPM.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>[[南华早报]]评论员将此评价为“反对中国崛起的堡垒”，一名中国外交官员表示抗议，认为此举为“让历史的时钟倒转”：<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srinivasan|first=J.|date=2020-07-16|title=Can the Quad rise to be an Asian NATO?|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/can-the-quad-rise-to-be-an-asian-nato/article32103609.ece|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106123932/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/can-the-quad-rise-to-be-an-asian-nato/article32103609.ece|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Park|first=Joshua|date=2020-10-30|title=Why the Quad alliance won’t realise its ‘Asian Nato’ ambition|url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3107469/why-us-led-quad-alliance-wont-realise-its-asian-nato-ambition|access-date=2020-10-31|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616225318/https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3107469/why-us-led-quad-alliance-wont-realise-its-asian-nato-ambition|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=2020-10-13|title=China’s Foreign Minister says U.S. using Quad to build ‘Indo-Pacific NATO’|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-fm-calls-us-indo-pacific-strategy-a-huge-security-risk/article32844084.ece|access-date=2020-10-31|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2021-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527030809/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-fm-calls-us-indo-pacific-strategy-a-huge-security-risk/article32844084.ece|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-27|title=Quad effect: 'Asian NATO' rattles China as local press propaganda goes in high gear|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/quad-effect-asian-nato-rattles-china-as-local-press-propaganda-goes-in-high-gear-338406|access-date=2020-10-31|website=WION|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126065315/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/quad-effect-asian-nato-rattles-china-as-local-press-propaganda-goes-in-high-gear-338406|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bennett|first=Yan C.|last2=Garrick|first2=John|date=2020-10-28|title=China’s actions have driven the evolution of the Quad|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-actions-have-driven-the-evolution-of-the-quad/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Strategist|language=en-AU|archive-date=2021-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409145505/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-actions-have-driven-the-evolution-of-the-quad/|dead-url=no}}</ref>


第43行： 第41行：
2020年10月，斯里兰卡外交部长对四边对话在印度洋的军事化表示担忧。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first=Devirupa|date=2020-10-30|title=Sri Lanka Worried About Indian Ocean's Securitisation, Impact of Quad Military Alliance|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/sri-lanka-worried-about-indian-oceans-securitisation-impact-of-quad-military-alliance|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Wire|archive-date=2021-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125074849/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/sri-lanka-worried-about-indian-oceans-securitisation-impact-of-quad-military-alliance|dead-url=no}}</ref>同月，日本、美国、加拿大举行“利剑”联合军事演习，这是当年加拿大在[[台湾海峡]]举行的几次军事演习之一，各方还在东京举行了外交会议。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4038532|title=US, Japan launch 'Keen Sword' exercise amid fears of Chinese attack on Taiwan|date=2020-10-27|website=[[Taiwan News]]|access-date=2021-03-09|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128181212/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4038532|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/33097/Opening_remarks_by_EAM_at_2nd_Quad_Ministerial_Meeting_in_Tokyo_Japan |date=2020-10-06 |title=Opening remarks by EAM at 2nd Quad Ministerial Meeting in Tokyo, Japan |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA, India]] |access-date=2021-02-20 |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217223740/https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl%2F33097%2FOpening_remarks_by_EAM_at_2nd_Quad_Ministerial_Meeting_in_Tokyo_Japan |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/australia-india-japan-united-states-quad-foreign-ministers-meeting |date=2020-10-06 |title=Australia-India-Japan-United States Quad Foreign Ministers' Meeting |website=[[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)]] |access-date=2021-02-20 |archive-date=2021-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314152754/https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/australia-india-japan-united-states-quad-foreign-ministers-meeting |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://2017-2021.state.gov/u-s-australia-india-japan-consultations-the-quad-senior-officials-meeting/index.html |date=2020-12-18 |title=U.S.-Australia-India-Japan Consultations (“The Quad”) Senior Officials Meeting |website=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=2021-02-20 |archive-date=2021-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429013111/https://2017-2021.state.gov/u-s-australia-india-japan-consultations-the-quad-senior-officials-meeting/index.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="j-mofa_2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press6e_000244.html |date=2020-10-06 |title=The Second Japan-Australia-India-U.S. Foreign Ministers’ Meeting |website=[[日本外务省]] |access-date=2021-02-14}}</ref>
2020年10月，斯里兰卡外交部长对四边对话在印度洋的军事化表示担忧。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first=Devirupa|date=2020-10-30|title=Sri Lanka Worried About Indian Ocean's Securitisation, Impact of Quad Military Alliance|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/sri-lanka-worried-about-indian-oceans-securitisation-impact-of-quad-military-alliance|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Wire|archive-date=2021-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125074849/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/sri-lanka-worried-about-indian-oceans-securitisation-impact-of-quad-military-alliance|dead-url=no}}</ref>同月，日本、美国、加拿大举行“利剑”联合军事演习，这是当年加拿大在[[台湾海峡]]举行的几次军事演习之一，各方还在东京举行了外交会议。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4038532|title=US, Japan launch 'Keen Sword' exercise amid fears of Chinese attack on Taiwan|date=2020-10-27|website=[[Taiwan News]]|access-date=2021-03-09|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128181212/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4038532|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/33097/Opening_remarks_by_EAM_at_2nd_Quad_Ministerial_Meeting_in_Tokyo_Japan |date=2020-10-06 |title=Opening remarks by EAM at 2nd Quad Ministerial Meeting in Tokyo, Japan |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA, India]] |access-date=2021-02-20 |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217223740/https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl%2F33097%2FOpening_remarks_by_EAM_at_2nd_Quad_Ministerial_Meeting_in_Tokyo_Japan |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/australia-india-japan-united-states-quad-foreign-ministers-meeting |date=2020-10-06 |title=Australia-India-Japan-United States Quad Foreign Ministers' Meeting |website=[[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)]] |access-date=2021-02-20 |archive-date=2021-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314152754/https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/australia-india-japan-united-states-quad-foreign-ministers-meeting |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://2017-2021.state.gov/u-s-australia-india-japan-consultations-the-quad-senior-officials-meeting/index.html |date=2020-12-18 |title=U.S.-Australia-India-Japan Consultations (“The Quad”) Senior Officials Meeting |website=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=2021-02-20 |archive-date=2021-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429013111/https://2017-2021.state.gov/u-s-australia-india-japan-consultations-the-quad-senior-officials-meeting/index.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="j-mofa_2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press6e_000244.html |date=2020-10-06 |title=The Second Japan-Australia-India-U.S. Foreign Ministers’ Meeting |website=[[日本外务省]] |access-date=2021-02-14}}</ref>
尽管会议没有发表联合声明，<ref name="at-20201009">{{cite news |url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/asian-nato-plan-stillborn-at-tokyo-quad-meet/ |title='Asian NATO' plan stillborn at Tokyo Quad meet |last=Bhurtel |first=Bhim |newspaper=Asia Times |date=2020-10-09 |access-date=2020-10-14 |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512185328/https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/asian-nato-plan-stillborn-at-tokyo-quad-meet/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>但在澳大利亚总理[[斯科特·莫里森]]在东京举办的会议上表示，澳大利亚和日本原则上同意建立防卫条约，以加强军事联系。<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/nov/17/australia-and-japan-agree-in-principle-to-defence-pact-that-will-increase-military-ties |date=2020-11-17 |title=Australia and Japan agree in principle to defence pact that will increase military ties |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2021-02-18 |archive-date=2021-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706124601/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/nov/17/australia-and-japan-agree-in-principle-to-defence-pact-that-will-increase-military-ties |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="j-aus_2020" /><ref name="j-aus_2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100116180.pdf |format=pdf |date=2020-11-17 |title=Japan-Australia Leaders’ Meeting Joint Statement |website=[[日本外务省]] |access-date=2021-02-18 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205081108/https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100116180.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>
尽管会议没有发表联合声明，<ref name="at-20201009">{{cite news |url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/asian-nato-plan-stillborn-at-tokyo-quad-meet/ |title='Asian NATO' plan stillborn at Tokyo Quad meet |last=Bhurtel |first=Bhim |newspaper=Asia Times |date=2020-10-09 |access-date=2020-10-14 |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512185328/https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/asian-nato-plan-stillborn-at-tokyo-quad-meet/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>但在澳大利亚总理[[斯科特·莫里森]]在东京举办的会议上表示，澳大利亚和日本原则上同意建立防卫条约，以加强军事联系。<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/nov/17/australia-and-japan-agree-in-principle-to-defence-pact-that-will-increase-military-ties |date=2020-11-17 |title=Australia and Japan agree in principle to defence pact that will increase military ties |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2021-02-18 |archive-date=2021-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706124601/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/nov/17/australia-and-japan-agree-in-principle-to-defence-pact-that-will-increase-military-ties |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="j-aus_2020" /><ref name="j-aus_2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100116180.pdf |format=pdf |date=2020-11-17 |title=Japan-Australia Leaders’ Meeting Joint Statement |website=[[日本外务省]] |access-date=2021-02-18 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205081108/https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100116180.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>

===拜登政府===
===拜登政府===
2021年2月18日，四國舉行举行线上外長视讯会谈<ref>{{cite news |title=美国重启四方安全对话 周四举行线上会谈 |url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8D%E5%90%AF%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AF%9D-%E5%91%A8%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%9A%E8%B0%88/a-56606345 |accessdate=2021-03-23 |archive-date=2021-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526130630/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8D%E5%90%AF%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AF%9D-%E5%91%A8%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%9A%E8%B0%88/a-56606345 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。3月12日，四方安全对话首次舉行線上首脑会谈<ref>{{cite news |title=四方安全对话刚刚结束，美防长外长随即赴日，日美2+2会谈急于抱团取 |url=https://m.sohu.com/a/455784717_120244154/?pvid=000115_3w_a}}</ref>。
2021年2月18日，四國舉行举行线上外長视讯会谈<ref>{{cite news |title=美国重启四方安全对话 周四举行线上会谈 |url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8D%E5%90%AF%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AF%9D-%E5%91%A8%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%9A%E8%B0%88/a-56606345 |accessdate=2021-03-23 |archive-date=2021-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526130630/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8D%E5%90%AF%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AF%9D-%E5%91%A8%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%9A%E8%B0%88/a-56606345 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。3月12日，四方安全对话首次舉行線上首脑会谈<ref>{{cite news |title=四方安全对话刚刚结束，美防长外长随即赴日，日美2+2会谈急于抱团取 |url=https://m.sohu.com/a/455784717_120244154/?pvid=000115_3w_a}}</ref>。

2021年9月26日 (日) 08:51的版本

四边安全对话
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
蓝色区域为澳大利亚、印度、日本、美国，时任日本首相安倍晋三希望将四边安全对话打造为“亚洲的民主弧线”。
成立時間2007
類型政府间安全论坛
會員
成员国：

四边安全对话（英語：Quadrilateral Security Dialogue，简称QSD，也称作Quad；或譯為四方安全對話）是美国、日本、印度和澳大利亚之间的非正式战略对话，依靠成员国之间的对话维持。四边安全对话是2007年由時任日本首相安倍晋三发起的，得到美国副总统迪克·切尼、印度总理曼莫汉·辛格、澳大利亚总理约翰·霍华德的支持。四边安全对话还进行了名为馬拉巴爾（始於1992年美印合作開始）的军事演习。

2021年的联合声明“四方精神”强调了对自由开放的印度-太平洋的共同愿景，这是东海和南海基于规则的海事秩序，并承诺应对COVID-19的经济和健康影响。[1]

背景

中美衝突

2000年代初，美國主要戰略位於伊拉克、阿富汗等中東地區，但因為中國崛起，美國戰略重點逐漸轉往印太地區[2]。為了遏止中國，美國尋求中國周邊民主國家建立戰略夥伴關係[2]。儘管美國與日本、澳大利亞和印度形成聯盟，然而美國與印度建立更緊密的軍事聯繫是一個複雜困難的過程。[2]

歷史

2007年由時任日本內閣总理大臣安倍晋三发起，主張四國加強合作以應對中國崛起。

2008年陆克文担任澳大利亚总理期间，澳大利亚退出了四边安全对话，导致其停止运作，此举反映出澳大利亚对美国和中国在亚太地区之间日益紧张的政策持一种矛盾的态度，也與陆克文在任時的親中外交政策有關。

2010年朱莉亞·吉拉德上任澳大利亚总理后，澳大利亚和美国恢复并加强了军事合作。此外，美国、印度、日本仍继续通过馬拉巴爾的框架举行联合军事演习。

川普政府

2017年东盟峰会期间，所有成员国重新参加了谈判，以恢复四边安全对话。在马尼拉，澳大利亚总理麦肯·腾博、日本首相安倍晋三、印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪和美国总统唐纳德·特朗普同意重启安全对话，以便在南中国海地区通过外交、军事方式对抗中国。在特朗普实施“美国优先”关税政策，并导致中美贸易战后，出于对第二次冷战的担忧，四边安全对话再次得到重视。四边安全对话外交、军事上的安排被普遍认为是针对对中国经济、军事力量不断增强的回应，中国政府通过向成员国发出正式外交抗议作为回应。

2020年馬拉巴爾演习后，美国国务卿迈克·蓬佩奥会见四边成员，讨论将安全对话转变为具有“共同的安全和地缘政治目标”的“亚洲版北约”。[3][4][5]南华早报评论员将此评价为“反对中国崛起的堡垒”，一名中国外交官员表示抗议，认为此举为“让历史的时钟倒转”：[6][7][8][9][10]

它的目的是鼓吹冷战思惟，挑起不同集团之间的对抗，并引发地缘政治竞争，它维护的是美国的统治和霸权体系。

2020年10月，斯里兰卡外交部长对四边对话在印度洋的军事化表示担忧。[11]同月，日本、美国、加拿大举行“利剑”联合军事演习，这是当年加拿大在台湾海峡举行的几次军事演习之一，各方还在东京举行了外交会议。[12][13][14][15][16] 尽管会议没有发表联合声明，[17]但在澳大利亚总理斯科特·莫里森在东京举办的会议上表示，澳大利亚和日本原则上同意建立防卫条约，以加强军事联系。[18][19][19]

拜登政府

2021年2月18日，四國舉行举行线上外長视讯会谈[20]。3月12日，四方安全对话首次舉行線上首脑会谈[21]。

2021年9月24日，四边安全对话首次领袖面对面高峰会召开[22]。

参考条目

参考来源

  1. ^ 白宫. Quad Leaders’ Joint Statement: “The Spirit of the Quad”. [2021-04-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-06）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Campbell, K. M., Patel, N. and V. J. Singh, 2008. "The Power of Balance: America in iAsia" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Center for a New American Security’’.
  3. ^ Taylor, Guy. ‘Asian NATO’ faces hurdles as Pompeo meets with ‘Quad’ allies on countering China. The Washington Times. 2020-10-05 [2020-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-11） （美国英语）. 
  4. ^ US, European officials mulling to create 'Asian NATO' to contain China's expansionist ambitions. The Times of India. 2020-10-01 [2020-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-24） （英语）. 
  5. ^ Top US diplomat calls for expansion of Quad group. Hindustan Times. 2020-10-12 [2020-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-05） （英语）. 
  6. ^ Srinivasan, J. Can the Quad rise to be an Asian NATO?. The Hindu @businessline. 2020-07-16 [2020-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-06） （英语）. 
  7. ^ Park, Joshua. Why the Quad alliance won’t realise its ‘Asian Nato’ ambition. South China Morning Post. 2020-10-30 [2020-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-16） （英语）. 
  8. ^ Krishnan, Ananth. China’s Foreign Minister says U.S. using Quad to build ‘Indo-Pacific NATO’. The Hindu. 2020-10-13 [2020-10-31]. ISSN 0971-751X. （原始内容存档于2021-05-27） （英语）. 
  9. ^ Quad effect: 'Asian NATO' rattles China as local press propaganda goes in high gear. WION. 2020-10-27 [2020-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-26） （英语）. 
  10. ^ Bennett, Yan C.; Garrick, John. China’s actions have driven the evolution of the Quad. The Strategist. 2020-10-28 [2020-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-09） （澳大利亚英语）. 
  11. ^ Mitra, Devirupa. Sri Lanka Worried About Indian Ocean's Securitisation, Impact of Quad Military Alliance. The Wire. 2020-10-30 [2020-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）. 
  12. ^ US, Japan launch 'Keen Sword' exercise amid fears of Chinese attack on Taiwan. Taiwan News. 2020-10-27 [2021-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-28）. 
  13. ^ Opening remarks by EAM at 2nd Quad Ministerial Meeting in Tokyo, Japan. MEA, India. 2020-10-06 [2021-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）. 
  14. ^ Australia-India-Japan-United States Quad Foreign Ministers' Meeting. Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia). 2020-10-06 [2021-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-14）. 
  15. ^ U.S.-Australia-India-Japan Consultations (“The Quad”) Senior Officials Meeting. United States Department of State. 2020-12-18 [2021-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-29）. 
  16. ^ The Second Japan-Australia-India-U.S. Foreign Ministers’ Meeting. 日本外务省. 2020-10-06 [2021-02-14]. 
  17. ^ Bhurtel, Bhim. 'Asian NATO' plan stillborn at Tokyo Quad meet. Asia Times. 2020-10-09 [2020-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-12）. 
  18. ^ Australia and Japan agree in principle to defence pact that will increase military ties. The Guardian. 2020-11-17 [2021-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-06）. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Japan-Australia Leaders’ Meeting Joint Statement (pdf). 日本外务省. 2020-11-17 [2021-02-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-05）. 
  20. ^ 美国重启四方安全对话 周四举行线上会谈. [2021-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-26）. 
  21. ^ 四方安全对话刚刚结束，美防长外长随即赴日，日美2+2会谈急于抱团取. 
  22. ^ 四方安全对话（QUAD）首次面对面峰会 中国如影相随. 
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