皮骨角：修订间差异

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2022年3月4日 (五) 14:03的版本

皮骨角^[1]（英語：Ossicones）是指长颈鹿、雄性㺢㹢狓等动物头上的犄角。此外，现已灭绝的西瓦鹿和梯角鹿科动物（如Climacoceras）头部也生有这种结构。^[2]部分学者曾认为这些灭绝种头部的皮骨角并非真正意义上的皮骨角；不过后续的研究表明，这些动物的皮骨角和长颈鹿科的动物很接近。皮骨角位于背骨、额骨上，随着年龄的增加会逐渐长到头骨上。^[3]

皮骨角和羚羊、家牛的角类似，区别在于皮骨角由软骨组织骨化而成，而非由活骨直接形成，^[4]而且皮骨角上由皮毛覆盖，而非角蛋白。

皮骨角一出生起就存在，但刚生下来时皮骨角贴着头部而不是长在头骨上，以防降生时受伤。^[5]雄性动物和雌性动物的皮骨角结构、用途都有不同。雄性的皮骨角更厚，因雄性长颈鹿喜欢脖击而导致皮骨角顶部的骨骼裸露出来。这些皮骨角还会增加长颈鹿头部的重量，使得其脖击时的攻击威力更大，有时甚至能致命。皮骨角的出现也导致了一些其他的进化特征，如动物的外皮更重，真皮层也出现了特化的防御。^[6]

参考资料

^ 邱占祥; 阎德发; 贾航. 山东山旺Palaeomer yx化石的初步研究 (PDF). 古脊椎动物学报. 1985-07, 23 (3): 173–195 [2019-12-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-17）.
^ Hadar Picture Gallery. An ossicone of the extinct, giant, short-necked giraffe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. University of Washington.
^ Solounias, N. Prevalence of Ossicones in Giraffidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia). Journal of Mammalogy. 1988, 69 (4): 845–8. JSTOR 1381645. doi:10.2307/1381645.
^ The Nashville Zoo at Grassmere – Animals :: Masai Giraffe. Nashville Zoo at Grassmere. 2008-06-30. （原始内容存档于2008-06-30）.
^ FAQs - GiraffeConservation.org. GiraffeConservation.org. [2018-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-12）（美国英语）.
^ Geist, Valerius. The Evolution of Horn-Like Organs. Behaviour. 1966, 27 (1): 175–214. doi:10.1163/156853966x00155.

拓展阅读

Hou, Sukuan; Danowitz, Melinda; Sammis, John; Solounias, Nikos. Dead ossicones, and other characters describing Palaeotraginae (Giraffidae; Mammalia) based on new material from Gansu, Central China. Zitteliana. 2014, 32: 91–8 [2019-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-13）.
Solounias, N; Moelleken, S. M. C. Evidence for the Presence of Ossicones in Giraffokeryx punjabiensis (Giraffidae, Mammalia). Journal of Mammalogy. 1991, 72 (1): 215–7. JSTOR 1382004. doi:10.2307/1382004.
Churcher, Charles S. Cranial Appendages of Giraffoidea. Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers. 1990: 180–94. ISBN 978-1-4613-8968-2. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8966-8_5.
Davis, E. B; Brakora, K. A; Lee, A. H. Evolution of ruminant headgear: A review. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2011, 278 (1720): 2857–65. JSTOR 41315010. PMC 3151718 . PMID 21733893. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0938. 简明摘要 – ScienceDaily (July 10, 2010).
Danowitz, Melinda; Barry, John C; Solounias, Nikos. The earliest ossicone and post-cranial record of Giraffa. PLOS ONE. 2017, 12 (9): e0185139. PMC 5605118 . PMID 28926638. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185139.
Ríos, María; Sánchez, Israel M; Morales, Jorge. A new giraffid (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Pecora) from the late Miocene of Spain, and the evolution of the sivathere-samothere lineage. PLOS ONE. 2017, 12 (11): e0185378. PMC 5665556 . PMID 29091914. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185378. 简明摘要 – Science (November 2, 2017).

[1] 邱占祥; 阎德发; 贾航. 山东山旺Palaeomer yx化石的初步研究 (PDF). 古脊椎动物学报. 1985-07, 23 (3): 173–195 [2019-12-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-17）.

[2] Hadar Picture Gallery. An ossicone of the extinct, giant, short-necked giraffe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. University of Washington.

[3] Solounias, N. Prevalence of Ossicones in Giraffidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia). Journal of Mammalogy. 1988, 69 (4): 845–8. JSTOR 1381645. doi:10.2307/1381645.

[4] The Nashville Zoo at Grassmere – Animals :: Masai Giraffe. Nashville Zoo at Grassmere. 2008-06-30. （原始内容存档于2008-06-30）.

[5] FAQs - GiraffeConservation.org. GiraffeConservation.org. [2018-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-12）（美国英语）.

[6] Geist, Valerius. The Evolution of Horn-Like Organs. Behaviour. 1966, 27 (1): 175–214. doi:10.1163/156853966x00155.

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@@ 第2行： / 第2行： @@
 [[File:Sivatherium maurusium ossicone.JPG|thumb|[[西瓦鹿]]的皮骨角化石，外观像鹿角一样]]
-'''皮骨角'''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=邱占祥 |author2=阎德发 |author3=贾航 |title=山东山旺Palaeomer yx化石的初步研究 |journal=古脊椎动物学报 |date=1985-07 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=173-195 |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200903/W020090813374018653843.pdf |accessdate=2019-12-22 |archive-date=2020-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517142240/http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200903/W020090813374018653843.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>（{{lang-en|Ossicones}}）是指长颈鹿、雄性[[㺢㹢狓]]等动物头上类似于[[角 (动物)|角]]、[[鹿角]]的结构。此外，现已灭绝的[[西瓦鹿]]和[[梯角鹿科]]动物（如[[Climacoceras]]）头部也生有这种结构。<ref>Hadar Picture Gallery. [http://faculty.washington.edu/ggeck/EcksGallery/EckPict13.html An ossicone of the extinct, giant, short-necked giraffe] {{Wayback|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/ggeck/EcksGallery/EckPict13.html |date=20160304002336 }}. ''University of Washington''.</ref>部分学者曾认为这些灭绝种头部的皮骨角并非真正意义上的皮骨角；不过后续的研究表明，这些动物的皮骨角和[[长颈鹿科]]的动物很接近。皮骨角位于背骨、[[额骨]]上，随着年龄的增加会逐渐长到头骨上。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1381645 |jstor=1381645 |title=Prevalence of Ossicones in Giraffidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1988-11_69_4/page/845 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=845–8 |year=1988 |last1=Solounias |first1=N }}</ref>
+'''皮骨角'''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=邱占祥 |author2=阎德发 |author3=贾航 |title=山东山旺Palaeomer yx化石的初步研究 |journal=古脊椎动物学报 |date=1985-07 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=173-195 |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200903/W020090813374018653843.pdf |accessdate=2019-12-22 |archive-date=2020-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517142240/http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200903/W020090813374018653843.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>（{{lang-en|Ossicones}}）是指长颈鹿、雄性[[㺢㹢狓]]等动物头上的[[犄角]]。此外，现已灭绝的[[西瓦鹿]]和[[梯角鹿科]]动物（如[[Climacoceras]]）头部也生有这种结构。<ref>Hadar Picture Gallery. [http://faculty.washington.edu/ggeck/EcksGallery/EckPict13.html An ossicone of the extinct, giant, short-necked giraffe] {{Wayback|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/ggeck/EcksGallery/EckPict13.html |date=20160304002336 }}. ''University of Washington''.</ref>部分学者曾认为这些灭绝种头部的皮骨角并非真正意义上的皮骨角；不过后续的研究表明，这些动物的皮骨角和[[长颈鹿科]]的动物很接近。皮骨角位于背骨、[[额骨]]上，随着年龄的增加会逐渐长到头骨上。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1381645 |jstor=1381645 |title=Prevalence of Ossicones in Giraffidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1988-11_69_4/page/845 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=845–8 |year=1988 |last1=Solounias |first1=N }}</ref>
 皮骨角和[[羚羊]]、[[家牛]]的角类似，区别在于皮骨角由软骨组织骨化而成，而非由活骨直接形成，<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nashville Zoo at Grassmere – Animals :: Masai Giraffe|publisher=Nashville Zoo at Grassmere|date=2008-06-30|url=http://www.nashvillezoo.org/animals_detail.asp?animalID=12|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20080630033712/http://www.nashvillezoo.org/animals_detail.asp?animalID=12|archivedate=2008-06-30|deadurl=yes}}</ref>而且皮骨角上由皮毛覆盖，而非[[角蛋白]]。