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异鹮属:修订间差异

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'''异鹮属'''([[学名]]:''Xenicibis'')是[[鹮亚科]]下的一个已灭绝的属,其唯一已知种'''伴猴异鹮'''('''''Xenicibis xympithecus''''')<ref name="Olson1977"/>也称'''牙买加鹮(Jamaican ibis)、牙买加不飞鹮(Jamaican flightless ibis)<ref name="Olson1977">{{cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = Storrs L | last2 = Steadman | first2 = David W | year = 1977 | title = A new genus of flightless ibis (Threskiornithidae) and other fossil birds from cave deposits in Jamaica | journal = Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume = 90 | issue = 2| pages = 447–457 }}</ref>或棒翅鹮(clubbed-wing ibis)'''<ref name="Turvey">{{cite book|last=Tyrberg|first=Tommy|chapter= Holocene avian extinctions|editor1-first= Sam|editor1-last= Turvey|title=Holocene Extinctions|year=2009|pages=63&ndash;106|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-953509-5}}</ref>,棍棒的翅膀是其独一无二的特征。<ref name="Longrich">{{Cite journal | last1 = Longrich | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Olson | first2 = S. L. | title = The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2010.2117 | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | year = 2011 | pmid = 21208965| pmc = 3119002| volume=278 | pages=2333–2337}}</ref>异鹮属是仅有的两个不会飞的鹮类属之一,另一个是[[夏威夷群岛]]特有的[[无翼鹮属]](''Apteribis'')。<ref name="Turvey"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1= Olson |first1= Storrs L.|last2= Wetmore|first2= Alexander|year= 1976|title= Preliminary diagnoses of two extraordinary new genera of birds from Pleistocene deposits in Hawaiian Islands.|journal= Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume= 89|pages= 247–258|url= http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1733/1/Thambeto_Apteribis.pdf|access-date= January 7, 2011}}</ref>
'''异鹮属'''([[学名]]:''Xenicibis'')是[[鹮亚科]]下的一个已灭绝的属,其唯一已知种'''伴猴异鹮'''('''''Xenicibis xympithecus''''')<ref name="Olson1977"/>也称'''牙买加鹮(Jamaican ibis)、牙买加不飞鹮(Jamaican flightless ibis)<ref name="Olson1977">{{cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = Storrs L | last2 = Steadman | first2 = David W | year = 1977 | title = A new genus of flightless ibis (Threskiornithidae) and other fossil birds from cave deposits in Jamaica | journal = Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume = 90 | issue = 2| pages = 447–457 }}</ref>或棒翅鹮(clubbed-wing ibis)'''<ref name="Turvey">{{cite book|last=Tyrberg|first=Tommy|chapter= Holocene avian extinctions|editor1-first= Sam|editor1-last= Turvey|title=Holocene Extinctions|year=2009|pages=63&ndash;106|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-953509-5}}</ref>,棍棒的翅膀是其独一无二的特征。<ref name="Longrich">{{Cite journal | last1 = Longrich | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Olson | first2 = S. L. | title = The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2010.2117 | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | year = 2011 | pmid = 21208965| pmc = 3119002| volume=278 | pages=2333–2337}}</ref>异鹮属是仅有的两个不会飞的鹮类属之一,另一个是[[夏威夷群岛]]特有的[[无翼鹮属]](''Apteribis'')。<ref name="Turvey"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1= Olson |first1= Storrs L.|last2= Wetmore|first2= Alexander|year= 1976|title= Preliminary diagnoses of two extraordinary new genera of birds from Pleistocene deposits in Hawaiian Islands.|journal= Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume= 89|pages= 247–258|url= http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1733/1/Thambeto_Apteribis.pdf|access-date= January 7, 2011}}</ref>
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = 早[[全新世]],{{fossil range|0.01}}
| fossil_range = 早[[全新世]],{{fossil range|0.01}}
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| tribus =
| tribus =
| genus = †'''异鹮属''' '''''Xenicibis'''''
| genus = †'''异鹮属''' '''''Xenicibis'''''
| genus_authority = <small>Olson & Steadman, 1977/small>
| genus_authority = <small>Olson & Steadman, 1977</small>
| type_species =
| type_species =
| subdivision_ranks = [[种]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[种]]

2022年4月21日 (四) 10:31的版本

异鹮属学名Xenicibis)是鹮亚科下的一个已灭绝的属,其唯一已知种伴猴异鹮Xenicibis xympithecus[1]也称牙买加鹮(Jamaican ibis)、牙买加不飞鹮(Jamaican flightless ibis)[1]或棒翅鹮(clubbed-wing ibis)[2],棍棒状的翅膀是其独一无二的特征。[3]异鹮属是仅有的两个不会飞的鹮类属之一,另一个是夏威夷群岛特有的无翼鹮属Apteribis)。[2][4]

异鹮属
化石時期: 早全新世0.01 Ma
异鹮属分布地(红色)
异鹮属分布地(红色)
科學分類
界: 動物界 Animalia
門: 脊索动物门 Chordata
綱: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
亞綱: 双孔亚纲 Diapsida
目: 鹈形目 Pelecaniformes
亞目: 鹭亚目 Ardei
科: 鹮科 Threskiornithidae
亞科: 鹮亚科 Threskiornithinae
屬: 异鹮属 Xenicibis
Olson & Steadman, 1977

描述

1977年,H·E·安东尼(H.E.Anthony)在牙买加长哩洞穴(Long Mile cave)的洞穴沉积物中挖掘出了一些颅后骨骼,并据此对异鹮属进行了首次描述。[1][5]当时,由于其鸟喙骨不完整,它被推测为是不会飞的鸟;后来,牙买加斯旺西洞穴(Swansea Cave)发现了同一物种的肱骨,证实了它不能飞行。[5][6]从包括红山裂缝(Red Hills Fissure)在内的两个新地点发现的新化石表明,异鹮属对腕掌骨进行了独特的改造,[3]使其呈棍棒状。其掌骨扩大并向远端弯曲,侧壁增厚,尺骨桡骨也进行了调整。异鹮属是大型鹮类,重约2公斤(70盎司)。[3]


棍棒状翅膀的功能

鸟类学家推测,这些翅膀是以近似于棍棒连枷的方式被作为武器使用的,[3]这与一些现生螳螂虾口足目指虾蛄总科)类似,它们拥有一根棍棒状的远端膨胀的指状物,用来击打猎物和其他虾。[7]然而,在鸟类中,这种适应性似乎是独一无二的。[3]鸟类翅膀对战斗的适应性是一个偶然例子,在这种情况下,不同的鸟类物种会基于周围的机会找到解决同一问题的不同方法。[3][8]

美洲白鹮(左)和伴猴异鹮(右)的翅膀骨骼绘制图。为使肱骨大小相同,二者的骨骼已进行缩放,以便于比较形态学变化。

分布

异鹮属在牙買加的位置
长哩洞穴
长哩洞穴
斯旺西洞穴
斯旺西洞穴
红山裂缝
红山裂缝
杰克逊湾洞穴
杰克逊湾洞穴
发掘地点

伴猴异鹮是牙买加的特有种,其骨骼已在多个遗迹中均有发现,包括长哩洞穴[1]、斯旺西洞穴[1]杰克逊湾洞穴(Jackson's Bay Cave)[9]和红山裂缝。[3]来自古巴的声称属于该属的骨头后来被鉴定为秧鹤[10]牙买加岛和古巴岛从来没有连为一体过,所以不会飞的物种不可能到达不同的岛屿。[5]

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Olson, Storrs L; Steadman, David W. A new genus of flightless ibis (Threskiornithidae) and other fossil birds from cave deposits in Jamaica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 1977, 90 (2): 447–457. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Tyrberg, Tommy. Holocene avian extinctions. Turvey, Sam (编). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford University Press. 2009: 63–106. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Longrich, N. R.; Olson, S. L. The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2011, 278: 2333–2337. PMC 3119002可免费查阅. PMID 21208965. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2117. 
  4. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; Wetmore, Alexander. Preliminary diagnoses of two extraordinary new genera of birds from Pleistocene deposits in Hawaiian Islands. (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 1976, 89: 247–258 [January 7, 2011]. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Suárez, William (2001) "Deletion of the flightless ibis Xenicibis from the fossil record of Cuba" 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2011-10-01.. Caribbean Journal of Science 37 (1–2): 109–110
  6. ^ Olson, Storrs L; Steadman, David W. The humerus of Xenicibis, the extinct flightless ibis of Jamaica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 1979, 92: 23–27. 
  7. ^ Patek, S. N.; Korff, W. L.; Caldwell, R. L. Biomechanics: Deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp. Nature. 2004, 428 (6985): 819–20. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..819P. PMID 15103366. doi:10.1038/428819a. 
  8. ^ Gould, Stephen J. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton. 1989: 347. ISBN 0-393-02705-8. 
  9. ^ McFarlane, D A; Lundberg, J; Fincham, A G. A late Quaternary paleoecological record from caves of southern Jamaica, West Indies (PDF). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies. August 2002, 64 (2): 117–125. 
  10. ^ Arredondo, Oscar. Sinopsis de las aves halladas en depósitos fosilíferos pleisto-holocénicos de Cuba. Reporte de Investigación del Instituto de Zoología. 1984, 17: 1–3 (西班牙语).