農民起事:修订间差异
第85行: | 第85行: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|185~205 |
|185~205 |
||
|黑山軍 |
|黑山軍叛亂 |
||
|[[汉朝|中國漢朝]] |
|[[汉朝|中國漢朝]] |
||
|[[太行山]]匪同盟 |
|[[太行山]]匪同盟 |
||
第142行: | 第142行: | ||
|<ref>Somers, pp. 688–692.</ref> |
|<ref>Somers, pp. 688–692.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|874~878 |
|||
|874–878 |
|||
|[[王仙芝]]叛亂 |
|[[王仙芝]]叛亂 |
||
|[[唐朝|中國唐朝]] |
|[[唐朝|中國唐朝]] |
||
第150行: | 第150行: | ||
|<ref>Somers, pp. 727–736.</ref> |
|<ref>Somers, pp. 727–736.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|875~884 |
|||
|875–884 |
|||
|[[黃巢之亂]] |
|[[黃巢之亂]] |
||
|[[唐朝|中國唐朝]] |
|[[唐朝|中國唐朝]] |
||
第158行: | 第158行: | ||
|<ref>Somers, pp. 727–762.</ref> |
|<ref>Somers, pp. 727–762.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|928~932 |
|||
|928–932 |
|||
|{{link-en|Basil the Copper Hand|Basil the Copper Hand}}叛亂 |
|{{link-en|Basil the Copper Hand|Basil the Copper Hand}}叛亂 |
||
|{{flagicon|Byzantine Empire}} [[東羅馬帝國]] |
|{{flagicon|Byzantine Empire}} [[東羅馬帝國]] |
||
| |
|Basil the Copper Hand手下的農民 |
||
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
| |
| |
||
|<ref>{{harvnb|Kazhdan|1991|pp=268–269}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{harvnb|Kazhdan|1991|pp=268–269}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|993~995 |
|||
|993–995 |
|||
|Da Shu |
|Da Shu在[[四川省|四川]]的叛亂 |
||
|[[宋朝|中國宋朝]] |
|[[宋朝|中國宋朝]] |
||
| |
|Wang Xiaobo和Li Shun手下的農民 |
||
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
| |
| |
||
第175行: | 第175行: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|996 |
|996 |
||
| |
|{{link-en|996年諾曼第農民起義|Peasants' revolt of 996 in Normandy}} |
||
|{{link-en|Rodulf of Ivry|Rodulf of Ivry}}和[[理查二世 (諾曼第)|理查二世]]統治下的[[诺曼底大区|諾曼第大區]] |
|||
|[[Normandy]] under [[Rodulf of Ivry]] and [[Richard II, Duke of Normandy]] |
|||
|諾曼農民 |
|||
|Norman peasants |
|||
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
| |
| |
||
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gowers |first1=Bernard |year=2013 |title=996 and all that: The Norman peasants' revolt reconsidered |journal=Early Medieval Europe |volume=21 |pages=71–98 |doi=10.1111/emed.12010}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gowers |first1=Bernard |year=2013 |title=996 and all that: The Norman peasants' revolt reconsidered |journal=Early Medieval Europe |volume=21 |pages=71–98 |doi=10.1111/emed.12010}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1277~1280 |
|||
|1277–1280 |
|||
|[[伊瓦伊洛起义|伊瓦伊洛起義]] |
|||
|[[Uprising of Ivaylo]] |
|||
|[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg|链接=|22x22像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg|链接=|22x22像素]] [[保加利亚第二帝国|保加利亞第二帝國]] |
||
{{flagicon|Byzantine Empire}} [[東羅馬帝國]] |
|||
[[File:Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg|链接=|22x22像素]] [[欽察汗國]] |
|||
|[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg|链接=|22x22像素]] |
|[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg|链接=|22x22像素]] [[伊瓦伊洛起义|伊瓦伊洛]]的農民 |
||
| style="background:#F88" |伊瓦伊洛謀殺案 |
| style="background:#F88" |伊瓦伊洛謀殺案 |
||
| |
| |
||
|<ref>Andreev, pp. 221–228.</ref> |
|<ref>Andreev, pp. 221–228.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1323~1328 |
|||
|1323–1328 |
|||
|{{link-en|弗蘭德農民起義|1323–1328 Flemish revolt}} |
|||
|[[Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28|Peasant revolt in Flanders]] |
|||
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg|23x23像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg|23x23像素]] [[中世纪的法国|中世紀的法國]] |
||
|佛拉蒙農民 |
|||
|Flemish peasants |
|||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
|[[File:The_Battle_of_Cassel_on_23rd_August_1328.png|替代=|100x100像素]] |
|[[File:The_Battle_of_Cassel_on_23rd_August_1328.png|替代=|100x100像素]] |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1343~1345 |
|||
|1343–1345 |
|||
| |
|{{link-en|聖喬治之夜起義|Saint George's Night Uprising}} |
||
|[[File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg|25x25像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg|25x25像素]] [[立窝尼亚骑士团|立窩尼亞騎士團]] |
||
{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[丹麥王國]] |
|||
|Estonian peasants |
|||
|愛沙尼亞農民 |
|||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
|[[File:Paide_estonia.jpg|替代=|133x133像素]] |
|[[File:Paide_estonia.jpg|替代=|133x133像素]] |
||
|<ref>Vahtre, pp. 79–90.</ref> |
|<ref>Vahtre, pp. 79–90.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1351~1368 |
|||
|1351–1368 |
|||
|[[紅巾軍]] |
|||
|[[Red Turban Rebellion]] |
|||
|[[元朝|中國元朝]][[高麗|朝鮮高麗]] |
|||
|[[Yuan dynasty]]{{Clear}}[[Goryeo]] |
|||
|[[白蓮教]]、[[摩尼教]]和中國農民的紅巾軍 |
|||
|Red Turban Armies of [[White Lotus]] members, [[Manichaeism|Manichaeans]] and Chinese peasants |
|||
| style="background:#AF9" |元朝滅亡,蒙古人退入蒙古為[[北元]]; 起義軍內訌後起義領袖[[朱元璋]]上台 |
|||
| style="background:#AF9" |Fall of Yuan dynasty and retreat of the Mongols into Mongolia as the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]]; ascendancy of rebel leader [[Hongwu Emperor|Zhu Yuanzhang]] after infighting among rebel forces |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1358 |
|1358 |
||
|[[ |
|[[札克雷暴動]] |
||
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg|23x23像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg|23x23像素]] [[中世纪的法国|中世紀的法國]] |
||
|法國農民 |
|||
|French peasants |
|||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
|[[File:Jacquerie_meaux.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
|[[File:Jacquerie_meaux.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1381 |
|1381 |
||
|[[瓦特·泰勒农民起义|瓦特·泰勒農民起義]] |
|||
|[[Peasants' Revolt]] |
|||
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[英格蘭王國]] |
||
|英國農民 |
|||
|English peasants |
|||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
|[[File:Jean_Froissart,_Chroniques,_154v,_12148_btv1b8438605hf336,_crop.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
|[[File:Jean_Froissart,_Chroniques,_154v,_12148_btv1b8438605hf336,_crop.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1382 |
|1382 |
||
| |
|{{link-en|Harelle|Harelle}} |
||
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_(Moderne).svg|31x31像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_(Moderne).svg|31x31像素]] [[中世纪的法国|中世紀的法國]] |
||
|法國農民 |
|||
|French peasants |
|||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
|[[File:Froissart_Chronicles,_execution.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
|[[File:Froissart_Chronicles,_execution.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
||
|<ref>Sumption, p. 444.</ref> |
|<ref>Sumption, p. 444.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|1401~1404、1409 |
||
|[[萨莫吉希亚起义|薩莫吉希亞起義]] |
|||
|[[Samogitian uprisings]] |
|||
|[[File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg|20x20像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg|20x20像素]] [[条顿骑士团|條頓騎士團]] |
||
[[File:Herb_Pogon_Litewska.jpg|21x21像素]] {{link-en|什維特里蓋里亞|Švitrigaila}}的跟隨者 |
|||
⚫ | |||
|[[萨莫吉希亚|薩莫吉希亞]]農民 |
|||
| style="background:#AF9" |Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, though disputes over [[Samogitia]] continue until 1422 |
|||
⚫ | |||
| style="background:#AF9" |叛亂的目標基本實現,儘管關於[[萨莫吉希亚|薩莫吉希亞]]的爭端一直持續到 1422 年 |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1428 |
|1428 |
||
| |
|{{link-en|Shōchō uprising|Shōchō uprising}} |
||
|[[File:Ashikaga_mon.svg|20x20像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Ashikaga_mon.svg|20x20像素]] [[室町幕府]] |
||
|日本農民 |
|||
|Japanese peasants |
|||
| style="background:#AF9" | |
| style="background:#AF9" |取消農民債務 |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1437 |
|1437 |
||
| |
|{{link-en|外西凡尼亞農民起義|Transylvanian peasant revolt}} |
||
|[[File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mathias_Corvinus_(1458-1490)_big.svg|22x22像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mathias_Corvinus_(1458-1490)_big.svg|22x22像素]] [[匈牙利王国|匈牙利王國]] |
||
|外西凡尼亞農民 |
|||
|Transylvanian peasants |
|||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1438 |
|1438 |
||
| |
|{{link-en|哈爾華·格拉托普|Hallvard Graatop}}反叛 |
||
|{{flag|Kalmar Union|size=28px}} |
|{{flag|Kalmar Union|size=28px}} |
||
|挪威農民 |
|||
|Norwegian peasants |
|||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
|[[File:Vraalstad_Kiste.GIF|替代=|100x100像素]] |
|[[File:Vraalstad_Kiste.GIF|替代=|100x100像素]] |
||
| |
| |
||
第272行: | 第277行: | ||
|1441 |
|1441 |
||
|[[Kakitsu uprising]] |
|[[Kakitsu uprising]] |
||
|[[File:Ashikaga_mon.svg|20x20像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Ashikaga_mon.svg|20x20像素]] [[室町幕府]] |
||
|農民和[[地侍]]的Do-ikki(聯盟) |
|||
|Do-ikki (leagues) of peasants and [[jizamurai]] |
|||
| style="background:#AF9" | |
| style="background:#AF9" |農債取消,室町幕府被嚴重削弱。 |
||
|[[File:Kiyomizu.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
|[[File:Kiyomizu.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
||
|<ref>Hall, Toyoda; pp. 28–30.</ref> |
|<ref>Hall, Toyoda; pp. 28–30.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1441 |
|1441 |
||
|[[克里斯托弗三世|菲因島和日德蘭半島的農民起義]] |
|||
|[[Christopher of Bavaria|Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions]] |
|||
|{{flag|Kalmar Union|size=28px}} |
|{{flag|Kalmar Union|size=28px}} |
||
|丹麥農民 |
|||
|Danish peasants |
|||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
|[[File:Christopher_of_Bavaria.png|替代=|118x118像素]] |
|[[File:Christopher_of_Bavaria.png|替代=|118x118像素]] |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1450 |
|1450 |
||
| |
|{{link-en|Jack Cade|Jack Cade}}反叛 |
||
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[英格蘭王國]] |
||
|英國農民 |
|||
|English peasants |
|||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
|[[File:Jack_Cade.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
|[[File:Jack_Cade.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
||
|<ref>Thomson, pp. 195–297.</ref> |
|<ref>Thomson, pp. 195–297.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1450~1451 |
|||
|1450–1451 |
|||
| |
|{{link-en|John and William Merfold|John and William Merfold}}的起義 |
||
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[ |
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[英格蘭王國]] |
||
|英國農民 |
|||
|English peasants |
|||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
|[[File:William.Morris.John.Ball.jpg|替代=|132x132像素]] |
|[[File:William.Morris.John.Ball.jpg|替代=|132x132像素]] |
||
|<ref>Hicks, pp. 33–55.</ref> |
|<ref>Hicks, pp. 33–55.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1453~1454 |
|||
|1453–1454 |
|||
|[[Morea revolt of 1453–54]] |
|[[Morea revolt of 1453–54]] |
||
|{{flagicon|Byzantine Empire}} [[ |
|{{flagicon|Byzantine Empire}} [[摩里亚专制国|摩里亞專制國]] |
||
[[File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1453-1517).svg|20x20像素]] [[奥斯曼帝国|鄂圖曼帝國]] |
|||
|Greek peasants under [[Manuel Kantakouzenos (usurper)|Manuel Kantakouzenos]]{{Clear}}Albanians under [[Peter Bua]]{{Clear}}[[File:Armoiries_Achaïe.svg|17x17像素]] [[Frankokratia|Latin loyalists]] under [[John Asen Zaccaria]] |
|||
|{{link-en|曼努埃爾·坎塔庫澤努斯|Manuel Kantakouzenos (usurper)}}統治下的希臘農民 |
|||
⚫ | |||
{{link-en|彼得·布阿|Peter Bua}}統治下的阿爾巴尼亞人 |
|||
[[File:Armoiries_Achaïe.svg|17x17像素]] {{link-en|約翰·阿森·扎卡里亞|John Asen Zaccaria}}領導下的[[拉丁人治下的希腊|拉丁忠誠者]] |
|||
⚫ | |||
| |
| |
||
|<ref>Cheetham, p. 218.</ref> |
|<ref>Cheetham, p. 218.</ref> |
||
第322行: | 第330行: | ||
|[[Kingdom of Galicia]] ([[Crown of Castile]]) |
|[[Kingdom of Galicia]] ([[Crown of Castile]]) |
||
|Galician peasants, led by Galician burgeoisie and part of the local lower nobility |
|Galician peasants, led by Galician burgeoisie and part of the local lower nobility |
||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
| |
| |
||
|<ref>Barros, 2006: [https://www.academia.edu/3276781/O_que_sabemos_dos_irmandi%C3%B1os O que sabemos dos irmandiños]</ref> |
|<ref>Barros, 2006: [https://www.academia.edu/3276781/O_que_sabemos_dos_irmandi%C3%B1os O que sabemos dos irmandiños]</ref> |
||
第330行: | 第338行: | ||
|[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_(1400-1806).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]] |
|[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_(1400-1806).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]] |
||
|Carinthian peasants |
|Carinthian peasants |
||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂 |
||
|[[File:Coccau_Field_01.JPG|替代=|100x100像素]] |
|[[File:Coccau_Field_01.JPG|替代=|100x100像素]] |
||
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev|language=sl|trans-title=The Illustrated History of the Slovenes|chapter=Kmečki upor na slovenskem Koroškem|trans-chapter=The Peasant Revolt in Slovene Carinthia|year=2000|first=Peter|last=Štih|editor-first=Marko|editor-last=Vidic|publisher=Mladinska knjiga|isbn=978-86-11-15664-4|page=132}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev|language=sl|trans-title=The Illustrated History of the Slovenes|chapter=Kmečki upor na slovenskem Koroškem|trans-chapter=The Peasant Revolt in Slovene Carinthia|year=2000|first=Peter|last=Štih|editor-first=Marko|editor-last=Vidic|publisher=Mladinska knjiga|isbn=978-86-11-15664-4|page=132}}</ref> |
||
第364行: | 第372行: | ||
|[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]] |
|[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]] |
||
|German Peasants |
|German Peasants |
||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓一切叛亂 |
||
|[[File:Bundschuhfahne_Holzschnitt_1539_Petrarcas_Trostspiegel.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
|[[File:Bundschuhfahne_Holzschnitt_1539_Petrarcas_Trostspiegel.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
第371行: | 第379行: | ||
|[[File:Alex_K_Kingdom_of_Poland-flag.svg|20x20像素]] [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]{{Clear}}[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]] |
|[[File:Alex_K_Kingdom_of_Poland-flag.svg|20x20像素]] [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]{{Clear}}[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]] |
||
|Ukrainian peasants |
|Ukrainian peasants |
||
| style="background:#F88" | |
| style="background:#F88" |抑制運動 |
||
|[[File:Wladyslaw_Skoczylas_-_Pochod_zbojnikow.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
|[[File:Wladyslaw_Skoczylas_-_Pochod_zbojnikow.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]] |
||
| |
| |
2022年5月31日 (二) 13:06的版本
农民起事,又稱农民起义、农民战争,通常意味着农村或农业人口的暴动,反抗既成的秩序或建制。[1]农民起事的起因包括农民抗税,反抗社会不平等、宗教战争、异族压迫、农奴制,要求土地重新分配,或是瘟疫和饥荒等。[2]虽然成功的农民起事会推翻旧有的秩序或建制,但它的勝利並不一定意味社會制度有重大變化。
背景
農民起事的歷史跨越兩千多年。 多種因素助長了農民起事現象的出現,包括:
年表
- 農民戰勝
- 農民戰敗
- 另一個結果(例如,沒有明確結果的條約或和平,戰前狀態,結果未知或猶豫不決)
- 衝突持續中
時間 | 事件 | 主要政權狀態 | 農民 | 結果 | 圖片 | 參考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
前209~206 | 抗秦起義(包括大澤鄉起義) | 中國秦朝 | 陳勝、吳廣、項羽、劉邦等幾位農民起義領袖 | 中國秦朝瓦解 | [3] | |
前205~186 | 埃及人的大起義 | 埃及托勒密王國 | 分離主義法老霍爾溫尼菲爾和Ankhwennefer統治下的埃及原住民農民和士兵 | 鎮壓叛亂 | [4] | |
17~25 | 綠林軍 | 中國新朝 | 綠林軍叛軍 | 中國新朝滅亡; 綠林軍內訌後起義領袖劉秀上台 | ||
17~27 | 赤眉軍 | 中國新朝 | 赤眉軍叛軍 | 起義目標部分實現,但最終被劉秀擊敗 | ||
172~173 | 田園戰爭 | 羅馬帝國 | Isidorus統治下的埃及農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | [5] | |
184~205 | 黃巾之亂 | 中國漢朝 | 黃巾叛軍 | 鎮壓叛亂,但中國漢朝被嚴重削弱 | [6] | |
185~205 | 黑山軍叛亂 | 中國漢朝 | 太行山匪同盟
公孫瓚的勢力 |
鎮壓叛亂,雖然中國漢朝被嚴重削弱 | ||
3~5世紀 | 巴高達運動 | 羅馬帝國 | 巴高達 | 獲得一些領土的控制權; 以羅馬帝國的全面崩潰而告終 | ||
4~5世紀晚期 | Circumcellions | 羅馬帝國(直到435年) | 柏柏人和羅馬農民
多納圖斯派當局 吉爾多統治下的(398年)羅馬反叛軍隊 |
羅馬天主教在阿非利加的統治結束,但汪達爾人和亞流教派當局鎮壓了叛亂 | [7] | |
611~619 | 唐朝開國戰爭 | 中國隋朝 | 幾位叛亂領導人手下的農民
在幾位叛軍將領、官員和貴族的領導下叛逃軍隊 |
中國隋朝滅亡; 起義軍內訌後起義領袖李淵上台 | ||
841~843 | Stellinga起義 | 撒克遜貴族 | Stellinga | 鎮壓叛亂 | ||
859~860 | Rebellion of Ch'iu Fu | 中國唐朝 | Ch'iu Fu治下的中國農民和土匪 | 鎮壓叛亂,雖然中國唐朝被嚴重削弱 | [8] | |
874~878 | 王仙芝叛亂 | 中國唐朝 | 王仙芝和尚讓帶領的中國農民和土匪 | 鎮壓叛亂,雖然中國唐朝被嚴重削弱 | [9] | |
875~884 | 黃巢之亂 | 中國唐朝 | 黃巢等中國農匪 | 鎮壓叛亂,雖然唐朝被嚴重削弱 | [10] | |
928~932 | Basil the Copper Hand叛亂 | 東羅馬帝國 | Basil the Copper Hand手下的農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | [11] | |
993~995 | Da Shu在四川的叛亂 | 中國宋朝 | Wang Xiaobo和Li Shun手下的農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | [12] | |
996 | 996年諾曼第農民起義 | Rodulf of Ivry和理查二世統治下的諾曼第大區 | 諾曼農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | [13] | |
1277~1280 | 伊瓦伊洛起義 | 保加利亞第二帝國 | 伊瓦伊洛的農民 | 伊瓦伊洛謀殺案 | [14] | |
1323~1328 | 弗蘭德農民起義 | 中世紀的法國 | 佛拉蒙農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | ||
1343~1345 | 聖喬治之夜起義 | 立窩尼亞騎士團 | 愛沙尼亞農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | [15] | |
1351~1368 | 紅巾軍 | 中國元朝朝鮮高麗 | 白蓮教、摩尼教和中國農民的紅巾軍 | 元朝滅亡,蒙古人退入蒙古為北元; 起義軍內訌後起義領袖朱元璋上台 | ||
1358 | 札克雷暴動 | 中世紀的法國 | 法國農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | ||
1381 | 瓦特·泰勒農民起義 | 英格蘭王國 | 英國農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | ||
1382 | Harelle | 中世紀的法國 | 法國農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | [16] | |
1401~1404、1409 | 薩莫吉希亞起義 | 條頓騎士團
什維特里蓋里亞的跟隨者 |
薩莫吉希亞農民 | 叛亂的目標基本實現,儘管關於薩莫吉希亞的爭端一直持續到 1422 年 | ||
1428 | Shōchō uprising | 室町幕府 | 日本農民 | 取消農民債務 | ||
1437 | 外西凡尼亞農民起義 | 匈牙利王國 | 外西凡尼亞農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | ||
1438 | 哈爾華·格拉托普反叛 | 卡尔马联盟 | 挪威農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | ||
1441 | Kakitsu uprising | 室町幕府 | 農民和地侍的Do-ikki(聯盟) | 農債取消,室町幕府被嚴重削弱。 | [17] | |
1441 | 菲因島和日德蘭半島的農民起義 | 卡尔马联盟 | 丹麥農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | ||
1450 | Jack Cade反叛 | 英格蘭王國 | 英國農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | [18] | |
1450~1451 | John and William Merfold的起義 | 英格蘭王國 | 英國農民 | 鎮壓叛亂 | [19] | |
1453~1454 | Morea revolt of 1453–54 | 摩里亞專制國 | 曼努埃爾·坎塔庫澤努斯統治下的希臘農民
彼得·布阿統治下的阿爾巴尼亞人 約翰·阿森·扎卡里亞領導下的拉丁忠誠者 |
鎮壓叛亂 | [20] | |
1462–1472, 1485–1486 | War of the Remences | Catalan constitutionalists and nobility (1462–1472) Crown of Aragon (1485–1486) | Catalan peasants Royalists under John II of Aragon (1462–1472) | Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, Sentència de Guadalupe signed | [21] | |
1467–1469 | Galician Irmandiños Revolt | Kingdom of Galicia (Crown of Castile) | Galician peasants, led by Galician burgeoisie and part of the local lower nobility | 鎮壓叛亂 | [22] | |
1478 | Carinthian Peasant Revolt | Holy Roman Empire | Carinthian peasants | 鎮壓叛亂 | [23] | |
1482–1511 | Yamashiro ikki uprisings | Ashikaga shogunate
Various samurai clans |
Yamashiro ikki and later, lesser ikki
Various samurai clans |
Most ikki submit to the shogunate in 1493, though they achieve may of their aims and continue to retain autonomy until the gradual end of the movement | [24] | |
1487–1488 | Kaga Rebellion | Togashi clan | Ikkō-ikkiMotoori clanYamagawa clan | Decisive victory for the Ikkō-ikki. | [25] | |
1488–1582 | Ikkō-ikki Uprisings | Several major samurai clans (including Oda clan and Tokugawa clan)Nichiren sectTendai sōheiJōdo-shū sōhei | Ikkō-shū peasant and ji-samurai leaguesJōdo Shinshū sōhei Mōri clan Azai clan Asakura clan | Destruction of most militant Ikkō-shū leagues; Jōdo Shinshū sect and remaining Ikkō-ikki submit to Toyotomi Hideyoshi | [26] | |
1493–1517 | Bundschuh movement | Holy Roman Empire | German Peasants | 鎮壓一切叛亂 | ||
1498–1878 | Opryshky movement | Kingdom of Poland Holy Roman Empire | Ukrainian peasants | 抑制運動 | ||
1511 | Friulian Revolt | Republic of Venice | Friulian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1514 | Poor Conrad Rebellion | Duchy of Württemberg | Württemberg peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [27] | |
1514 | György Dózsa Rebellion | Kingdom of Hungary | Hungarian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [28] | |
1515 | Slovene Peasant Revolt | Holy Roman Empire | Slovene peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [29] | |
1515–1523 | Frisian peasant rebellion | Habsburg Netherlands | Arumer Zwarte Hoop Charles II, Duke of Guelders | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1516–1521 | Trần Cảo Rebellion | Lê dynasty | Vietnamese peasants under Trần Cảo and Trần Cung | Suppression of the rebellion, though Lê dynasty is severely weakened | [30] | |
1524–1525 | German Peasants' War | Swabian League | German peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1524–1533 | Dalecarlian Rebellions | Sweden | Dalarna peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1525 | Palatine Peasants' War | Electoral Palatinate | Palatine peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1534 | Skipper Clement's Rebellion | Christian III Kingdom of Denmark | Danish Peasants under Skipper Clement Christian II | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1540 | Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark | Denmark–Norway | Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1542–1543 | Dacke War | Sweden | Småland peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [31] | |
1549 | Kett's Rebellion | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1573 | Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt | Holy Roman Empire | Slovene peasantsCroatian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [32] | |
1594-1637 | Croquant rebellions | Kingdom of France | French peasants | Suppression of all rebellions | ||
1596–1597 | Cudgel War | Sweden | Finnish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [33] | |
1606–1607 | Bolotnikov Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1626–1636 | Peasants' War in Upper Austria | Electorate of Bavaria | Austrian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [34] | |
1630–1645 | Rebellion of Li Zicheng | Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1645) | Peasants under Li Zicheng, Gao Guiying and other generals of the Shun dynasty | Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty | ||
1630–1647 | Rebellion of Zhang Xianzhong | Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1647) | Peasants and bandits under Zhang Xianzhong | Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty | [35] | |
1635 | Second Slovene peasants' revolt | Holy Roman Empire | Peasants under a scattered leadership of verious leaders | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1637–1638 | Shimabara Rebellion | Tokugawa shogunate Dutch Empire | Christian peasants and rōnin | Suppression of the rebellion | [36] | |
1651 | Kostka-Napierski Uprising | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [37] | |
1652 | Guo Huaiyi Rebellion | Dutch East India CompanyAboriginal Taiwanese | Chinese peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1653 | Swiss peasant war of 1653 | Republic of the Swiss | Swiss peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [38] | |
1667–1671 | Stepan Razin Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasantsDon Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | [39] | |
1669–1670 | Peasant Rebellion in Podhale | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [40] | |
1704 | Kuridža's Rebellion | 威尼斯共和國 | Orthodox peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1705–1706 | Bavarian People's Uprising | 哈布斯堡君主国 | Bavarian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1707–1708 | Bulavin Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasantsDon Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1713 | Slovene peasant revolt in Tolmin | Holy Roman Empire | Peasants under a scattered leadership of verious leaders, including Ivan Miklavčič | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1730–1769 | Peasant revolts for the restoration of the Lê dynasty and land reforms | Trịnh lordsNguyễn lords | Vietnamese peasantsLê dynasty | Suppression of the rebellions and eventual collapse of Lê dynasty, but start of Tây Sơn Revolt | ||
1743 | Dalecarlian rebellion | Sweden | Swedish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1765 | Strilekrigen | Denmark-Norway | Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1768–1769 | Koliivshchyna | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Russian Empire | Haidamaka movement | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1769–1788 | Tây Sơn Revolt | Nguyễn lords (until 1776)
Nguyễn Ánh's forces (since 1776) Trịnh lords (until 1786) Siam (in 1785) Lê dynasty (1786–1788) Qing Dynasty (1787–1788) |
Tây Sơn dynasty | Goal of the rebellion achieved; reunification of Vietnam and introduction of land reforms under Tây Sơn dynasty | ||
1773–1775 | Pugachev's Rebellion | 俄罗斯帝国 | Russian peasantsUral CossacksBashkirs | Suppression of the rebellion | [41] | |
1784 | Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan | 奥地利帝國 | Romanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [42] | |
1786–1787 | Lofthusreisingen | Denmark-Norway | Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1786–1787 | Shays' Rebellion | 美国 | American farmers | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1790 | Saxon Peasants' Revolt | Saxony | Saxon peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [43] | |
1791–1794 | Whisky Rebellion | 美国 | American farmers | Suppression of the rebellion. | ||
1793–1796 | War in the Vendée | French Republic | Catholic and Royal Army Chouan rebels Émigrés 大不列顛 | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1793–1804 | Chouannerie | French Republic | Chouan rebels Catholic and Royal Army Émigrés 大不列顛 | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1794 | Kościuszko Uprising | 俄罗斯帝国 Kingdom of PrussiaPolish loyalists | Polish nationalist nobility Polish peasants Polish Jacobins | Suppression of the rebellion | [44] | |
1794–1804 | White Lotus Rebellion | Qing Dynasty | White Lotus rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1798 | Peasants' War | French Republic | Low countries peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [45] | |
1800–1802 | Lærdal Rebellion | Denmark-Norway | Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [46] | |
1807–1820 | Jean-Baptiste Perrier's rebellion | Republic of Haiti | Haitian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1809 | Tyrolean Rebellion | French Empire 巴伐利亚 Saxony 意大利王國 | Tyrolean peasants 奥地利帝國 | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1809 | Gottscheer Rebellion | First French Empire | Gottschee German peasantsSlovene peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1811 | Klågerup riots | 瑞典 | Swedish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1826–1854 | Peasant uprisings during the reign of Nicholas I of Russia | 俄罗斯帝国 | Russian peasants | About 556 small-scale rural uprisings took place during Nicholas' reign. All were suppressed, but contributed to the Russian Emperor's reluctance to end the serfdom in Russia. | [47] | |
1832–1835 | Cabanada | Empire of Brazil | Restorationist peasants | Rebellion subdued after the premature death of former Emperor Pedro I | ||
1834–1835 | Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35) | Egypt Eyalet | Arab peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [48] | |
1835–1840 | Cabanagem | Empire of Brazil | Indigenous, mestizo and black peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1838–1841 | Balaiada | Empire of Brazil | Peasants and African slaves | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1839–1845 | Anti-Rent War | 美国 | American tenant farmers | initially suppressed by the state militia, rebel anti-rent leaders arrested though they were either pardoned or not sentenced, anti-renters continued to rebel decades after the trials, the Antirenter party was formed and tenant rights were granted. | ||
1844 | Piquet uprising | Republic of Haiti | Piquets (Haitian peasants) under Acaau | Piquet movement leaders integrated into government, but goals not achieved | [49] | |
1846 | Acaau's second rebellion | Republic of Haiti | Haitian peasants under Acaau | Suppression of the rebellion | [50] | |
1846 | Galician slaughter | 奥地利帝國 | Galician peasants | De facto suppression of the rebellion, although it was sparked and extinguished by the Austrian authorities and eventually led to abolition of serfdom in Galicia and Lodomeria two years later. | [51] | |
1850–1864 | Taiping Rebellion | Qing Dynasty | Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1851–1868 | Nian Rebellion | Qing Dynasty | Nian militias | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1858 | Mahtra War | 俄罗斯帝国 | Estonian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [52] | |
1861 | Bezdna unrest | 俄罗斯帝国 | Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [53] | |
1862 | Great Peasant Uprising of 1862 | Joseon Dynasty | Korean peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1884 | Chichibu Incident | 日本 | Japanese peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1892 | Jerez uprising | 西班牙 | Regional fieldworkers | Suppression of the rebellion | [54] | |
1894–1895 | Donghak Peasant Revolution | 日本 Joseon Dynasty | Korean peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1896–1897 | War of Canudos | First Brazilian Republic | Canudos inhabitants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1905–1908 | Maji Maji Rebellion | German East Africa | Matumbi people, Ngoni people, and other Tanganyikans | Suppression of the rebellion | [55] | |
1907 | 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt | Kingdom of Romania | Romanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1911 | Peasant rebellion in eastern Henan | Qing dynasty | Yellow Way Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [56][57] | |
1912-1916 | Contestado War | First Brazilian Republic | Farmers and lumberjacks | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1913 | Peasant revolt in Northern Shaanxi | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers and bandits under a sect leader | Spread of the revolt; poppy plant eradication campaign stopped | [58] | |
1914 | Peasant Revolt in Albania | Principality of AlbaniaCatholic Militia | Muslim peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1916 | Urkun | 俄罗斯帝国 | Kyrgyz and Kazakh peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [59] | |
1917 | October Revolution | 俄罗斯 | Russian peasants and workers | Beginning of the Russian Civil War | ||
1918 | Arsk Uprising | 蘇俄 | Tatar peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1919–1922 | Rebellion of "Chu the Ninth" (Ming pretender) | Republic of China | Yellow Way Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [60] | |
1920 | Pitchfork uprising | Russian SFSR | "Black Eagle" rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1920–1921 | Tambov Rebellion | Russian SFSR | Green armies | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1920–1926 | Spirit Soldier rebellions of eastern Sichuan and western Hubei | Republic of China | Spirit Soldier rebels, allied warlord forces | Stalemate: Large Spirit Soldier armies are destroyed, but movement persists | [61][62][63] | |
1921 | Peasant Rebellion of Sorokino | Russian SFSR | Russian peasants and White Army veterans | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1921 | Malabar rebellion | 印度 | Indian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [64] | |
1924 | Rebellion of "Wang the Sixth" (Ming pretender) | Republic of China | Wang's followers | Suppression of the rebellion | [60] | |
1925 | Rebellion of Chu Hung-teng (Ming pretender) | Republic of China | Heavenly Gate Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [65] | |
1927 | Autumn Harvest Uprising | Republic of China | Hunan Soviet | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1928–1929 | Red Spears' uprising in Shandong | Republic of China | Red Spear Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [66] | |
1932 | Salvadoran peasant massacre | 薩爾瓦多 | Salvadoran peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1932 | Lesko uprising | 波蘭 | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [67] | |
1932 | Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Su County | Republic of China Kuomintang members and allied gentry | Chinese poppy farmers and gentry under Wang Xiaobai and Ma Fengshan | Suppression of the rebellion | [68] | |
1932 | Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Lingbi County | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers under Tian Xuemin | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [69] | |
1936 | Miyun District rebellion | East Hebei Autonomous Council | Yellow Sand Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [70][71] | |
1944 | Peasant revolt in Beichuan County | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers of Xiaoyuan and Houyuan | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [72] | |
1946–1951 | Tebhaga movement | Bengal landlords | Bengal peasants (All India Kisan Sabha) Communist Party of India | Goal of the rebellion partially achieved | [73] | |
1946–1951 | Telangana Rebellion | RazakarsHyderabad landlords Hyderabad State | Hyderabad peasants (Andhra Mahasabha) Communist Party of India | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [74] | |
1947–1954 | Hukbalahap Rebellion | Template:Country data Republic of the Philippines | Filipino peasants (Hukbalahap) | Suppression of the rebellion | [75] | |
1949 | Nankar Rebellion | Pakistan
Various Bengali Zamindars |
Communist Party and Peasants Association | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [76] | |
1950 | Cazin rebellion | 南斯拉夫 | Yugoslavian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [77] | |
1952–1960 | Mau Mau Uprising | Kenya Colony | Kikuyu farmhanders | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1958 | Rebellion at Fuzhou, Jiangxi | 中國 | Dacheng sects | Suppression of the rebellion | [78] | |
1958 | Rebellion at Yongjing | 中國 | Rural rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | [79] | |
1959–1965 | Escambray Rebellion | 古巴 | Cuban peasants Batista loyalists DRE 美国 | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1959 | Peasant rebellion at Sizhuang, Henan | 中國 | "Regiment of Spirit Soldiers" | Suppression of the rebellion | [79] | |
1960 | Rebellion at Yongnian County | 中國 | New Star Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [80] | |
1968–1969 | Agbekoya | 奈及利亞 | Yoruba peasants | Goal of the rebellion achieved | ||
1969 | Rebellion at Changchun | 中國 | Nine Palaces Way | Suppression of the rebellion | [81] | |
1969 | Rebellion at Shuangyang County | 中國 | Mount Wutai sect | Suppression of the rebellion | [81] | |
1970s | 1970s peasant revolts in Thailand | 泰國 | Thai peasants | Peasant leaders assassinated | ||
1975–1991 | Uprisings in Tigray and Eritrea; part of the Ethiopian Civil War | Ethiopia | Tigrayan and Eritrean peasants | Derg overthrown; Eritrean independence | [82] | |
1994 | Zapatista uprising | 墨西哥 | Mexican indigenous peasants | Ceasefire |
中国
马克思主义史学家认为,中国最早记录的农民暴动可能是国人暴动(西周),其后的大泽乡起义(造成秦朝滅亡的間接因素)、赤眉、绿林军(造成新朝滅亡及東漢復興)、黄巾之乱(造成東漢滅亡及三國鼎立的遠因)、黄巢之乱(間接造成唐朝滅亡)、钟相杨幺起义(北宋南宋交替之時)、红巾军(造成元朝滅亡的間接原因)、李自成(直接造成明朝滅亡)等等无不是规模巨大,影响深远的战争。中国最近一次大规模农民暴动是1850年-1864年的太平天国运动。其中太平天國起事所實施之「天朝田畝制度」有近似於共產主義的概念,此一制度受到中共官方史學家的正面評價。
民國以後也有重要的农民起事,如1927年的秋收起义,参加秋收起义的武装力量主要由两部分构成,其一为部分没有赶上参加南昌起义的原国民革命军第四集团军第二方面军总指挥部警卫团;其二为湖南平江和浏阳的农民武装、鄂南通城和崇阳的部分农民武装、安源煤矿的工人武装等,共约5000人,统一编为工农革命军第一师第一、二、三团。起义前又收编一部分原黔军武装为第四团。
在农业时代,土地是决定性生产资本,中国俗语说:「土地是命根子」。中国农民起义最初的动因便是反抗土地兼并與苛捐杂税,另一原因是各种天灾、洪水、大旱等自然灾害使许多原本食不裹腹的人们轉而流亡、聚众。此外,中国历史上也不乏有目标的聚众起义,如黄巾之亂、太平天国等。这些起义往往是由于统治者的暴虐及贪婪造成社会反彈,造成的危害极大,不管那一方都将为之付出巨大的代价。推翻与恢復专制的社会演变,催生出了世界上最古老的、以农业社会为核心专制统治,直至随着生产力的发展新生的工业生产取代了农业生产的主導地位。并出现了以商业资本家为代表要求有利于公平交易、自由流通的近代民主社会才正式结束了农民起义这一社会现象。
《水滸傳》在中國大陸曾被歸類為農民起義小說。
21世紀初,中國各地有上演以農民為主體的群體事件,令地方當局與黨政高層相當緊張,不得不動員當地的武警、公安甚至是協調軍區進行「維穩」措施。
中國歷代史書與中華民國政府對民間起事多以“暴動”、“之亂”、“民變”等稱謂來表示,費正清等漢學家也使用此稱謂[83];而中國共產黨因為其成立主要依靠工農階層,史觀不同,常稱其為“起義”。如:「黃巾之亂」稱之為「黃巾起義」;「黃巢之亂」稱之為「黃巢起義」;太平天國之亂稱之為「太平天國起義」;「南昌暴動」稱之為「南昌起義」,「動員戡亂」之於「解放戰爭」。
各時期歷史演進
以下均为被中共官方史學家认定「农民起义」的起事:
- 西周,公元前841年,国人暴动。
- 秦朝,公元前209年,大泽乡起义,由平民出身的陳勝、吳廣等揭竿起義,試圖推翻秦朝,但被秦朝當時精銳的部隊平定。
- 秦朝,公元前209年-前206年,项羽、刘邦起义,继承陳勝、吳廣,推翻秦朝。
- 新朝,公元17年年-23年,赤眉、绿林军等興起,形成以漢朝宗室劉秀為首的東漢復興。
- 东汉,184年,黄巾軍之亂。
- 西晋,301年-304年,李特、張昌之亂。
- 东晋,399年-411年,孫恩盧循之亂。
- 南齐,485年-486年,唐寓之之亂。
- 北魏,523年-530年,六镇之亂。
- 隋朝,611年-624年,隋末民变。
- 唐朝,875年-884年,黄巢之亂。
- 北宋,993年-996年,王小波、李顺起义。
- 北宋,1119年-1121年,方腊起义、宋江起义。
- 南宋,1130年-1135年,钟相、杨幺之乱。
- 金朝,1211年-1218年,红袄军。
- 元朝,1351年-1368年,紅巾軍之亂,元末貨幣浮濫發行,中原及揚州地區發生嚴重通貨膨脹。
- 明朝,1627年-1645年(明崇禎18年),李自成及張獻忠起兵反明,後由山海關守將吳三桂引清兵入關平定。
- 清朝,1851年-1864年,[84]太平天国運動,由國家科舉考試失敗的洪秀全召集家鄉友人,綜合傳統信仰與外來傳教士的部分學說,起兵反清。
爭議
史学界对中國“农民起义”的定性和评价一直存在分歧。从领导层来看,「农民起义」领袖绝大多数都不是农民。[85]中国历史上历次民变的主要领导中,农民出身的只佔少數,而且都不是領頭人物,顯示农民難以成为农民起义的领袖。[86]有學者認為,领袖起来“造反”的目的,不是为农民谋利益,农民參與也不是为反抗地主,甚至是被裹胁“起义”。从结果看,“起义军”所过之处,农民并未获得好处。因此中國歷史上是否存在农民起义很有爭議。[85]
普林斯頓大學歷史系教授余英時認為,中國史上「农民起义」的領導主體從來不是務正業的農民,而是各式各樣的社會邊緣人。如破六韩拔陵是游牧胡族、黃巢是鹽梟、李自成是作為驛卒的鄉村無賴、洪秀全是客家籍的不第秀才。邊緣人在治世難有展佈,但一到亂世便有機會大顯身手。這些人並不代表農民的利益。[87]
明末兵部尚书杨嗣昌曾作《西江月》词讽刺张献忠的起事:“不作安安饿殍,效尤奋臂螳螂。往来楚蜀肆猖狂,弄兵潢池无状。云屯雨骤师集,蛇豕奔突奚藏?许尔军民绑来降,爵赏酬功上上。”[88]
欧洲
欧洲历史上农民起事是农民反抗地主和农奴制度,包括1358年法国的扎克雷起义,1381年英国农民起义,1524年-1526年德国农民战争,1573年克羅埃西亞-斯洛維尼亞農民起義,和1773年-1775年俄罗斯普加乔夫起义。
欧洲的农民起事不以推翻國王為目標。
參考文獻
- ^ 有道詞典:bk:农民起义
- ^ Frantisek Graus. The Late Medieval Peasant Wars. 5 February 2008 [2015-03-24].(英文)
- ^ Chen Sheng and Wu Guang's Revolt Against Qin. [22 October 2014].
- ^ The great revolt of the Egyptians (205–186 BC). [8 June 2015]. (原始内容存档于3 March 2016). 已忽略未知参数
|df=
(帮助) - ^ Dio Cassius, Epitome 72
- ^ Ulrich Theobald. The Yellow Turban Uprising. 28 June 2011 [22 October 2014].
- ^ Baldwin, pp. 3–11.
- ^ Somers, pp. 688–692.
- ^ Somers, pp. 727–736.
- ^ Somers, pp. 727–762.
- ^ Kazhdan 1991,第268–269頁
- ^ Die Nördliche Song-Dynastie. [17 June 2015].
- ^ Gowers, Bernard. 996 and all that: The Norman peasants' revolt reconsidered. Early Medieval Europe. 2013, 21: 71–98. doi:10.1111/emed.12010.
- ^ Andreev, pp. 221–228.
- ^ Vahtre, pp. 79–90.
- ^ Sumption, p. 444.
- ^ Hall, Toyoda; pp. 28–30.
- ^ Thomson, pp. 195–297.
- ^ Hicks, pp. 33–55.
- ^ Cheetham, p. 218.
- ^ Rotger, 2011, pp. 26–33.
- ^ Barros, 2006: O que sabemos dos irmandiños
- ^ Štih, Peter. Kmečki upor na slovenskem Koroškem [The Peasant Revolt in Slovene Carinthia]. Vidic, Marko (编). Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev [The Illustrated History of the Slovenes]. Mladinska knjiga. 2000: 132. ISBN 978-86-11-15664-4 (斯洛文尼亚语).
- ^ Berry, pp. 37–44.
- ^ Sugiyama 1994,第62頁.
- ^ Otani, pp. 609–612.
- ^ Der Aufstad des Armen Konrad. Gechichtsverein Kongen. 2013 [22 October 2014].
- ^ Dózsa Rebellion. Encyclopædia Britannica. [22 October 2014].
- ^ Štih, Peter. Slovenski kmečki upor [The Slovene Peasant Revolt]. Vidic, Marko (编). Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev [The Illustrated History of the Slovenes]. Mladinska knjiga. 2000: 142. ISBN 978-86-11-15664-4 (斯洛文尼亚语).
- ^ Cooke, Vietnamese Confucianization, pp. 289–292.
- ^ Dacke War. Encyclopædia Britannica. [22 October 2014].
- ^ Губеца Матии восстание 1573. Большая Советская Энциклопедия. [22 October 2014].
- ^ Veli Niinimaa. Jaakko Ilkka. [22 October 2014].
- ^ Bauernaufstände in Oberösterreich – Einleitung. Verbundes Oberösterreichischer Museen. [14 August 2013] (德语).
- ^ Template:Cite ECCP
- ^ Murray, Japan, pp. 258–262.
- ^ Majda, pp. 17–30.
- ^ Suter, pp. 146–155.
- ^ Avrich, Paul. Russian Rebels, 1600–1800. New York: Schocken Books. 1976: 83–117. ISBN 9780393008364.
- ^ Jacek Pędzimąż. Rzeczpospolita Podhalańska 1669/1670. 17 May 2009 [21 June 2015].
- ^ Forster, Robert. Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. 1970: 163–181.
- ^ Pascu, pp. 534–537.
- ^ Sächsischer Bauernaufstand 1790. Bauerkriege. 28 June 2011 [20 June 2015].
- ^ Żygulski; Wielecki, p. 49.
- ^ Kreins, pp. 66–70
- ^ Daae, pp. 88–90
- ^ Hildermeier (2016),第770頁.
- ^ Manna, 2009, pp. 85–96.
- ^ Dubois 2012,第127–133頁.
- ^ Dubois 2012,第133頁.
- ^ Jerzy Lukowski; Hubert Zawadzki. A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. 6 July 2006: 170 [4 April 2013]. ISBN 978-0-521-85332-3.
- ^ Raun, pp. 45–60.
- ^ Hildermeier (2016),第892頁.
- ^ Yeoman, James Michael. The Jerez Uprising. Print Culture and the Formation of the Anarchist Movement in Spain, 1890–1915. Routledge. 2019. ISBN 978-1-00-071215-5 (英语).
- ^ Iliffe, pp. 68–176.
- ^ Xing & Li (1991),第64–69頁.
- ^ Billingsley (1988),第49頁.
- ^ Bianco, p. 110.
- ^ Bruce Pannier. Kyrgyzstan: Victims Of 1916 'Urkun' Tragedy Commemorated. RFE/RL. 2 August 2006 [2006-08-02].
- ^ 60.0 60.1 Perry (1980),第159頁.
- ^ Bianco (2015),第14頁.
- ^ Alley (1966),第175, 192頁.
- ^ Fenby (2008),第156頁.
- ^ Battle of Pookottur commemorated. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 27 August 2009 [20 June 2015]. (原始内容存档于1 September 2009).
- ^ Tai (1985),第68頁.
- ^ Bianco (2015),第5–9頁.
- ^ Głuszko, pp. 71–79.
- ^ Bianco, pp. 76–96.
- ^ Bianco, pp. 76–96.
- ^ Morning Tribune Staff (1936),第9頁.
- ^ The China Monthly Review Staff (1936),第473頁.
- ^ Wakabayashi; Brook, p. 110.
- ^ Majumdar, p. 13.
- ^ Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre. BBC News. 24 September 2013 [20 June 2015].
- ^ Ladwig III, Walter C. When the Police are the Problem: The Philippine Constabulary and the Hukbalahap Rebellion (PDF). www.walterladwig.com. [2018-12-11].
- ^ Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan (2004),Vol. 2 p. 14.
- ^ Dokumentarni film o Cazinskoj buni na cazin.NET. Cazin. 6 May 2012 [11 February 2014]. (原始内容存档于9 May 2012). 已忽略未知参数
|df=
(帮助) - ^ Smith (2015),第346–347頁.
- ^ 79.0 79.1 Smith (2015),第346頁.
- ^ Smith (2015),第347–348頁.
- ^ 81.0 81.1 Smith (2015),第349頁.
- ^ John Young, Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975–1991 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
- ^ 費正清; 崔瑞德. 王朝权力的崩溃. 剑桥中国秦汉史.
- ^ 1864年天京陷落,1872年最後一支太平軍在貴州黔東牛塘覆滅
- ^ 85.0 85.1 中国古代不存在“农民起义”. 腾讯网.
- ^ 唐元鹏. 古代农民起义领袖职业调查:只有3人农民出身. 新周刊 (新华网). 2014年1月22日. (原始内容存档于2015年4月2日).
- ^ 余英時. 《費正清和中國歷史》. 傅偉勳; 周陽山 (编). 《西方汉学家论中国》. 正中書局. 1993年: 36–38 [2014-03-27]. ISBN 978-957-09-0772-8. (原始内容存档于2014-07-03).
- ^ 唐晉 (编). 明亡360年祭 李自成是“賊寇”還是“英雄”. 《領導干部大講堂·史鑒卷》. 國家行政學院. 2008年7月. ISBN 9787801406224.