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農民起事:修订间差异

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第85行: 第85行:
|-
|-
|185~205
|185~205
|黑山軍
|黑山軍叛亂
|[[汉朝|中國漢朝]]
|[[汉朝|中國漢朝]]
|[[太行山]]匪同盟
|[[太行山]]匪同盟
第142行: 第142行:
|<ref>Somers, pp. 688–692.</ref>
|<ref>Somers, pp. 688–692.</ref>
|-
|-
|874~878
|874–878
|[[王仙芝]]叛亂
|[[王仙芝]]叛亂
|[[唐朝|中國唐朝]]
|[[唐朝|中國唐朝]]
第150行: 第150行:
|<ref>Somers, pp. 727–736.</ref>
|<ref>Somers, pp. 727–736.</ref>
|-
|-
|875~884
|875–884
|[[黃巢之亂]]
|[[黃巢之亂]]
|[[唐朝|中國唐朝]]
|[[唐朝|中國唐朝]]
第158行: 第158行:
|<ref>Somers, pp. 727–762.</ref>
|<ref>Somers, pp. 727–762.</ref>
|-
|-
|928~932
|928–932
|{{link-en|Basil the Copper Hand|Basil the Copper Hand}}叛亂
|{{link-en|Basil the Copper Hand|Basil the Copper Hand}}叛亂
|{{flagicon|Byzantine Empire}} [[東羅馬帝國]]
|{{flagicon|Byzantine Empire}} [[東羅馬帝國]]
|Peasants under Basil the Copper Hand
|Basil the Copper Hand手下的農民
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|
|
|<ref>{{harvnb|Kazhdan|1991|pp=268–269}}</ref>
|<ref>{{harvnb|Kazhdan|1991|pp=268–269}}</ref>
|-
|-
|993~995
|993–995
|Da Shu rebellion in [[Sichuan]]
|Da Shu[[四川省|四川]]的叛亂
|[[宋朝|中國宋朝]]
|[[宋朝|中國宋朝]]
|Peasants under Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun
|Wang XiaoboLi Shun手下的農民
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|
|
第175行: 第175行:
|-
|-
|996
|996
|[[Peasants' revolt of 996 in Normandy|Peasants' revolt in Normandy]]
|{{link-en|996年諾曼第農民起義|Peasants' revolt of 996 in Normandy}}
|{{link-en|Rodulf of Ivry|Rodulf of Ivry}}和[[理查二世 (諾曼第)|理查二世]]統治下的[[诺曼底大区|諾曼第大區]]
|[[Normandy]] under [[Rodulf of Ivry]] and [[Richard II, Duke of Normandy]]
|諾曼農民
|Norman peasants
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gowers |first1=Bernard |year=2013 |title=996 and all that: The Norman peasants' revolt reconsidered |journal=Early Medieval Europe |volume=21 |pages=71–98 |doi=10.1111/emed.12010}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gowers |first1=Bernard |year=2013 |title=996 and all that: The Norman peasants' revolt reconsidered |journal=Early Medieval Europe |volume=21 |pages=71–98 |doi=10.1111/emed.12010}}</ref>
|-
|-
|1277~1280
|1277–1280
|[[伊瓦伊洛起义|伊瓦伊洛起義]]
|[[Uprising of Ivaylo]]
|[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg|链接=|22x22像素]] [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian nobility]]{{Clear}}{{flagicon|Byzantine Empire}} [[Byzantine Empire]]{{Clear}}[[File:Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg|链接=|22x22像素]] [[Golden Horde]]
|[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg|链接=|22x22像素]] [[保加利亚第二帝国|保加利亞第二帝國]]
{{flagicon|Byzantine Empire}} [[東羅馬帝國]]
[[File:Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg|链接=|22x22像素]] [[欽察汗國]]
|[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg|链接=|22x22像素]] Peasants under [[Ivaylo of Bulgaria|Ivaylo]]
|[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Second_Bulgarian_Empire.svg|链接=|22x22像素]] [[伊瓦伊洛起义|伊瓦伊洛]]的農民
| style="background:#F88" |伊瓦伊洛謀殺案
| style="background:#F88" |伊瓦伊洛謀殺案
|
|
|<ref>Andreev, pp. 221–228.</ref>
|<ref>Andreev, pp. 221–228.</ref>
|-
|-
|1323~1328
|1323–1328
|{{link-en|弗蘭德農民起義|1323–1328 Flemish revolt}}
|[[Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28|Peasant revolt in Flanders]]
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg|23x23像素]] [[France in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of France]]
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg|23x23像素]] [[中世纪的法国|中世紀的法國]]
|佛拉蒙農民
|Flemish peasants
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|[[File:The_Battle_of_Cassel_on_23rd_August_1328.png|替代=|100x100像素]]
|[[File:The_Battle_of_Cassel_on_23rd_August_1328.png|替代=|100x100像素]]
|
|
|-
|-
|1343~1345
|1343–1345
|[[St. George's Night Uprising]]
|{{link-en|聖喬治之夜起義|Saint George's Night Uprising}}
|[[File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg|25x25像素]] [[Livonian Order]]{{Clear}}{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Kingdom of Denmark]]
|[[File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg|25x25像素]] [[立窝尼亚骑士团|立窩尼亞騎士團]]
{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[丹麥王國]]
|Estonian peasants
|愛沙尼亞農民
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|[[File:Paide_estonia.jpg|替代=|133x133像素]]
|[[File:Paide_estonia.jpg|替代=|133x133像素]]
|<ref>Vahtre, pp. 79–90.</ref>
|<ref>Vahtre, pp. 79–90.</ref>
|-
|-
|1351~1368
|1351–1368
|[[紅巾軍]]
|[[Red Turban Rebellion]]
|[[元朝|中國元朝]][[高麗|朝鮮高麗]]
|[[Yuan dynasty]]{{Clear}}[[Goryeo]]
|[[白蓮教]]、[[摩尼教]]和中國農民的紅巾軍
|Red Turban Armies of [[White Lotus]] members, [[Manichaeism|Manichaeans]] and Chinese peasants
| style="background:#AF9" |元朝滅亡,蒙古人退入蒙古為[[北元]]; 起義軍內訌後起義領袖[[朱元璋]]上台
| style="background:#AF9" |Fall of Yuan dynasty and retreat of the Mongols into Mongolia as the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]]; ascendancy of rebel leader [[Hongwu Emperor|Zhu Yuanzhang]] after infighting among rebel forces
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|1358
|1358
|[[Jacquerie]]
|[[札克雷暴動]]
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg|23x23像素]] [[France in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of France]]
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg|23x23像素]] [[中世纪的法国|中世紀的法國]]
|法國農民
|French peasants
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|[[File:Jacquerie_meaux.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|[[File:Jacquerie_meaux.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|
|
|-
|-
|1381
|1381
|[[瓦特·泰勒农民起义|瓦特·泰勒農民起義]]
|[[Peasants' Revolt]]
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[Kingdom of England]]
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[英格蘭王國]]
|英國農民
|English peasants
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|[[File:Jean_Froissart,_Chroniques,_154v,_12148_btv1b8438605hf336,_crop.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|[[File:Jean_Froissart,_Chroniques,_154v,_12148_btv1b8438605hf336,_crop.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|
|
|-
|-
|1382
|1382
|[[Harelle]]
|{{link-en|Harelle|Harelle}}
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_(Moderne).svg|31x31像素]] [[France in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of France]]
|[[File:Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_(Moderne).svg|31x31像素]] [[中世纪的法国|中世紀的法國]]
|法國農民
|French peasants
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|[[File:Froissart_Chronicles,_execution.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|[[File:Froissart_Chronicles,_execution.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|<ref>Sumption, p. 444.</ref>
|<ref>Sumption, p. 444.</ref>
|-
|-
|1401–1404, 1409
|1401~1404、1409
|[[萨莫吉希亚起义|薩莫吉希亞起義]]
|[[Samogitian uprisings]]
|[[File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg|20x20像素]] [[Teutonic Order]]{{Clear}}[[File:Herb_Pogon_Litewska.jpg|21x21像素]] [[Švitrigaila]]'s followers
|[[File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg|20x20像素]] [[条顿骑士团|條頓騎士團]]
[[File:Herb_Pogon_Litewska.jpg|21x21像素]] {{link-en|什維特里蓋里亞|Švitrigaila}}的跟隨者
|[[Samogitians|Samogitian]] peasants{{Clear}}{{flagicon image|Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]{{Clear}}{{flagicon image|Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]
|[[萨莫吉希亚|薩莫吉希亞]]農民
| style="background:#AF9" |Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, though disputes over [[Samogitia]] continue until 1422
{{flagicon image|Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg}} [[立陶宛大公国|立陶宛大公國]]{{flagicon image|Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg}} [[波兰王国王冠领地|波蘭王國王冠領地]]
| style="background:#AF9" |叛亂的目標基本實現,儘管關於[[萨莫吉希亚|薩莫吉希亞]]的爭端一直持續到 1422 年
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|1428
|1428
|[[Shocho uprising]]
|{{link-en|Shōchō uprising|Shōchō uprising}}
|[[File:Ashikaga_mon.svg|20x20像素]] [[Ashikaga shogunate]]
|[[File:Ashikaga_mon.svg|20x20像素]] [[室町幕府]]
|日本農民
|Japanese peasants
| style="background:#AF9" |Peasant debts cancelled.
| style="background:#AF9" |取消農民債務
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|1437
|1437
|[[Transylvanian peasant revolt]]
|{{link-en|外西凡尼亞農民起義|Transylvanian peasant revolt}}
|[[File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mathias_Corvinus_(1458-1490)_big.svg|22x22像素]] [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
|[[File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mathias_Corvinus_(1458-1490)_big.svg|22x22像素]] [[匈牙利王国|匈牙利王國]]
|外西凡尼亞農民
|Transylvanian peasants
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|1438
|1438
|[[Hallvard Graatop]]s Revolt
|{{link-en|哈爾華·格拉托普|Hallvard Graatop}}反叛
|{{flag|Kalmar Union|size=28px}}
|{{flag|Kalmar Union|size=28px}}
|挪威農民
|Norwegian peasants
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|[[File:Vraalstad_Kiste.GIF|替代=|100x100像素]]
|[[File:Vraalstad_Kiste.GIF|替代=|100x100像素]]
|
|
第272行: 第277行:
|1441
|1441
|[[Kakitsu uprising]]
|[[Kakitsu uprising]]
|[[File:Ashikaga_mon.svg|20x20像素]] [[Ashikaga shogunate]]
|[[File:Ashikaga_mon.svg|20x20像素]] [[室町幕府]]
|農民和[[地侍]]的Do-ikki(聯盟)
|Do-ikki (leagues) of peasants and [[jizamurai]]
| style="background:#AF9" |Peasant debts cancelled, Ashikaga shogunate is severely weakened.
| style="background:#AF9" |農債取消,室町幕府被嚴重削弱。
|[[File:Kiyomizu.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|[[File:Kiyomizu.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|<ref>Hall, Toyoda; pp. 28–30.</ref>
|<ref>Hall, Toyoda; pp. 28–30.</ref>
|-
|-
|1441
|1441
|[[克里斯托弗三世|菲因島和日德蘭半島的農民起義]]
|[[Christopher of Bavaria|Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions]]
|{{flag|Kalmar Union|size=28px}}
|{{flag|Kalmar Union|size=28px}}
|丹麥農民
|Danish peasants
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|[[File:Christopher_of_Bavaria.png|替代=|118x118像素]]
|[[File:Christopher_of_Bavaria.png|替代=|118x118像素]]
|
|
|-
|-
|1450
|1450
|[[Jack Cade]] Revolt
|{{link-en|Jack Cade|Jack Cade}}反叛
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[Kingdom of England]]
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[英格蘭王國]]
|英國農民
|English peasants
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|[[File:Jack_Cade.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|[[File:Jack_Cade.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|<ref>Thomson, pp. 195–297.</ref>
|<ref>Thomson, pp. 195–297.</ref>
|-
|-
|1450~1451
|1450–1451
|[[John and William Merfold]]'s Uprising
|{{link-en|John and William Merfold|John and William Merfold}}的起義
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[Kingdom of England]]
|[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg|30x30像素]] [[英格蘭王國]]
|英國農民
|English peasants
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|[[File:William.Morris.John.Ball.jpg|替代=|132x132像素]]
|[[File:William.Morris.John.Ball.jpg|替代=|132x132像素]]
|<ref>Hicks, pp. 33–55.</ref>
|<ref>Hicks, pp. 33–55.</ref>
|-
|-
|1453~1454
|1453–1454
|[[Morea revolt of 1453–54]]
|[[Morea revolt of 1453–54]]
|{{flagicon|Byzantine Empire}} [[Despotate of the Morea]]{{Clear}}[[File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1453-1517).svg|20x20像素]] [[Ottoman Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Byzantine Empire}} [[摩里亚专制国|摩里亞專制國]]
[[File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1453-1517).svg|20x20像素]] [[奥斯曼帝国|鄂圖曼帝國]]
|Greek peasants under [[Manuel Kantakouzenos (usurper)|Manuel Kantakouzenos]]{{Clear}}Albanians under [[Peter Bua]]{{Clear}}[[File:Armoiries_Achaïe.svg|17x17像素]] [[Frankokratia|Latin loyalists]] under [[John Asen Zaccaria]]
|{{link-en|曼努埃爾·坎塔庫澤努斯|Manuel Kantakouzenos (usurper)}}統治下的希臘農民
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
{{link-en|彼得·布阿|Peter Bua}}統治下的阿爾巴尼亞人
[[File:Armoiries_Achaïe.svg|17x17像素]] {{link-en|約翰·阿森·扎卡里亞|John Asen Zaccaria}}領導下的[[拉丁人治下的希腊|拉丁忠誠者]]
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|
|
|<ref>Cheetham, p. 218.</ref>
|<ref>Cheetham, p. 218.</ref>
第322行: 第330行:
|[[Kingdom of Galicia]] ([[Crown of Castile]])
|[[Kingdom of Galicia]] ([[Crown of Castile]])
|Galician peasants, led by Galician burgeoisie and part of the local lower nobility
|Galician peasants, led by Galician burgeoisie and part of the local lower nobility
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion by feudal armies
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|
|
|<ref>Barros, 2006: [https://www.academia.edu/3276781/O_que_sabemos_dos_irmandi%C3%B1os O que sabemos dos irmandiños]</ref>
|<ref>Barros, 2006: [https://www.academia.edu/3276781/O_que_sabemos_dos_irmandi%C3%B1os O que sabemos dos irmandiños]</ref>
第330行: 第338行:
|[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_(1400-1806).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_(1400-1806).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Carinthian peasants
|Carinthian peasants
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the rebellion
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓叛亂
|[[File:Coccau_Field_01.JPG|替代=|100x100像素]]
|[[File:Coccau_Field_01.JPG|替代=|100x100像素]]
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev|language=sl|trans-title=The Illustrated History of the Slovenes|chapter=Kmečki upor na slovenskem Koroškem|trans-chapter=The Peasant Revolt in Slovene Carinthia|year=2000|first=Peter|last=Štih|editor-first=Marko|editor-last=Vidic|publisher=Mladinska knjiga|isbn=978-86-11-15664-4|page=132}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev|language=sl|trans-title=The Illustrated History of the Slovenes|chapter=Kmečki upor na slovenskem Koroškem|trans-chapter=The Peasant Revolt in Slovene Carinthia|year=2000|first=Peter|last=Štih|editor-first=Marko|editor-last=Vidic|publisher=Mladinska knjiga|isbn=978-86-11-15664-4|page=132}}</ref>
第364行: 第372行:
|[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|German Peasants
|German Peasants
| style="background:#F88" |All rebellions suppressed
| style="background:#F88" |鎮壓一切叛亂
|[[File:Bundschuhfahne_Holzschnitt_1539_Petrarcas_Trostspiegel.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|[[File:Bundschuhfahne_Holzschnitt_1539_Petrarcas_Trostspiegel.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|-
|-
第371行: 第379行:
|[[File:Alex_K_Kingdom_of_Poland-flag.svg|20x20像素]] [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]{{Clear}}[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|[[File:Alex_K_Kingdom_of_Poland-flag.svg|20x20像素]] [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]{{Clear}}[[File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg|20x20像素]] [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Ukrainian peasants
|Ukrainian peasants
| style="background:#F88" |Suppression of the movement
| style="background:#F88" |抑制運動
|[[File:Wladyslaw_Skoczylas_-_Pochod_zbojnikow.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|[[File:Wladyslaw_Skoczylas_-_Pochod_zbojnikow.jpg|替代=|100x100像素]]
|
|

2022年5月31日 (二) 13:06的版本

农民起事,又稱农民起义农民战争,通常意味着农村或农业人口的暴动,反抗既成的秩序或建制。[1]农民起事的起因包括农民抗税,反抗社会不平等宗教战争、异族压迫、农奴制,要求土地重新分配,或是瘟疫饥荒等。[2]虽然成功的农民起事会推翻旧有的秩序或建制,但它的勝利並不一定意味社會制度有重大變化。

背景

棍棒戰爭是指16世紀的芬蘭農民起事,當時芬蘭是瑞典王國的一部分。1879年阿爾伯特·埃德爾費爾特的作品《Poltettu Kylä(被燒毀的村莊)》

農民起事的歷史跨越兩千多年。 多種因素助長了農民起事現象的出現,包括:

年表

  農民戰勝
  農民戰敗
  另一個結果(例如,沒有明確結果的條約或和平,戰前狀態,結果未知或猶豫不決)
  衝突持續中
時間 事件 主要政權狀態 農民 結果 圖片 參考
前209~206 起義(包括大澤鄉起義 中國秦朝 陳勝吳廣項羽劉邦等幾位農民起義領袖 中國秦朝瓦解 [3]
前205~186 埃及人的大起義 埃及托勒密王國 分離主義法老霍爾溫尼菲爾英语HorwenneferAnkhwennefer英语Ankhwennefer統治下的埃及原住民農民和士兵 鎮壓叛亂 [4]
17~25 綠林軍 中國新朝 綠林軍叛軍 中國新朝滅亡; 綠林軍內訌後起義領袖劉秀上台
17~27 赤眉軍 中國新朝 赤眉軍叛軍 起義目標部分實現,但最終被劉秀擊敗
172~173 田園戰爭 羅馬帝國 Isidorus英语Isidorus統治下的埃及農民 鎮壓叛亂 [5]
184~205 黃巾之亂 中國漢朝 黃巾叛軍 鎮壓叛亂,但中國漢朝被嚴重削弱 [6]
185~205 黑山軍叛亂 中國漢朝 太行山匪同盟

公孫瓚的勢力

鎮壓叛亂,雖然中國漢朝被嚴重削弱
3~5世紀 巴高達運動 羅馬帝國 巴高達

斯維比人

獲得一些領土的控制權; 以羅馬帝國的全面崩潰而告終
4~5世紀晚期 Circumcellions英语Circumcellions 羅馬帝國(直到435年)

天主教會(直到435年) 汪達爾-阿蘭王國(直到435年) 阿非利加地主

柏柏人和羅馬農民

多納圖斯派當局

吉爾多統治下的(398年)羅馬反叛軍隊英语Gildonic War

羅馬天主教在阿非利加的統治結束,但汪達爾人亞流教派當局鎮壓了叛亂 [7]
611~619 唐朝開國戰爭 中國隋朝 幾位叛亂領導人手下的農民

在幾位叛軍將領、官員和貴族的領導下叛逃軍隊

中國隋朝滅亡; 起義軍內訌後起義領袖李淵上台
841~843 Stellinga英语Stellinga起義 撒克遜貴族

日耳曼人路易治下的加洛林帝國

Stellinga英语Stellinga 鎮壓叛亂
859~860 Rebellion of Ch'iu Fu 中國唐朝 Ch'iu Fu治下的中國農民和土匪 鎮壓叛亂,雖然中國唐朝被嚴重削弱 [8]
874~878 王仙芝叛亂 中國唐朝 王仙芝和尚讓帶領的中國農民和土匪 鎮壓叛亂,雖然中國唐朝被嚴重削弱 [9]
875~884 黃巢之亂 中國唐朝 黃巢等中國農匪 鎮壓叛亂,雖然唐朝被嚴重削弱 [10]
928~932 Basil the Copper Hand英语Basil the Copper Hand叛亂 東羅馬帝國 東羅馬帝國 Basil the Copper Hand手下的農民 鎮壓叛亂 [11]
993~995 Da Shu在四川的叛亂 中國宋朝 Wang Xiaobo和Li Shun手下的農民 鎮壓叛亂 [12]
996 996年諾曼第農民起義英语Peasants' revolt of 996 in Normandy Rodulf of Ivry英语Rodulf of Ivry理查二世統治下的諾曼第大區 諾曼農民 鎮壓叛亂 [13]
1277~1280 伊瓦伊洛起義 保加利亞第二帝國

東羅馬帝國 東羅馬帝國 欽察汗國

伊瓦伊洛的農民 伊瓦伊洛謀殺案 [14]
1323~1328 弗蘭德農民起義英语1323–1328 Flemish revolt 中世紀的法國 佛拉蒙農民 鎮壓叛亂
1343~1345 聖喬治之夜起義英语Saint George's Night Uprising 立窩尼亞騎士團

丹麦 丹麥王國

愛沙尼亞農民 鎮壓叛亂 [15]
1351~1368 紅巾軍 中國元朝朝鮮高麗 白蓮教摩尼教和中國農民的紅巾軍 元朝滅亡,蒙古人退入蒙古為北元; 起義軍內訌後起義領袖朱元璋上台
1358 札克雷暴動 中世紀的法國 法國農民 鎮壓叛亂
1381 瓦特·泰勒農民起義 英格蘭王國 英國農民 鎮壓叛亂
1382 Harelle英语Harelle 中世紀的法國 法國農民 鎮壓叛亂 [16]
1401~1404、1409 薩莫吉希亞起義 條頓騎士團

什維特里蓋里亞英语Švitrigaila的跟隨者

薩莫吉希亞農民

立陶宛大公國 波蘭王國王冠領地

叛亂的目標基本實現,儘管關於薩莫吉希亞的爭端一直持續到 1422 年
1428 Shōchō uprising英语Shōchō uprising 室町幕府 日本農民 取消農民債務
1437 外西凡尼亞農民起義英语Transylvanian peasant revolt 匈牙利王國 外西凡尼亞農民 鎮壓叛亂
1438 哈爾華·格拉托普英语Hallvard Graatop反叛  卡尔马联盟 挪威農民 鎮壓叛亂
1441 Kakitsu uprising 室町幕府 農民和地侍的Do-ikki(聯盟) 農債取消,室町幕府被嚴重削弱。 [17]
1441 菲因島和日德蘭半島的農民起義  卡尔马联盟 丹麥農民 鎮壓叛亂
1450 Jack Cade英语Jack Cade反叛 英格蘭王國 英國農民 鎮壓叛亂 [18]
1450~1451 John and William Merfold英语John and William Merfold的起義 英格蘭王國 英國農民 鎮壓叛亂 [19]
1453~1454 Morea revolt of 1453–54 東羅馬帝國 摩里亞專制國

鄂圖曼帝國

曼努埃爾·坎塔庫澤努斯英语Manuel Kantakouzenos (usurper)統治下的希臘農民

彼得·布阿英语Peter Bua統治下的阿爾巴尼亞人 約翰·阿森·扎卡里亞英语John Asen Zaccaria領導下的拉丁忠誠者

鎮壓叛亂 [20]
1462–1472, 1485–1486 War of the Remences Catalan constitutionalists and nobility (1462–1472)
Crown of Aragon (1485–1486)
Catalan peasants
Royalists under John II of Aragon (1462–1472)
Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, Sentència de Guadalupe signed [21]
1467–1469 Galician Irmandiños Revolt Kingdom of Galicia (Crown of Castile) Galician peasants, led by Galician burgeoisie and part of the local lower nobility 鎮壓叛亂 [22]
1478 Carinthian Peasant Revolt Holy Roman Empire Carinthian peasants 鎮壓叛亂 [23]
1482–1511 Yamashiro ikki uprisings Ashikaga shogunate

Various samurai clans

Yamashiro ikki and later, lesser ikki

Various samurai clans

Most ikki submit to the shogunate in 1493, though they achieve may of their aims and continue to retain autonomy until the gradual end of the movement [24]
1487–1488 Kaga Rebellion Togashi clan Ikkō-ikki
Motoori clan
Yamagawa clan
Decisive victory for the Ikkō-ikki. [25]
1488–1582 Ikkō-ikki Uprisings Several major samurai clans (including Oda clan and Tokugawa clan)
Nichiren sect
Tendai sōhei
Jōdo-shū sōhei
Ikkō-shū peasant and ji-samurai leagues
Jōdo Shinshū sōhei
Mōri clan
Azai clan
Asakura clan
Destruction of most militant Ikkō-shū leagues; Jōdo Shinshū sect and remaining Ikkō-ikki submit to Toyotomi Hideyoshi [26]
1493–1517 Bundschuh movement Holy Roman Empire German Peasants 鎮壓一切叛亂
1498–1878 Opryshky movement Kingdom of Poland
Holy Roman Empire
Ukrainian peasants 抑制運動
1511 Friulian Revolt Republic of Venice Friulian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1514 Poor Conrad Rebellion Duchy of Württemberg Württemberg peasants Suppression of the rebellion [27]
1514 György Dózsa Rebellion Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [28]
1515 Slovene Peasant Revolt Holy Roman Empire Slovene peasants Suppression of the rebellion [29]
1515–1523 Frisian peasant rebellion Habsburg Netherlands Arumer Zwarte Hoop
Charles II, Duke of Guelders
Suppression of the rebellion
1516–1521 Trần Cảo Rebellion Lê dynasty Vietnamese peasants under Trần Cảo and Trần Cung Suppression of the rebellion, though Lê dynasty is severely weakened [30]
1524–1525 German Peasants' War Swabian League German peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1524–1533 Dalecarlian Rebellions  Sweden Dalarna peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1525 Palatine Peasants' War Electoral Palatinate Palatine peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1534 Skipper Clement's Rebellion Denmark Christian III
丹麦 Kingdom of Denmark
Danish Peasants under Skipper Clement
Denmark Christian II
Suppression of the rebellion
1540 Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark Denmark–Norway Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1542–1543 Dacke War  Sweden Småland peasants Suppression of the rebellion [31]
1549 Kett's Rebellion Kingdom of England English peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1573 Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt Holy Roman Empire

Kingdom of Croatia

Slovene peasants
Croatian peasants
Suppression of the rebellion [32]
1594-1637 Croquant rebellions Kingdom of France French peasants Suppression of all rebellions
1596–1597 Cudgel War 瑞典 Sweden Finnish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [33]
1606–1607 Bolotnikov Rebellion Tsardom of Russia Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1626–1636 Peasants' War in Upper Austria Electorate of Bavaria Austrian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [34]
1630–1645 Rebellion of Li Zicheng Ming dynasty (1630–1644)
Qing Dynasty (1644–1645)
Peasants under Li Zicheng, Gao Guiying and other generals of the Shun dynasty Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty
1630–1647 Rebellion of Zhang Xianzhong Ming dynasty (1630–1644)
Qing Dynasty (1644–1647)
Peasants and bandits under Zhang Xianzhong Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty [35]
1635 Second Slovene peasants' revolt Holy Roman Empire Peasants under a scattered leadership of verious leaders Suppression of the rebellion
1637–1638 Shimabara Rebellion Tokugawa shogunate
荷兰 Dutch Empire
Christian peasants and rōnin Suppression of the rebellion [36]
1651 Kostka-Napierski Uprising Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [37]
1652 Guo Huaiyi Rebellion Dutch East India Company
Aboriginal Taiwanese
Chinese peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1653 Swiss peasant war of 1653 Republic of the Swiss Swiss peasants Suppression of the rebellion [38]
1667–1671 Stepan Razin Rebellion Tsardom of Russia Russian peasants
Don Cossacks
Suppression of the rebellion [39]
1669–1670 Peasant Rebellion in Podhale Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [40]
1704 Kuridža's Rebellion  威尼斯共和國 Orthodox peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1705–1706 Bavarian People's Uprising  哈布斯堡君主国 Bavarian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1707–1708 Bulavin Rebellion Tsardom of Russia Russian peasants
Don Cossacks
Suppression of the rebellion
1713 Slovene peasant revolt in Tolmin Holy Roman Empire Peasants under a scattered leadership of verious leaders, including Ivan Miklavčič Suppression of the rebellion
1730–1769 Peasant revolts for the restoration of the Lê dynasty and land reforms Trịnh lords
Nguyễn lords
Vietnamese peasants
Lê dynasty
Suppression of the rebellions and eventual collapse of Lê dynasty, but start of Tây Sơn Revolt
1743 Dalecarlian rebellion 瑞典 Sweden Swedish peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1765 Strilekrigen 丹麦 Denmark-Norway Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1768–1769 Koliivshchyna Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
俄罗斯 Russian Empire
Haidamaka movement Suppression of the rebellion
1769–1788 Tây Sơn Revolt Nguyễn lords (until 1776)

Nguyễn Ánh's forces (since 1776) Trịnh lords (until 1786)

Siam (in 1785) Lê dynasty (1786–1788)

Qing Dynasty (1787–1788)

Tây Sơn dynasty Goal of the rebellion achieved; reunification of Vietnam and introduction of land reforms under Tây Sơn dynasty
1773–1775 Pugachev's Rebellion  俄罗斯帝国 Russian peasants
Ural Cossacks
Bashkirs
Suppression of the rebellion [41]
1784 Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan  奥地利帝國 Romanian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [42]
1786–1787 Lofthusreisingen 丹麦 Denmark-Norway Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1786–1787 Shays' Rebellion  美国 American farmers Suppression of the rebellion
1790 Saxon Peasants' Revolt Saxony Saxon peasants Suppression of the rebellion [43]
1791–1794 Whisky Rebellion  美国 American farmers Suppression of the rebellion.
1793–1796 War in the Vendée 法國 French Republic Catholic and Royal Army
法蘭西王國 Chouan rebels
法蘭西王國 Émigrés
 大不列顛
Suppression of the rebellion
1793–1804 Chouannerie 法國 French Republic 法蘭西王國 Chouan rebels
Catholic and Royal Army
法蘭西王國 Émigrés
 大不列顛
Suppression of the rebellion
1794 Kościuszko Uprising  俄罗斯帝国
普魯士王國 Kingdom of Prussia
Polish loyalists
Polish nationalist nobility
Polish peasants
Polish Jacobins
Suppression of the rebellion [44]
1794–1804 White Lotus Rebellion Qing Dynasty White Lotus rebels Suppression of the rebellion
1798 Peasants' War 法國 French Republic Low countries peasants Suppression of the rebellion [45]
1800–1802 Lærdal Rebellion 丹麦 Denmark-Norway Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [46]
1807–1820 Jean-Baptiste Perrier's rebellion Republic of Haiti Haitian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1809 Tyrolean Rebellion 法國 French Empire
 巴伐利亚
Saxony
 意大利王國
Tyrolean peasants
 奥地利帝國
Suppression of the rebellion
1809 Gottscheer Rebellion 法國 First French Empire 奧地利帝國 Gottschee German peasants
Slovene peasants
Suppression of the rebellion
1811 Klågerup riots  瑞典 Swedish peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1826–1854 Peasant uprisings during the reign of Nicholas I of Russia  俄罗斯帝国 Russian peasants About 556 small-scale rural uprisings took place during Nicholas' reign. All were suppressed, but contributed to the Russian Emperor's reluctance to end the serfdom in Russia. [47]
1832–1835 Cabanada Empire of Brazil Restorationist peasants Rebellion subdued after the premature death of former Emperor Pedro I
1834–1835 Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35) Egypt Eyalet Arab peasants Suppression of the rebellion [48]
1835–1840 Cabanagem Empire of Brazil Indigenous, mestizo and black peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1838–1841 Balaiada Empire of Brazil Peasants and African slaves Suppression of the rebellion
1839–1845 Anti-Rent War  美国 American tenant farmers initially suppressed by the state militia, rebel anti-rent leaders arrested though they were either pardoned or not sentenced, anti-renters continued to rebel decades after the trials, the Antirenter party was formed and tenant rights were granted.
1844 Piquet uprising Republic of Haiti Piquets (Haitian peasants) under Acaau Piquet movement leaders integrated into government, but goals not achieved [49]
1846 Acaau's second rebellion Republic of Haiti Haitian peasants under Acaau Suppression of the rebellion [50]
1846 Galician slaughter  奥地利帝國 Galician peasants De facto suppression of the rebellion, although it was sparked and extinguished by the Austrian authorities and eventually led to abolition of serfdom in Galicia and Lodomeria two years later. [51]
1850–1864 Taiping Rebellion Qing Dynasty Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Suppression of the rebellion
1851–1868 Nian Rebellion Qing Dynasty Nian militias Suppression of the rebellion
1858 Mahtra War  俄罗斯帝国 Estonian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [52]
1861 Bezdna unrest  俄罗斯帝国 Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [53]
1862 Great Peasant Uprising of 1862 朝鲜王朝 Joseon Dynasty Korean peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1884 Chichibu Incident  日本 Japanese peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1892 Jerez uprising  西班牙 Regional fieldworkers Suppression of the rebellion [54]
1894–1895 Donghak Peasant Revolution  日本
朝鲜王朝 Joseon Dynasty
Korean peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1896–1897 War of Canudos First Brazilian Republic Canudos inhabitants Suppression of the rebellion
1905–1908 Maji Maji Rebellion German East Africa Matumbi people, Ngoni people, and other Tanganyikans Suppression of the rebellion [55]
1907 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt Kingdom of Romania Romanian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1911 Peasant rebellion in eastern Henan Qing dynasty Yellow Way Society Suppression of the rebellion [56][57]
1912-1916 Contestado War First Brazilian Republic Farmers and lumberjacks Suppression of the rebellion
1913 Peasant revolt in Northern Shaanxi Republic of China Chinese poppy farmers and bandits under a sect leader Spread of the revolt; poppy plant eradication campaign stopped [58]
1914 Peasant Revolt in Albania Principality of Albania
Catholic Militia
Muslim peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1916 Urkun  俄罗斯帝国 Kyrgyz and Kazakh peasants Suppression of the rebellion [59]
1917 October Revolution  俄罗斯 Russian peasants and workers Beginning of the Russian Civil War
1918 Arsk Uprising  蘇俄 Tatar peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1919–1922 Rebellion of "Chu the Ninth" (Ming pretender) Republic of China Yellow Way Society Suppression of the rebellion [60]
1920 Pitchfork uprising 俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国 Russian SFSR "Black Eagle" rebels Suppression of the rebellion
1920–1921 Tambov Rebellion 俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国 Russian SFSR Green armies Suppression of the rebellion
1920–1926 Spirit Soldier rebellions of eastern Sichuan and western Hubei Republic of China Spirit Soldier rebels, allied warlord forces Stalemate: Large Spirit Soldier armies are destroyed, but movement persists [61][62][63]
1921 Peasant Rebellion of Sorokino 俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国 Russian SFSR Russian peasants and White Army veterans Suppression of the rebellion
1921 Malabar rebellion  印度 Indian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [64]
1924 Rebellion of "Wang the Sixth" (Ming pretender) Republic of China Wang's followers Suppression of the rebellion [60]
1925 Rebellion of Chu Hung-teng (Ming pretender) Republic of China Heavenly Gate Society Suppression of the rebellion [65]
1927 Autumn Harvest Uprising Republic of China Hunan Soviet Suppression of the rebellion
1928–1929 Red Spears' uprising in Shandong Republic of China Red Spear Society Suppression of the rebellion [66]
1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre  薩爾瓦多 Salvadoran peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1932 Lesko uprising  波蘭 Polish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [67]
1932 Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Su County Republic of China
Kuomintang members and allied gentry
Chinese poppy farmers and gentry under Wang Xiaobai and Ma Fengshan Suppression of the rebellion [68]
1932 Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Lingbi County Republic of China Chinese poppy farmers under Tian Xuemin Goal of the rebellion achieved [69]
1936 Miyun District rebellion East Hebei Autonomous Council

Empire of Japan

Yellow Sand Society Suppression of the rebellion [70][71]
1944 Peasant revolt in Beichuan County Republic of China Chinese poppy farmers of Xiaoyuan and Houyuan Goal of the rebellion achieved [72]
1946–1951 Tebhaga movement Bengal landlords Bengal peasants (All India Kisan Sabha)
Communist Party of India
Goal of the rebellion partially achieved [73]
1946–1951 Telangana Rebellion Razakars
Hyderabad landlords
Hyderabad State
Hyderabad peasants (Andhra Mahasabha)
Communist Party of India
Goal of the rebellion achieved [74]
1947–1954 Hukbalahap Rebellion Template:Country data Republic of the Philippines Filipino peasants (Hukbalahap) Suppression of the rebellion [75]
1949 Nankar Rebellion Pakistan

Various Bengali Zamindars

Communist Party and Peasants Association Goal of the rebellion achieved [76]
1950 Cazin rebellion  南斯拉夫 Yugoslavian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [77]
1952–1960 Mau Mau Uprising Kenya Colony Kikuyu farmhanders Suppression of the rebellion
1958 Rebellion at Fuzhou, Jiangxi  中國 Dacheng sects Suppression of the rebellion [78]
1958 Rebellion at Yongjing  中國 Rural rebels Suppression of the rebellion [79]
1959–1965 Escambray Rebellion  古巴 Cuban peasants
Batista loyalists
DRE
 美国
Suppression of the rebellion
1959 Peasant rebellion at Sizhuang, Henan  中國 "Regiment of Spirit Soldiers" Suppression of the rebellion [79]
1960 Rebellion at Yongnian County  中國 New Star Society Suppression of the rebellion [80]
1968–1969 Agbekoya  奈及利亞 Yoruba peasants Goal of the rebellion achieved
1969 Rebellion at Changchun  中國 Nine Palaces Way Suppression of the rebellion [81]
1969 Rebellion at Shuangyang County  中國 Mount Wutai sect Suppression of the rebellion [81]
1970s 1970s peasant revolts in Thailand  泰國 Thai peasants Peasant leaders assassinated
1975–1991 Uprisings in Tigray and Eritrea; part of the Ethiopian Civil War Ethiopia Tigrayan and Eritrean peasants Derg overthrown; Eritrean independence [82]
1994 Zapatista uprising  墨西哥 Mexican indigenous peasants Ceasefire

中国

马克思主义史学家认为,中国最早记录的农民暴动可能是国人暴动西周),其后的大泽乡起义(造成秦朝滅亡的間接因素)、赤眉绿林军(造成新朝滅亡及東漢復興)、黄巾之乱(造成東漢滅亡及三國鼎立的遠因)、黄巢之乱(間接造成唐朝滅亡)、钟相杨幺起义(北宋南宋交替之時)、红巾军(造成元朝滅亡的間接原因)、李自成(直接造成明朝滅亡)等等无不是规模巨大,影响深远的战争。中国最近一次大规模农民暴动是1850年-1864年的太平天国运动。其中太平天國起事所實施之「天朝田畝制度」有近似於共產主義的概念,此一制度受到中共官方史學家的正面評價。

民國以後也有重要的农民起事,如1927年的秋收起义,参加秋收起义的武装力量主要由两部分构成,其一为部分没有赶上参加南昌起义的原国民革命军第四集团军第二方面军总指挥部警卫团;其二为湖南平江和浏阳的农民武装、鄂南通城和崇阳的部分农民武装、安源煤矿的工人武装等,共约5000人,统一编为工农革命军第一师第一、二、三团。起义前又收编一部分原黔军武装为第四团。

在农业时代,土地是决定性生产资本,中国俗语说:「土地是命根子」。中国农民起义最初的动因便是反抗土地兼并苛捐杂税,另一原因是各种天灾、洪水、大旱等自然灾害使许多原本食不裹腹的人们轉而流亡、聚众。此外,中国历史上也不乏有目标的聚众起义,如黄巾之亂、太平天国等。这些起义往往是由于统治者的暴虐及贪婪造成社会反彈,造成的危害极大,不管那一方都将为之付出巨大的代价。推翻与恢復专制的社会演变,催生出了世界上最古老的、以农业社会为核心专制统治,直至随着生产力的发展新生的工业生产取代了农业生产的主導地位。并出现了以商业资本家为代表要求有利于公平交易、自由流通的近代民主社会才正式结束了农民起义这一社会现象。

水滸傳》在中國大陸曾被歸類為農民起義小說。

21世紀初,中國各地有上演以農民為主體的群體事件,令地方當局與黨政高層相當緊張,不得不動員當地的武警、公安甚至是協調軍區進行「維穩」措施。

中國歷代史書與中華民國政府對民間起事多以“暴動”、“之亂”、“民變”等稱謂來表示,費正清漢學家也使用此稱謂[83];而中國共產黨因為其成立主要依靠工農階層,史觀不同,常稱其為“起義”。如:「黃巾之亂」稱之為「黃巾起義」;「黃巢之亂」稱之為「黃巢起義」;太平天國之亂稱之為「太平天國起義」;「南昌暴動」稱之為「南昌起義」,「動員戡亂」之於「解放戰爭」。

各時期歷史演進

以下均为被中共官方史學家认定「农民起义」的起事:

  1. 西周,公元前841年,国人暴动
  2. 秦朝,公元前209年,大泽乡起义,由平民出身的陳勝吳廣等揭竿起義,試圖推翻秦朝,但被秦朝當時精銳的部隊平定。
  3. 秦朝,公元前209年-前206年,项羽刘邦起义,继承陳勝、吳廣,推翻秦朝。
  4. 新朝,公元17年年-23年,赤眉绿林军等興起,形成以漢朝宗室劉秀為首的東漢復興。
  5. 东汉,184年,黄巾軍之亂。
  6. 西晋,301年-304年,李特張昌之亂
  7. 东晋,399年-411年,孫恩盧循之亂
  8. 南齐,485年-486年,唐寓之之亂。
  9. 北魏,523年-530年,六镇之亂
  10. 隋朝,611年-624年,隋末民变
  11. 唐朝,875年-884年,黄巢之亂。
  12. 北宋,993年-996年,王小波李顺起义。
  13. 北宋,1119年-1121年,方腊起义宋江起义
  14. 南宋,1130年-1135年,钟相杨幺之乱。
  15. 金朝,1211年-1218年,红袄军
  16. 元朝,1351年-1368年,紅巾軍之亂,元末貨幣浮濫發行,中原及揚州地區發生嚴重通貨膨脹。
  17. 明朝,1627年-1645年(明崇禎18年),李自成張獻忠起兵反明,後由山海關守將吳三桂引清兵入關平定。
  18. 清朝,1851年-1864年,[84]太平天国運動,由國家科舉考試失敗的洪秀全召集家鄉友人,綜合傳統信仰與外來傳教士的部分學說,起兵反清。

爭議

史学界对中國“农民起义”的定性和评价一直存在分歧。从领导层来看,「农民起义」领袖绝大多数都不是农民。[85]中国历史上历次民变的主要领导中,农民出身的只佔少數,而且都不是領頭人物,顯示农民難以成为农民起义的领袖。[86]有學者認為,领袖起来“造反”的目的,不是为农民谋利益,农民參與也不是为反抗地主,甚至是被裹胁“起义”。从结果看,“起义军”所过之处,农民并未获得好处。因此中國歷史上是否存在农民起义很有爭議。[85]

普林斯頓大學歷史系教授余英時認為,中國史上「农民起义」的領導主體從來不是務正業的農民,而是各式各樣的社會邊緣人。如破六韩拔陵是游牧胡族、黃巢是鹽梟、李自成是作為驛卒的鄉村無賴、洪秀全客家籍的不第秀才。邊緣人在治世難有展佈,但一到亂世便有機會大顯身手。這些人並不代表農民的利益。[87]

明末兵部尚书杨嗣昌曾作《西江月》词讽刺张献忠的起事:“不作安安饿殍,效尤奋臂螳螂。往来楚蜀肆猖狂,弄兵潢池无状。云屯雨骤师集,蛇豕奔突奚藏?许尔军民绑来降,爵赏酬功上上。”[88]

欧洲

欧洲历史上农民起事是农民反抗地主农奴制度,包括1358年法国扎克雷起义1381年英国农民起义,1524年-1526年德国农民战争,1573年克羅埃西亞-斯洛維尼亞農民起義,和1773年-1775年俄罗斯普加乔夫起义

欧洲的农民起事不以推翻國王為目標。

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