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溫度測量：修订间差异

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|location=London
|location=London
}}
}}
</ref> mixed equal portions of ice and [[Boiling point|boiling]] water to create a "neutral" temperature standard. The modern scientific field has its origins in the works by Florentine scientists in the 1600s including Galileo constructing devices able to measure relative change in temperature, but subject also to confounding with atmospheric pressure changes. These early devices were called [[thermoscope]]s. The first sealed thermometer was constructed in 1654 by the [[Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Grand Duke of Toscani, Ferdinand II]].<ref name=quinn/> The development of today's [[thermometer]]s and [[temperature]] scales began in the early 18th century, when [[Gabriel Fahrenheit]] produced a [[mercury (element)|mercury]] thermometer and scale, both developed by [[Ole Rømer|Ole Christensen Rømer]]. Fahrenheit's scale is still in use, alongside the [[Celsius]] and [[Kelvin]] scales.
</ref> mixed equal portions of ice and [[沸点]] water to create a "neutral" temperature standard. The modern scientific field has its origins in the works by Florentine scientists in the 1600s including Galileo constructing devices able to measure relative change in temperature, but subject also to confounding with atmospheric pressure changes. These early devices were called {{tsl|en|thermoscope||thermoscope}}s. The first sealed thermometer was constructed in 1654 by the [[費迪南多二世·德·美第奇]].<ref name=quinn/> The development of today's [[溫度計]]s and [[温度]] scales began in the early 18th century, when [[丹尼尔·加布里尔·华伦海特]] produced a [[汞]] thermometer and scale, both developed by [[奧勒·羅默]]. Fahrenheit's scale is still in use, alongside the [[摄氏温标]] and [[开尔文]] scales.


==技術==
==技術==
Many methods have been developed for measuring temperature. Most of these rely on measuring some physical property of a working material that varies with temperature. One of the most common devices for measuring temperature is the [[mercury-in-glass thermometer|glass thermometer]]. This consists of a glass tube filled with [[mercury (element)|mercury]] or some other liquid, which acts as the working fluid. Temperature increase causes the fluid to expand, so the temperature can be determined by measuring the volume of the fluid. Such thermometers are usually calibrated so that one can read the temperature simply by observing the level of the fluid in the thermometer. Another type of thermometer that is not really used much in practice, but is important from a theoretical standpoint, is the [[gas thermometer]].
Many methods have been developed for measuring temperature. Most of these rely on measuring some physical property of a working material that varies with temperature. One of the most common devices for measuring temperature is the [[水銀溫度計]]. This consists of a glass tube filled with [[汞]] or some other liquid, which acts as the working fluid. Temperature increase causes the fluid to expand, so the temperature can be determined by measuring the volume of the fluid. Such thermometers are usually calibrated so that one can read the temperature simply by observing the level of the fluid in the thermometer. Another type of thermometer that is not really used much in practice, but is important from a theoretical standpoint, is the {{tsl|en|gas thermometer||gas thermometer}}.


Other important devices for measuring temperature include:
Other important devices for measuring temperature include:
* [[Thermocouple]]s
* [[热电偶]]s
* [[Thermistor]]s
* [[热敏电阻]]s
* [[Resistance temperature detector]] (RTD)
* [[電阻溫度計]] (RTD)
* [[Pyrometer]]
* [[高溫計]]
* [[Langmuir probe]]s (for electron temperature of a [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]])
* {{tsl|en|Langmuir probe||Langmuir probe}}s (for electron temperature of a [[等离子体]])
*[[紅外線溫度計]]
*[[Infrared thermometer]]
* Other [[thermometer]]s
* Other [[溫度計]]s


One must be careful when measuring temperature to ensure that the measuring instrument (thermometer, thermocouple, etc.) is really the same temperature as the material that is being measured. Under some conditions heat from the measuring instrument can cause a temperature gradient, so the measured temperature is different from the actual temperature of the system. In such a case the measured temperature will vary not only with the temperature of the system, but also with the heat transfer properties of the system.
One must be careful when measuring temperature to ensure that the measuring instrument (thermometer, thermocouple, etc.) is really the same temperature as the material that is being measured. Under some conditions heat from the measuring instrument can cause a temperature gradient, so the measured temperature is different from the actual temperature of the system. In such a case the measured temperature will vary not only with the temperature of the system, but also with the heat transfer properties of the system.


What thermal comfort humans, animals and plants experience is related to more than temperature shown on a glass thermometer. Relative humidity levels in ambient air can induce more or less evaporative cooling. Measurement of the [[wet-bulb temperature]] normalizes this humidity effect. [[Mean radiant temperature]] also can affect thermal comfort. The [[wind chill factor]] makes the weather feel colder under windy conditions than calm conditions even though a glass thermometer shows the same temperature. Airflow increases the rate of heat transfer from or to the body, resulting in a larger change in body temperature for the same ambient temperature.
What thermal comfort humans, animals and plants experience is related to more than temperature shown on a glass thermometer. Relative humidity levels in ambient air can induce more or less evaporative cooling. Measurement of the [[湿球温度]] normalizes this humidity effect. {{tsl|en|Mean radiant temperature||Mean radiant temperature}} also can affect thermal comfort. The [[風寒指數]] makes the weather feel colder under windy conditions than calm conditions even though a glass thermometer shows the same temperature. Airflow increases the rate of heat transfer from or to the body, resulting in a larger change in body temperature for the same ambient temperature.


The theoretical basis for thermometers is the [[zeroth law of thermodynamics]] which postulates that if you have three bodies, A, B and C, if A and B are at the same temperature, and B and C are at the same temperature then A and C are at the same temperature. B, of course, is the thermometer.
The theoretical basis for thermometers is the [[热力学第零定律]] which postulates that if you have three bodies, A, B and C, if A and B are at the same temperature, and B and C are at the same temperature then A and C are at the same temperature. B, of course, is the thermometer.


The practical basis of thermometry is the existence of [[triple point]] cells. Triple points are conditions of pressure, volume and temperature such that three [[phase (matter)|phase]]s are simultaneously present, for example solid, vapor and liquid. For a single component there are no degrees of freedom at a triple point and any change in the three variables results in one or more of the phases vanishing from the cell. Therefore, triple point cells can be used as universal references for temperature and pressure (see [[Gibbs phase rule]]).
The practical basis of thermometry is the existence of [[三相点]] cells. Triple points are conditions of pressure, volume and temperature such that three [[相 (物质)]]s are simultaneously present, for example solid, vapor and liquid. For a single component there are no degrees of freedom at a triple point and any change in the three variables results in one or more of the phases vanishing from the cell. Therefore, triple point cells can be used as universal references for temperature and pressure (see [[吉布斯相律]]).


Under some conditions it becomes possible to measure temperature by a direct use of the [[Planck's law of black-body radiation]]. For example, the [[cosmic microwave background]] temperature has been measured from the spectrum of [[photon]]s observed by satellite observations such as the [[WMAP]]. In the study of the [[quark–gluon plasma]] through [[quark–gluon plasma#How is this created in the lab?|heavy-ion collisions]], [[single particle spectra]] sometimes serve as a thermometer.
Under some conditions it becomes possible to measure temperature by a direct use of the [[普朗克黑体辐射定律]]. For example, the [[宇宙微波背景]] temperature has been measured from the spectrum of [[光子]]s observed by satellite observations such as the [[威尔金森微波各向异性探测器]]. In the study of the [[夸克-膠子電漿]] through [[夸克-膠子電漿]], [[single particle spectra]] sometimes serve as a thermometer.


===非侵入性測溫術===
===非侵入性測溫術===
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{{main|Air temperature}}
{{main|Air temperature}}
{{for|temperature measurements made by instruments|Instrumental temperature record}}
{{for|temperature measurements made by instruments|Instrumental temperature record}}
{{For|temperature changes relevant to historical [[Climate change (general concept)|climate change]] over Earth's [[geology|geologic]] past (distinguished from recent [[climate change]])|Temperature record}}
{{For|temperature changes relevant to historical [[氣候變遷]] over Earth's [[地质学]] past (distinguished from recent [[全球变暖]])|Temperature record}}
The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological observatories and [[weather stations]], usually using thermometers placed in a shelter such as a [[Stevenson screen]], a standardized well-ventilated white-painted instrument shelter. The thermometers should be positioned 1.25–2 m above the ground. Details of this setup are defined by the [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO).
The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological observatories and [[气象站]], usually using thermometers placed in a shelter such as a [[百葉箱]], a standardized well-ventilated white-painted instrument shelter. The thermometers should be positioned 1.25–2 m above the ground. Details of this setup are defined by the [[世界气象组织]] (WMO).


A true daily mean could be obtained from a continuously-recording [[thermograph]]. Commonly it is approximated by the mean of discrete readings (e.g. 24 hourly readings, four 6-hourly readings, etc.) or by the mean of the daily minimum and maximum readings (though the latter can result in mean temperatures up to 1&nbsp;°C cooler or warmer than the true mean, depending on the time of observation).<ref>
A true daily mean could be obtained from a continuously-recording {{tsl|en|thermograph||thermograph}}. Commonly it is approximated by the mean of discrete readings (e.g. 24 hourly readings, four 6-hourly readings, etc.) or by the mean of the daily minimum and maximum readings (though the latter can result in mean temperatures up to 1&nbsp;°C cooler or warmer than the true mean, depending on the time of observation).<ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Donald G. |title=Effect of Observation Time on Mean Temperature Estimation |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology |date=June 1975 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=471–476 |doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1975)014<0471:EOOTOM>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1975JApMe..14..471B |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Donald G. |title=Effect of Observation Time on Mean Temperature Estimation |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology |date=June 1975 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=471–476 |doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1975)014<0471:EOOTOM>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1975JApMe..14..471B |doi-access=free }}</ref>


The world's [[instrumental temperature record#Absolute temperatures v. anomalies|average surface air temperature]] is about 14&nbsp;°C.
The world's {{tsl|en|instrumental temperature record||average surface air temperature}} is about 14&nbsp;°C.


{{Comparison of temperature scales}}
{{Comparison of temperature scales}}
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==標準==
==標準==
美國機械工程師學會(American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)) 在溫度測量上制定出了兩種不同且獨特的標準,B40.200和PTC 19.3.。
美國機械工程師學會(American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)) 在溫度測量上制定出了兩種不同且獨特的標準,B40.200和PTC 19.3.。
B40.200 為雙金屬驅動(bimetallic-actuated)、填充系統(filled-system)、玻璃液體(liquid-in-glass)溫度計提供指南。 It also provides guidelines for [[thermowell]]s.
B40.200 為雙金屬驅動(bimetallic-actuated)、填充系統(filled-system)、玻璃液體(liquid-in-glass)溫度計提供指南。 It also provides guidelines for {{tsl|en|thermowell||thermowell}}s.
PTC 19.3 provides guidelines for temperature measurement related to Performance Test Codes with particular emphasis on basic sources of measurement errors and techniques for coping with them.
PTC 19.3 provides guidelines for temperature measurement related to Performance Test Codes with particular emphasis on basic sources of measurement errors and techniques for coping with them.


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Temperature Measurement}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Temperature Measurement}}
[[Category:Atmospheric thermodynamics]]
[[Category:大气热力学]]
[[Category:Thermodynamics]]
[[Category:热力学]]
[[Category:Medical tests]]
[[Category:醫學檢驗]]

2022年12月9日 (五) 04:19的版本

一個醫療/臨床用的溫度計，顯示溫度為38.7 °C（101.7 °F）

溫度測量 (亦即測溫術) 是一個描述測量此時此地 溫度 以立即或稍後估計的過程。由重複標準化測量組成的數據集可被用於評估溫度趨勢。

歷史

参见：溫度計、溫度、溫度標準、測溫器（英语：Thermoscope）和高溫計

在17 世紀之前，對於標準化溫度測量的嘗試是非常粗糙的。例如在公元170年，物理學家蓋倫[1] mixed equal portions of ice and 沸点 water to create a "neutral" temperature standard. The modern scientific field has its origins in the works by Florentine scientists in the 1600s including Galileo constructing devices able to measure relative change in temperature, but subject also to confounding with atmospheric pressure changes. These early devices were called thermoscope（英语：thermoscope）s. The first sealed thermometer was constructed in 1654 by the 費迪南多二世·德·美第奇.[1] The development of today's 溫度計s and 温度 scales began in the early 18th century, when 丹尼尔·加布里尔·华伦海特 produced a 汞 thermometer and scale, both developed by 奧勒·羅默. Fahrenheit's scale is still in use, alongside the 摄氏温标 and 开尔文 scales.

技術

Many methods have been developed for measuring temperature. Most of these rely on measuring some physical property of a working material that varies with temperature. One of the most common devices for measuring temperature is the 水銀溫度計. This consists of a glass tube filled with 汞 or some other liquid, which acts as the working fluid. Temperature increase causes the fluid to expand, so the temperature can be determined by measuring the volume of the fluid. Such thermometers are usually calibrated so that one can read the temperature simply by observing the level of the fluid in the thermometer. Another type of thermometer that is not really used much in practice, but is important from a theoretical standpoint, is the gas thermometer（英语：gas thermometer）.

Other important devices for measuring temperature include:

One must be careful when measuring temperature to ensure that the measuring instrument (thermometer, thermocouple, etc.) is really the same temperature as the material that is being measured. Under some conditions heat from the measuring instrument can cause a temperature gradient, so the measured temperature is different from the actual temperature of the system. In such a case the measured temperature will vary not only with the temperature of the system, but also with the heat transfer properties of the system.

What thermal comfort humans, animals and plants experience is related to more than temperature shown on a glass thermometer. Relative humidity levels in ambient air can induce more or less evaporative cooling. Measurement of the 湿球温度 normalizes this humidity effect. Mean radiant temperature（英语：Mean radiant temperature） also can affect thermal comfort. The 風寒指數 makes the weather feel colder under windy conditions than calm conditions even though a glass thermometer shows the same temperature. Airflow increases the rate of heat transfer from or to the body, resulting in a larger change in body temperature for the same ambient temperature.

The theoretical basis for thermometers is the 热力学第零定律 which postulates that if you have three bodies, A, B and C, if A and B are at the same temperature, and B and C are at the same temperature then A and C are at the same temperature. B, of course, is the thermometer.

The practical basis of thermometry is the existence of 三相点 cells. Triple points are conditions of pressure, volume and temperature such that three 相 (物质)s are simultaneously present, for example solid, vapor and liquid. For a single component there are no degrees of freedom at a triple point and any change in the three variables results in one or more of the phases vanishing from the cell. Therefore, triple point cells can be used as universal references for temperature and pressure (see 吉布斯相律).

Under some conditions it becomes possible to measure temperature by a direct use of the 普朗克黑体辐射定律. For example, the 宇宙微波背景 temperature has been measured from the spectrum of 光子s observed by satellite observations such as the 威尔金森微波各向异性探测器. In the study of the 夸克-膠子電漿 through 夸克-膠子電漿, single particle spectra sometimes serve as a thermometer.

非侵入性測溫術

During recent decades, many thermometric techniques have been developed. The most promising and widespread non-invasive thermometric techniques in a biotech context are based on the analysis of magnetic resonance images, computerized tomography images and echotomography. These techniques allow monitoring temperature within tissues without introducing a sensing element.[2] In the field of reactive flows (e.g., combustion, plasmas), laser induced fluorescence (LIF), CARS, and laser absorption spectroscopy have been exploited to measure temperature inside engines, gas-turbines, shock-tubes, synthesis reactors[3] etc. The capability of such optical-based techniques include rapid measurement (down to nanosecond timescales), notwithstanding the ability to not perturb the subject of measurement (e.g., the flame, shock-heated gases).

Surface air temperature

主条目：Air temperature
关于temperature measurements made by instruments，请见「Instrumental temperature record」。
关于temperature changes relevant to historical 氣候變遷 over Earth's 地质学 past (distinguished from recent 全球变暖)，请见「Temperature record」。

The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological observatories and 气象站, usually using thermometers placed in a shelter such as a 百葉箱, a standardized well-ventilated white-painted instrument shelter. The thermometers should be positioned 1.25–2 m above the ground. Details of this setup are defined by the 世界气象组织 (WMO).

A true daily mean could be obtained from a continuously-recording thermograph（英语：thermograph）. Commonly it is approximated by the mean of discrete readings (e.g. 24 hourly readings, four 6-hourly readings, etc.) or by the mean of the daily minimum and maximum readings (though the latter can result in mean temperatures up to 1 °C cooler or warmer than the true mean, depending on the time of observation).[4]

The world's average surface air temperature（英语：instrumental temperature record） is about 14 °C.

Template:Comparison of temperature scales

標準

美國機械工程師學會(American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)) 在溫度測量上制定出了兩種不同且獨特的標準,B40.200和PTC 19.3.。 B40.200 為雙金屬驅動(bimetallic-actuated)、填充系統(filled-system)、玻璃液體(liquid-in-glass)溫度計提供指南。 It also provides guidelines for thermowell（英语：thermowell）s. PTC 19.3 provides guidelines for temperature measurement related to Performance Test Codes with particular emphasis on basic sources of measurement errors and techniques for coping with them.

美國機械工程師學會(ASME)之標準

  • B40.200-2008: 溫度計, 直接讀取和遠端讀取。[5]
  • PTC 19.3-1974(R2004): 對溫度測量的性能測試規範(Performance Test Codes(PTCs))。[6]

參見

引用

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 T. J. Quinn. Temperature需要免费注册. London: Academic Press. 1983. 
  2. ^ Hyperthermal Procedure. Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation Lab. Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma. 
  3. ^ Chrystie, Robin S. M.; Feroughi, Omid M.; Dreier, Thomas; Schulz, Christof. SiO multi-line laser-induced fluorescence for quantitative temperature imaging in flame-synthesis of nanoparticles. Applied Physics B. 2017-03-21, 123 (4): 104. Bibcode:2017ApPhB.123..104C. ISSN 1432-0649. doi:10.1007/s00340-017-6692-0 （英语）. 
  4. ^ Baker, Donald G. Effect of Observation Time on Mean Temperature Estimation. Journal of Applied Meteorology. June 1975, 14 (4): 471–476. Bibcode:1975JApMe..14..471B. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1975)014<0471:EOOTOM>2.0.CO;2 可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ ASME. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [13 May 2015]. 
  6. ^ ASME. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [13 May 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-08）. 

外部連結

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：溫度測量
  •  Callendar, Hugh Longbourne. Thermoelectricity. Encyclopædia Britannica 26 (第11版). London: 814–821. 1911.  Another contemporaneous survey of related material.
  •  Callendar, Hugh Longbourne. Thermometry. Encyclopædia Britannica 26 (第11版). London: 821–836. 1911.  A detailed contemporaneous survey of thermometric theory and thermometer design.
  • A comparison of different measurement technologies Agilent Technologies, Inc. Practical Temperature Measurements (PDF). [2018-11-19]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-11-16）. [We] explore the more common temperature monitoring techniques and introduce procedures for improving their accuracy. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=溫度測量&oldid=74970358”