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剂型:修订间差异

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* [[皮內注射|皮内]]给药(Intradermally,简写:ID)<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Taylor CR, Lillis C, LeMone P, Lynn P |title=Fundamentals of nursing : the art and science of nursing care |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg1uQgAACAAJ | location = Philadelphia |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-9383-4 |edition=7th | pages = 749, 788 |year=2011 }}</ref>
* [[皮內注射|皮内]]给药(Intradermally,简写:ID)<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Taylor CR, Lillis C, LeMone P, Lynn P |title=Fundamentals of nursing : the art and science of nursing care |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg1uQgAACAAJ | location = Philadelphia |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-9383-4 |edition=7th | pages = 749, 788 |year=2011 }}</ref>
* [[皮下注射|皮下]]给药(Subcutaneously,简写:SC)<ref name=Taylor>{{cite book | vauthors = Taylor C |title=Fundamentals of nursing : the art and science of nursing care |date=2011 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0781793834 |edition=7th}}</ref>
* [[皮下注射|皮下]]给药(Subcutaneously,简写:SC)<ref name=Taylor>{{cite book | vauthors = Taylor C |title=Fundamentals of nursing : the art and science of nursing care |date=2011 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0781793834 |edition=7th}}</ref>
* [[肌肉注射]](Intramuscularly,简写:IM)<ref name="Taylor">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=C. |last2=Lillis |first2=C. |last3=LeMone |first3=P. |date=1990-01 |title=Fundamental of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care |url=https://journals.lww.com/dccnjournal/Citation/1990/01000/Fundamental_of_Nursing__The_Art_and_Science_of.6.aspx |journal=Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing |language=en-US |volume=9 |issue=1 |issn=0730-4625 |access-date=2021-05-07 |archive-date=2017-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213005218/http://journals.lww.com/dccnjournal/Citation/1990/01000/Fundamental_of_Nursing__The_Art_and_Science_of.6.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[肌肉注射]](Intramuscularly,简写:IM)<ref name="Taylor1">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=C. |last2=Lillis |first2=C. |last3=LeMone |first3=P. |date=1990-01 |title=Fundamental of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care |url=https://journals.lww.com/dccnjournal/Citation/1990/01000/Fundamental_of_Nursing__The_Art_and_Science_of.6.aspx |journal=Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing |language=en-US |volume=9 |issue=1 |issn=0730-4625 |access-date=2021-05-07 |archive-date=2017-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213005218/http://journals.lww.com/dccnjournal/Citation/1990/01000/Fundamental_of_Nursing__The_Art_and_Science_of.6.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[骨內給藥|骨内]]给药 (Intraossecous,简写:IO)<ref>{{cite web |author1=台灣急診醫學會 |title=骨內針 |url=https://www.sem.org.tw/EJournal/Detail/143 |website=台灣急診醫學會}}</ref>
* [[骨內給藥|骨内]]给药 (Intraossecous,简写:IO)<ref>{{cite web |author1=台灣急診醫學會 |title=骨內針 |url=https://www.sem.org.tw/EJournal/Detail/143 |website=台灣急診醫學會}}</ref>
* [[腹膜|腹膜内]]给药(Intraperitoneally,简写:IP)
* [[腹膜|腹膜内]]给药(Intraperitoneally,简写:IP)

2023年6月10日 (六) 08:22的版本

剂型(英文:Dosage form)是药物制剂领域的术语,也称药物剂型单位剂量(英文:Unit dose),是指上市销售的药物产品的形式。剂型将活性成分和非活性成分(非活性成分也称为辅料)的特定混合物分配至一定的剂量比例,放入特定的装置中(如胶囊壳)。[1][2]例如,两种药品均为阿莫西林,一种为500 mg的胶囊剂,另一种为250 mg的咀嚼片剂。单位剂量除表示剂型之外,也可表示单剂量配方制(Unit dose dispensing system,UDDS)又称单元调剂或单剂量配发药品。[3]FDA通过单位剂量的英文“Packaging”或“Dispensing”来区分单剂量或单剂量配方制。[4][5]

根据给药方法、给药途径或外观等因素,剂型分为多种类型。按外观形态,剂型可分为:液体剂型、固体剂型和半固体剂型,其典型的具体剂型如下:[6][7]

一种药品如药片、胶囊或糖浆含超过一种药物成分或活性成分,且是一种固定剂量的组合物(Fixed-dose combination,FDC),则该产品称为组合药物(Combination drug)。[8]

自然疗法中,制剂可采取煎剂草本茶的形式,或前面提到的更传统的方法。[9][10][11]

药物递送的给药途径(Route of administration,ROA) 取决于相关药物的剂型。[12][13][14]在某些特殊医疗状况下给药途径会受限,如失去知觉或持续恶心呕吐,则无法使用口服剂型,因此同一个药品存在多种剂型供临床选择。即使用其他替代剂型进行给药,如吸入给药含服给药舌下给药、经鼻给药、栓剂给药或肠胃外给药等。此外,药物的某些特殊剂型是基于药物本身属性限制的考量,如较差的药物化学稳定性或药物的药代动力学因素限制等。如胰岛素迄今为止还无法进行口服给药,胰岛素作为一种多肽化合物其化学稳定性较差,如进行口服给药,胰岛素进入血液循环之前会先在胃肠道中发生化学降解而无法到达体内靶器官。[15]类似的,扑热息痛等药物也会因口服生物利用度的不同,导致其口服剂量与静脉剂量有所区别。[16][17][18]

口服给药因其方便、经济、安全且是非侵入式的给药途径,而比静脉注射或肌肉注射等其他给药方式更广泛的使用。口服给药通常是药物设计药物发现中优先考虑的给药方式。但口服给药相对其他给药方式存在吸收不完全、胃肠道不稳定和肝脏首过效应等问题,因此通常在药物设计之初,就要考虑药物活性成分的胃肠道稳定性、溶解度、渗透性,以及关键的生物利用度等因素。[19][20]

口服剂型

吸塑包装中的药片
具有完整文本和条形码标识的单个单元包装
  • 药片,如片剂或胶囊剂
  • 液体制剂,如糖浆剂(Syrups)、溶液剂、酏剂(Elixers)、乳剂酊剂
  • 液体制剂,如汤剂(或煎剂,Decoctions)和草本茶
  • 口腔崩解片剂
  • 锭剂(Lozenges)或糖果剂(干药糖剂,Electuaries)[21]
  • 薄膜剂(Thin films,例如硝酸甘油等)可放于舌上方或下方,或贴于脸颊上给药[22]
  • 粉末泡腾片,通常被添加混合至食品中[23][24]
  • 以各种方式制备的植物或种子,例如大麻食品
  • 含氟牙膏等糊剂(Pastes)[25]
  • 氧气等气体剂型(可以通过鼻腔递送)[6][7]

眼药剂型

一次性滴眼液

吸入剂型

无意成分

滑石粉是一种常用于片剂的赋形剂,片剂可能会在违背医疗建议下被粉碎成粉末使用。此外,纯白色粉末形式的违禁药物通常在处理时会混入滑石粉[29]天然滑石粉很便宜但含有石棉,而吸入含有石棉的滑石粉被普遍认为与肺癌发生具有关联。根据美国癌症协会的报道,无石棉滑石粉是否致癌的证据还不确定。[30][31]

注射剂

装有浓度为1mL/0.5mg阿托品注射液的安瓿

肠外

以上剂型通常为溶液和悬浮液。

意外成分

安全性

眼药水(一次性包装中的生理盐水)通过针头更换计划分发给注射器使用者。

不安全性

从压碎的药丸中注射滑石粉与静脉吸毒者的肺滑石病有关。 [38]

局部的

  • 面霜、搽剂、香脂(如润唇膏或止汗剂和除臭剂)、乳液或软膏等。
  • 凝胶和水凝胶
  • 滴耳液
  • 应用于皮肤的透皮贴剂和真皮贴剂
  • 粉末[6][7]

非预期用途

  • 通过切割和称重医用皮肤贴片来计算分剂量是不安全的,因为不能保证物质均匀分布在贴片表面。 [39]例如,芬太尼透皮贴剂设计用于在 3 天内缓慢释放物质。众所周知,口服切碎的芬太尼透皮剂会导致药物过量和死亡。
  • 用于从注射器中的溶剂注入的非法药物的单吸墨纸也可能导致表面分布不均匀。[40]

其他剂型

参见

参考资料

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