巴哈伊正字法:修订间差异
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{{巴哈伊}}[[巴哈伊信仰]]的文本使用标准[[正寫法|正字法]]系统将[[波斯语]]和[[阿拉伯语]]字母罗马化。 巴哈伊文献中使用的系统设定于 1923 年,虽然它是基于当时通用的标准,但它有自己的修改,使其独一无二。主要有:通過下劃綫組合字母,如s͟h(š);阿拉伯語定冠詞“al-”在太陽字母後要體現al-ʼidg͟hám(并入的讀法原則),如ar-Raḥím,aṣ-Ṣaddíq(al-Raḥím,al-Ṣaddíq)。他還使用了一些體現伊朗波斯語語音特點的拼法,如用“v”代“w”;部分拼法體現了伊斯法罕口音特征,如Mihdí(Mahdí)。然而在網絡交流和個別正式書寫中,下劃綫、下標點、乃至尖音符會被省略。 |
{{巴哈伊}}[[巴哈伊信仰]]的文本使用标准[[正寫法|正字法]]系统将[[波斯语]]和[[阿拉伯语]]字母罗马化。 巴哈伊文献中使用的系统设定于 1923 年,虽然它是基于当时通用的标准,但它有自己的修改,使其独一无二。主要有:通過下劃綫組合字母,如s͟h(š);阿拉伯語定冠詞“al-”在太陽字母後要體現al-ʼidg͟hám(并入的讀法原則),如ar-Raḥím,aṣ-Ṣaddíq(al-Raḥím,al-Ṣaddíq)。他還使用了一些體現伊朗波斯語語音特點的拼法,如用“v”代“w”;部分拼法體現了伊斯法罕口音特征,如Mihdí(Mahdí)。然而在網絡交流和個別正式書寫中,下劃綫、下標點、乃至尖音符會被省略。 |
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自从巴哈伊采用了他们的系统以来,中东学者以各种方式修改了 1894 年采用的标准学术系统,并创建了一个独立的、相关的波斯语书写系统(主要变化是使用 e 和 o)。 然而,巴哈伊系统现在已被用来以多种语言印刷数以千计的书籍和小册子,因此对其进行修改会造成混乱,并迫使作者使用两种不同的拼写系统(一种用于精确引用的段落,另一种用于其余的内容)。文本)。 |
自从巴哈伊采用了他们的系统以来,中东学者以各种方式修改了 1894 年采用的标准学术系统,并创建了一个独立的、相关的波斯语书写系统(主要变化是使用 e 和 o)。 然而,巴哈伊系统现在已被用来以多种语言印刷数以千计的书籍和小册子,因此对其进行修改会造成混乱,并迫使作者使用两种不同的拼写系统(一种用于精确引用的段落,另一种用于其余的内容)。文本)。 |
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==字母表== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! 字母 |
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! 阿拉伯语名 |
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! 波斯语名 |
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! 转写<ref name=Gail>Marzieh Gail, [https://bahai-library.com/gail_guide_transliteration Guide to Transliteration and Pronunciation of the Persian Alphabet: together with the Numerical Value of the letters (Abjad Reckoning).] Published in ''Baháʼí Glossary'', Wilmette, IL: Bahaʼi Publishing Trust, 1957</ref> |
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! 音值 ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) {{ref|a|[a]}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ا]]}}</span> |
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| ʼalif |
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| ʼalef |
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| á, a |
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| {{IPAlink|a|/aː/, /a/}} <small>(阿拉伯语)</small>; {{IPAlink|ɒ|/ɒː/, /æ/}} <small>(波斯语)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ب]]}}</span> |
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| báʼ |
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| bé |
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| b || {{IPAslink|b}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[پ]]}}</span> |
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| – |
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| pé |
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| p || {{IPAslink|p}} <small>(波斯语)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ت]]}}</span> |
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| táʼ |
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| té |
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| t || {{IPAslink|t}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ث]]}}</span> |
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| t͟háʼ |
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| sé |
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| t͟h {{ref|c|[c]}} |
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| {{IPAslink|θ}} <small>(阿拉伯语)</small>; {{IPAslink|s}} <small>(波斯语)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}</span> |
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| jím |
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| jím |
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| j |
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| {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[چ]]}}</span> |
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| – |
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| c͟hé |
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| c͟h |
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| {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} <small>(Persian)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ح]]}}</span> |
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| ḥáʼ |
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| hé |
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| ḥ || {{IPAslink|ħ}} <small>(阿拉伯语)</small>; {{IPAslink|h}} <small>(波斯语)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[خ]]}}</span> |
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| k͟háʼ |
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| k͟hé |
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| k͟h |
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| {{IPAslink|x}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[د]]}}</span> |
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| dál |
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| dál |
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| d || {{IPAslink|d}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ذ]]}}</span> |
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| d͟hál |
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| zál |
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| d͟h || {{IPAslink|ð}} <small>(阿拉伯语)</small>; {{IPAslink|z}} <small>(波斯语)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ر]]}}</span> |
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| ráʼ |
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| ré |
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| r || {{IPAslink|r}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ز]]}}</span> |
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| záy |
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| zé |
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| z || {{IPAslink|z}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ژ]]}}</span> |
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| – |
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| z͟hé |
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| z͟h |
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| {{IPAslink|ʒ}} <small>(波斯语)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[س]]}}</span> |
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| sín |
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| sín |
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| s || {{IPAslink|s}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ش]]}}</span> |
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| s͟hín |
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| s͟hín |
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| s͟h || {{IPAslink|ʃ}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ص]]}}</span> |
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| ṣád |
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| sád |
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| ṣ || {{IPAslink|ˤ|sˤ}} <small>(Arabic)</small>; {{IPAslink|s}} <small>(Persian)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ض]]}}</span> |
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| ḍád |
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| zád |
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| ḍ || {{IPAslink|ˤ|dˤ}} <small>(Arabic)</small>; {{IPAslink|z}} <small>(Persian)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ط]]}}</span> |
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| ṭáʼ |
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| tá |
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| ṭ || {{IPAslink|ˤ|tˤ}} <small>(Arabic)</small>; {{IPAslink|t}} <small>(Persian)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ظ]]}}</span> |
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| ẓáʼ |
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| zá |
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| ẓ || {{IPAslink|ˤ|ðˤ}} <small>(Arabic)</small>; {{IPAslink|z}} <small>(Persian)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ع]]}}</span> |
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| ʻayn |
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| ʼayn |
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| ʻ {{ref|d|[d]}} || {{IPAslink|ʕ}} <small>(Arabic)</small>; {{IPAslink|ʔ}} <small>(Persian)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[غ]]}}</span> |
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| g͟hayn |
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| qayn |
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| g͟h || {{IPAslink|ɣ}} <small>(Arabic)</small>; {{IPAslink|ɢ}}~{{IPAslink|ɣ}} <small>(Persian)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ف]]}}</span> |
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| fáʼ |
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| fé |
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| f || {{IPAslink|f}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ق]]}}</span> |
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| qáf |
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| qáf |
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| q || {{IPAslink|q}} <small>(Arabic)</small>; {{IPAslink|ɢ}}~{{IPAslink|ɣ}} <small>(Persian)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ك]]}}</span><br /><span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|fa|[[Kāf|ک]]}}</span> <small>(Persian)</small> |
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| káf |
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| káf |
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| k || {{IPAslink|k}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[گ]]}}</span> |
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| – |
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| gáf |
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| g || {{IPAslink|ɡ}} <small>(Persian)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ل]]}}</span> |
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| lám |
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| lám |
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| l || {{IPAslink|l}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[م]]}}</span> |
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| mím |
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| mím |
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| m || {{IPAslink|m}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ن]]}}</span> |
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| nún |
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| nún |
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| n || {{IPAslink|n}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[و]]}}</span> |
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| wáw |
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| váv |
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| ú, v || {{IPA|/uː/}}; {{IPAslink|w}} <small>(Arabic)</small>; {{IPAslink|v}} <small>(Persian)</small> |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ه]]}}</span> |
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| háʼ |
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| hé |
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| h || {{IPAslink|h}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ي]]}}</span> {{ref|b|[b]}}<br /><span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|fa|[[ی]]}}</span> <small>(波斯语n)</small> |
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| yáʼ |
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| yé |
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| í, y || {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPAslink|j}} |
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|- align="center" |
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| <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|[[ء]]}}</span> |
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| hamzah |
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| hamzé |
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| ʼ {{ref|d|[d]}} |
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| {{IPAslink|ʔ}} |
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|} |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{note|a|a}} Real phonetic values of [[Arabic phonology|Arabic]] vary regionally and the table mostly demonstrates the abstract Arabic phonemes. |
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* {{note|b|b}} In Persian, the final form of the letter is written undotted. |
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* {{note|c|c}} The Unicode character for the underline, 'combining double macron below', is U+35F (decimal U+863). It can be written as hex &#x35F; or decimal &#863;, or with the template {{tl|underscore}}. HTML underlining (i.e., <nowiki><u>...</u></nowiki>) should not be used, as it's not copy-safe. |
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* {{note|d|d}} The Unicode character for the ʻayin, the 6-like 'combining letter turned comma', is U+2BB (decimal U+699), and the character for hamza, the 9-like 'combining letter apostrophe', is U+2BC (decimal U+700). They can be written as &#x2BB; and &#x2BC; (decimal &#699; and &#700;), or with the templates {{tl|okina}} and {{tl|hamza}}. |
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{{refend}} |
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==参见== |
==参见== |
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<references group="lower-alpha" /> |
<references group="lower-alpha" /> |
2023年7月18日 (二) 14:37的版本
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巴哈伊信仰 |
---|
核心人物 |
重要著作 |
机构 |
历史 |
人物 |
圣地 |
其他 |
巴哈伊信仰的文本使用标准正字法系统将波斯语和阿拉伯语字母罗马化。 巴哈伊文献中使用的系统设定于 1923 年,虽然它是基于当时通用的标准,但它有自己的修改,使其独一无二。主要有:通過下劃綫組合字母,如s͟h(š);阿拉伯語定冠詞“al-”在太陽字母後要體現al-ʼidg͟hám(并入的讀法原則),如ar-Raḥím,aṣ-Ṣaddíq(al-Raḥím,al-Ṣaddíq)。他還使用了一些體現伊朗波斯語語音特點的拼法,如用“v”代“w”;部分拼法體現了伊斯法罕口音特征,如Mihdí(Mahdí)。然而在網絡交流和個別正式書寫中,下劃綫、下標點、乃至尖音符會被省略。
守基·阿芬迪 (Shoghi Effendi) ,是巴哈伊教第一代聖護,1921 年至 1957 年间的宗教领袖,创建了巴哈伊正字法系统,并在 1923 年通过几封信与世界各地的巴哈伊教徒分享了常用术语示例列表[1] 对标准化音译的明确需求是“避免未来的混乱,并确保在这个问题上的一致性,这是目前所有巴哈伊文献中非常需要的”。 [2]根据该标准,最常见的术语是“Bahá´í”、“Bahá´ís”、“Báb”、“Bahá´u'lláh”和“Abdu'l-Bahá”,使用重音符号来区分长元音,并升高转向与凸起逗号分别区分ayin和海姆宰, [a] 。 [3]
自从巴哈伊采用了他们的系统以来,中东学者以各种方式修改了 1894 年采用的标准学术系统,并创建了一个独立的、相关的波斯语书写系统(主要变化是使用 e 和 o)。 然而,巴哈伊系统现在已被用来以多种语言印刷数以千计的书籍和小册子,因此对其进行修改会造成混乱,并迫使作者使用两种不同的拼写系统(一种用于精确引用的段落,另一种用于其余的内容)。文本)。
字母表
字母 | 阿拉伯语名 | 波斯语名 | 转写[4] | 音值 (IPA) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ا | ʼalif | ʼalef | á, a | /aː/, /a/ (阿拉伯语); /ɒː/, /æ/ (波斯语) |
ب | báʼ | bé | b | /b/ |
پ | – | pé | p | /p/ (波斯语) |
ت | táʼ | té | t | /t/ |
ث | t͟háʼ | sé | t͟h | /θ/ (阿拉伯语); /s/ (波斯语) |
ج | jím | jím | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
چ | – | c͟hé | c͟h | /t͡ʃ/ (Persian) |
ح | ḥáʼ | hé | ḥ | /ħ/ (阿拉伯语); /h/ (波斯语) |
خ | k͟háʼ | k͟hé | k͟h | /x/ |
د | dál | dál | d | /d/ |
ذ | d͟hál | zál | d͟h | /ð/ (阿拉伯语); /z/ (波斯语) |
ر | ráʼ | ré | r | /r/ |
ز | záy | zé | z | /z/ |
ژ | – | z͟hé | z͟h | /ʒ/ (波斯语) |
س | sín | sín | s | /s/ |
ش | s͟hín | s͟hín | s͟h | /ʃ/ |
ص | ṣád | sád | ṣ | /sˤ/ (Arabic); /s/ (Persian) |
ض | ḍád | zád | ḍ | /dˤ/ (Arabic); /z/ (Persian) |
ط | ṭáʼ | tá | ṭ | /tˤ/ (Arabic); /t/ (Persian) |
ظ | ẓáʼ | zá | ẓ | /ðˤ/ (Arabic); /z/ (Persian) |
ع | ʻayn | ʼayn | ʻ | /ʕ/ (Arabic); /ʔ/ (Persian) |
غ | g͟hayn | qayn | g͟h | /ɣ/ (Arabic); /ɢ/~/ɣ/ (Persian) |
ف | fáʼ | fé | f | /f/ |
ق | qáf | qáf | q | /q/ (Arabic); /ɢ/~/ɣ/ (Persian) |
ك ک (Persian) |
káf | káf | k | /k/ |
گ | – | gáf | g | /ɡ/ (Persian) |
ل | lám | lám | l | /l/ |
م | mím | mím | m | /m/ |
ن | nún | nún | n | /n/ |
و | wáw | váv | ú, v | /uː/; /w/ (Arabic); /v/ (Persian) |
ه | háʼ | hé | h | /h/ |
ي ی (波斯语n) |
yáʼ | yé | í, y | /iː/, /j/ |
ء | hamzah | hamzé | ʼ | /ʔ/ |
- ^a Real phonetic values of Arabic vary regionally and the table mostly demonstrates the abstract Arabic phonemes.
- ^b In Persian, the final form of the letter is written undotted.
- ^c The Unicode character for the underline, 'combining double macron below', is U+35F (decimal U+863). It can be written as hex ͟ or decimal ͟, or with the template {{underscore}}. HTML underlining (i.e., <u>...</u>) should not be used, as it's not copy-safe.
- ^d The Unicode character for the ʻayin, the 6-like 'combining letter turned comma', is U+2BB (decimal U+699), and the character for hamza, the 9-like 'combining letter apostrophe', is U+2BC (decimal U+700). They can be written as ʻ and ʼ (decimal ʻ and ʼ), or with the templates {{okina}} and {{hamza}}.
参见
- ^ See letters of 12 March 1923, 9 April 1923, and 26 November 1923, published in Effendi 1974 .
- ^ Effendi 1974,第43頁.
- ^ The apostrophe and the two apostrophe-like letters are distinguished in the name ʻAbdu'l-Baháʼ. All three are typically ignored when speaking in English, but reflect different pronunciations in Arabic and Persian (Winters 2002).
- ^ Marzieh Gail, Guide to Transliteration and Pronunciation of the Persian Alphabet: together with the Numerical Value of the letters (Abjad Reckoning). Published in Baháʼí Glossary, Wilmette, IL: Bahaʼi Publishing Trust, 1957