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卷缘桩菇：修订间差异

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[[File:L'agaric contigu (Paxillus involutus).jpg|thumb|皮埃尔·比利亚尔於1785年繪製的卷缘桩菇]]
[[File:L'agaric contigu (Paxillus involutus).jpg|thumb|皮埃尔·比利亚尔於1785年繪製的卷缘桩菇]]
'''卷缘桩菇'''（[[學名]]：''Paxillus involutus''）又稱'''卷边网褶菌'''或'''卷边桩菇'''，最早於1785年由[[皮埃尔·比利亚尔]]描述發表，當時被歸在[[傘菌屬]]<ref name=Bulliard1785>{{cite book |author=Bulliard, J.B.F. |author-link=Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard |title=Herbier de la France |year=1785 |volume=5 |location=Paris, France |publisher=Chez l'auteur |pages=192–240 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4339704 |language=fr}}</ref>，但翌年由[[奥古斯特·巴奇]]發表的學名''Agaricus involutus''才被視作有效描述<ref name="urlMycoBank: Paxillus involutus"/><ref name=Batsch1786>{{cite book |author=Batsch, August |author-link=August Batsch |year=1786 |title=Elenchus Fungorum (Discussion of Fungi), Continuatio Prima |page=39 |publisher=Apud Joannem J. Gebauer |location=Halle, Magdeburg, Germany |language=la}}</ref>；1838年[[埃利亚斯·芒努斯·弗里斯]]定立新屬[[樁菇屬]]，並將本種作為[[模式種]]<ref name=Fries1838>{{cite book |author=Fries, Elias Magnus |author-link=Elias Magnus Fries |year=1838 |title=Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici |publisher=Typographia Academica |location=Uppsala, Sweden |page=317 |language=la |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/02485/0317.htm |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212337/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/02485/0317.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>。本種外型如棕色、木質的[[陀螺]]，[[子實體 (真菌)|子實體]]可高約6公分<ref name=Nilson1977>{{cite book |author1=Nilson, Sven |author2=Persson, Ole |year=1977 |title=Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi) |location=Harmondsworth, UK |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0-14-063005-8 |page=121}}</ref>，[[蕈傘]]直徑為4—12公分<ref name=Haas1969>{{cite book |author=Haas, Hans |year=1969 |title=The Young Specialist looks at Fungi |publisher=Burke |location=London |isbn=0-222-79409-7 |page=54}}</ref>；[[菌髓]]黃色且多汁，並具特殊氣味<ref name=Haas1969/><ref name=Zeitlmayr1976>{{cite book |author=Zeitlmayr, Linus |year=1976 |title=Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook |publisher=Garden City Press |location=Hertfordshire, UK |isbn=0-584-10324-7 |page=75}}</ref>；[[孢子印]]為棕色，[[擔孢子]]呈橢球形，長7.5—9微米，寬5—6微米<ref name=Bresinsky1990/>。許多[[乳菇屬]]物種、[[黑毛樁菇]]與{{le|耳狀網褶菌|Tapinella panuoides}}等蕈類的外形皆與本種相似<ref name=Ammirati1985>{{cite book |author1=Ammirati, Joseph F. |author2=Traquair, James A. |author3=Horgen, Paul A. |title=Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/poisonousmushroo00amma |url-access=limited |year=1985 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |isbn=0-8166-1407-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/poisonousmushroo00amma/page/n92 78], 293–95}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=232–233|oclc=797915861}}</ref>，另外同屬物種''{{le|Paxillus obscurisporus}}''為自本種分出，其子實體較本種為大<ref name=Henrici2004>{{cite journal |author=Henrici, Alick |title=A key to ''Paxillus'' s.l. in Europe |journal=Field Mycology |year=2004 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=87–88 |doi=10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60560-9|doi-access=free }}</ref>。
'''卷缘桩菇'''（[[學名]]：''Paxillus involutus''）又稱'''卷边网褶菌'''或'''卷边桩菇'''，最早於1785年由[[皮埃尔·比利亚尔]]描述發表，當時被歸在[[傘菌屬]]<ref name=Bulliard1785>{{cite book |author=Bulliard, J.B.F. |author-link=Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard |title=Herbier de la France |year=1785 |volume=5 |location=Paris, France |publisher=Chez l'auteur |pages=192–240 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4339704 |language=fr}}</ref>，但翌年由[[奥古斯特·巴奇]]發表的學名''Agaricus involutus''才被視作有效描述<ref name="urlMycoBank: Paxillus involutus"/><ref name=Batsch1786>{{cite book |author=Batsch, August |author-link=August Batsch |year=1786 |title=Elenchus Fungorum (Discussion of Fungi), Continuatio Prima |page=39 |publisher=Apud Joannem J. Gebauer |location=Halle, Magdeburg, Germany |language=la}}</ref>；1838年[[埃利亚斯·芒努斯·弗里斯]]定立新屬[[樁菇屬]]，並將本種作為[[模式種]]<ref name=Fries1838>{{cite book |author=Fries, Elias Magnus |author-link=Elias Magnus Fries |year=1838 |title=Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici |publisher=Typographia Academica |location=Uppsala, Sweden |page=317 |language=la |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/02485/0317.htm |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212337/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/02485/0317.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>。本種外型如棕色、木質的[[陀螺]]，[[子實體 (真菌)|子實體]]可高約6公分<ref name=Nilson1977>{{cite book |author1=Nilson, Sven |author2=Persson, Ole |year=1977 |title=Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi) |location=Harmondsworth, UK |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0-14-063005-8 |page=121}}</ref>，[[蕈傘]]直徑為4—12公分，邊緣向下卷曲<ref name=Haas1969>{{cite book |author=Haas, Hans |year=1969 |title=The Young Specialist looks at Fungi |publisher=Burke |location=London |isbn=0-222-79409-7 |page=54}}</ref>；[[菌髓]]黃色且多汁，並具特殊氣味<ref name=Haas1969/><ref name=Zeitlmayr1976>{{cite book |author=Zeitlmayr, Linus |year=1976 |title=Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook |publisher=Garden City Press |location=Hertfordshire, UK |isbn=0-584-10324-7 |page=75}}</ref>；[[孢子印]]為棕色，[[擔孢子]]呈橢球形，長7.5—9微米，寬5—6微米<ref name=Bresinsky1990/>。許多[[乳菇屬]]物種、[[黑毛樁菇]]與{{le|耳狀網褶菌|Tapinella panuoides}}等蕈類的外形皆與本種相似<ref name=Ammirati1985>{{cite book |author1=Ammirati, Joseph F. |author2=Traquair, James A. |author3=Horgen, Paul A. |title=Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/poisonousmushroo00amma |url-access=limited |year=1985 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |isbn=0-8166-1407-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/poisonousmushroo00amma/page/n92 78], 293–95}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=232–233|oclc=797915861}}</ref>，另外同屬物種''{{le|Paxillus obscurisporus}}''為自本種分出，其子實體較本種為大<ref name=Henrici2004>{{cite journal |author=Henrici, Alick |title=A key to ''Paxillus'' s.l. in Europe |journal=Field Mycology |year=2004 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=87–88 |doi=10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60560-9|doi-access=free }}</ref>。


卷缘桩菇可與許多[[針葉樹]]或[[落葉樹]]形成{{le|外菌根|Ectomycorrhiza}}<ref name=Taylor2000>{{cite book |author1=Taylor A.F.S. |author2=Martin, F. |author3=Read, D.J. |chapter=Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities of Norway Spruce <nowiki>[</nowiki>''Picea abies'' (L.) Karst.<nowiki>]</nowiki> and Beech (''Fagus sylvatica'' L.) along north-south transects in Europe |editor-last=Schulze, Ernst-Detlef |title=Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems |series=Ecological Studies |year=2000 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Germany |pages=343–65 |isbn=978-3-540-67025-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ku6QwSTDsvEC&pg=PA343}}</ref>，常在外菌根相關研究中被用作[[模式生物]]，其[[基因組]]已被[[全基因組定序|完整定序]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Paxillus involutus (Boletales, Paxillaceae) complex in Europe: Genetic diversity and morphological description of the new species Paxillus cuprinus, typification of P. involutus s.s., and synthesis of species boundaries|publisher=''[[Fungal Biology]]''|author=Jargeat P, Chaumeton JP, Navaud O, Vizzini A, Gryta H|year=2014|volume=118|issue=1|page=12-31|doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2013.10.008}}</ref>。有研究顯示本種與樹木共生時可增加樹木根部對土壤真菌[[鐮刀菌屬|鐮刀菌]]感染的抗性<ref name=Duchesne1988>{{cite journal|author1=Duchesne, Luc C. |author2=Peterson, R.L. |author3=Ellis, Brian E. |year=1988 |title=Pine root exudate stimulates the synthesis of antifungal compounds by the ectomycorrhizal fungus ''Paxillus involutus'' |journal=New Phytologist |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=471–76 |jstor=2432861 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb04188.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Duchesne1989>{{cite journal |author1=Duchesne, Luc C. |author2=Peterson, R.L. |author3=Ellis, Brian E. |title=The time-course of disease suppression and antibiosis by the ectomycorrhizal fungus ''Paxillus involutus'' |journal=New Phytologist |year=1989 |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=693–98 |jstor=2556679 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb02364.x|pmid=33874068 |doi-access=free }}</ref>，並抑制植株吸收土壤中的有害[[重金屬]]<ref name=Dixon1988>{{cite journal |author=Dixon, Robert K. |title=Response of ectomycorrhizal ''Quercus rubra'' to soil cadmium, nickel and lead |journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry |year=1988 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=555–59 |doi=10.1016/0038-0717(88)90072-7 }}</ref><ref name=Marschner1998>{{cite journal |author1=Marschner, Petra |author2=Jentschke, Georg |author3=Godbold, Douglas L. |title=Cation exchange capacity and lead sorption in ectomycorrhizal fungi |journal=Plant Soil |year=1998 |volume=205 |issue=1 |pages=93–98 |doi=10.1023/A:1004376727051|s2cid=44534073 }}</ref>。本種為[[北半球]]溫帶地區常見的蕈類，分布範圍包括歐洲、亞洲與北美洲<ref name=Ammirati1985/><ref name=Lamaison2005/>，在[[印度]]<ref name=Mukeriji2010>{{cite book |title=Taxonomy and Ecology of Indian Fungi |author1=Mukeriji, K.G. |author2=Manoharachary, C. |year=2010 |publisher=I.K. International Publishing House |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-93-8002-692-3 |page=204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLggbxFH93IC&pg=PA204}}</ref>、[[伊朗]]<ref name=Asef2010>{{cite book |title=قارچهای سمی ایران (Qarch-ha-ye Sammi-ye Iran) |trans-title=Poisonous mushrooms of Iran |year=2010 |author=Asef Shayan, M.R. |publisher=Iran shenasi |page=214 |isbn=978-964-2725-29-8 |language=fa}}</ref>、[[中國]]<ref name=Zhishu1993>{{cite book |author1=Zhishu, Bi |author2=Zheng, Guoyang |author3=Taihui, Li |title=The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press) |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=1993 |page=455 |isbn=962-201-556-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cAered-vqYC&pg=PA455}}</ref>、[[日本]]也有分布，最北可至[[阿拉斯加]]與[[格陵蘭]]<ref name=Laursen2009>{{cite book |author1=Laursen, Gary A. |author2=Seppelt, Rodney D. |title=Common Interior Alaska Cryptogams: Fungi, Lichenicolous Fungi, Lichenized Fungi, Slime Molds, Mosses, and Liverworts |publisher=University of Alaska Press |location=College, Alaska |year=2009 |page=60 |isbn=978-1-60223-058-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRSJzyN_eB4C&pg=PA60}}</ref><ref name="knudson">{{cite book |author=Knudson, Henning |title=Arctic and Alpine Mycology 6 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|location=Copenhagen, Denmark |year=2006 |page=12 |isbn=87-635-1277-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OxJHNY6PGcC&pg=PA12}}</ref>，並已作為[[外來種]]被引入[[澳洲]]<ref name=Cleland1976>{{cite book |author=Cleland, John Burton |year=1976 |title=Toadstools and Mushrooms and Other Larger Fungi of South Australia |location=Adelaide, Australia |publisher=South Australian Government Printer |page=177}}</ref><ref name=Young2004>{{cite book |author=Young, A.M. |year=2004 |title=A Field Guide to the Fungi of Australia |publisher=University of New South Wales Press |location=New South Wales, Australia |isbn=0-86840-742-9 |page=169}}</ref>、[[紐西蘭]]<ref name=McNabb1969>{{cite journal |author=McNabb, R.F.R. |year=1969 |title=The Paxillaceae of New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=349–62 |doi=10.1080/0028825x.1969.10428850}}</ref>與[[南美洲]]的[[智利]]<ref name=Palfner04>{{cite web |url=http://www.chilefungi.cl/chi_macrofungi.htm |title=Macrofungi from Chile |author=Palfner, Götz |publisher=self |year=2004 |access-date=2011-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107045027/http://www.chilefungi.cl/chi_macrofungi.htm |archive-date=2007-01-07 }}</ref>。二戰以前卷缘桩菇在中歐與東歐都被認為在烹煮過可食<ref name=Haas1969/><ref name=Lamaison2005>{{cite book |title=The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms |author1=Lamaison, Jean-Louis |author2=Polese, Jean-Marie |year=2005 |publisher=Könemann |location=Cologne, Germany |isbn=3-8331-1239-5 |page=35}}</ref>，僅知生食後可能引起腸胃症狀<ref name=Bresinsky1990/>，但1944年德國真菌學家{{le|尤利烏斯·舍費爾|Julius Schäffer}}食用此菌後中毒身亡<ref name=Lamaison2005/><ref name=Beuchat1987>{{cite book |title=Food and Beverage Mycology |author=Beuchat, Larry R. |year=1987 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=0-442-21084-1 |page=394 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMpVKtRLht4C&pg=PA394}}</ref>，後來研究發現卷缘桩菇的一個[[抗原]]可激活[[自體免疫反應]]，使人體的免疫系統攻擊自身的[[紅血球]]，以致自體免疫性[[溶血反應|溶血]]，多發生在長期食用此菌者<ref name=Bresinsky1990>{{cite book |author1=Bresinsky, Andreas |author2=Besl, Helmut |title=A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi |year=1990 |publisher=Wolfe Publishing |location=London |pages=126–29 |isbn=0-7234-1576-5}}</ref><ref name=Flammer1985>{{cite journal |author=Flammer, René |title=[''Paxillus'' syndrome: immunohemolysis following repeated mushroom ingestion] |language=de |journal=Schweizerische Rundschau für Medizin Praxis |volume=74 |issue=37 |pages=997–99 |year=1985 |pmid=4059740}}</ref>。1990年代起本種逐漸被列為不可食用的蕈類<ref name=Marley2010>{{cite book |author=Marley, Greg |title=Chanterelle Dreams, Amanita Nightmares: The Love, Lore, and Mystique of Mushrooms |publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing |location=White River Junction, Vermont |year=2010 |pages=136–40 |isbn=978-1-60358-214-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJybhI1yWucC&pg=PA136}}</ref>，但東歐每年仍每年有人食用此菌後中毒而死<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kotowski |first1=Marcin Andrzej |last2=Pietras |first2=Marcin |last3=Łuczaj |first3=Łukasz |date=December 2019 |title=Extreme levels of mycophilia documented in Mazovia, a region of Poland |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|volume=15 |issue=1 |page=12 |doi=10.1186/s13002-019-0291-6 |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=6371552 |pmid=30755235 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arcimovič |first=Martin |date=2022-11-08 |title=13 deadliest mushrooms in the world (don't munch on these) |url=https://arcimovic.medium.com/13-deadliest-mushrooms-in-the-world-dont-munch-on-these-3e142959f42e |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Medium}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boa |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zd2NlcNZgvcC |title=Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People |publisher=FAO, Rome |year=2004 |isbn=9788170354987 |pages=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brown Rollrim |url=https://www.wildfooduk.com/mushroom-guide/brown-roll-rim/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Wild Food UK }}</ref>。
卷缘桩菇可與許多[[針葉樹]]或[[落葉樹]]形成{{le|外菌根|Ectomycorrhiza}}<ref name=Taylor2000>{{cite book |author1=Taylor A.F.S. |author2=Martin, F. |author3=Read, D.J. |chapter=Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities of Norway Spruce <nowiki>[</nowiki>''Picea abies'' (L.) Karst.<nowiki>]</nowiki> and Beech (''Fagus sylvatica'' L.) along north-south transects in Europe |editor-last=Schulze, Ernst-Detlef |title=Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems |series=Ecological Studies |year=2000 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Germany |pages=343–65 |isbn=978-3-540-67025-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ku6QwSTDsvEC&pg=PA343}}</ref>，常在外菌根相關研究中被用作[[模式生物]]，其[[基因組]]已被[[全基因組定序|完整定序]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Paxillus involutus (Boletales, Paxillaceae) complex in Europe: Genetic diversity and morphological description of the new species Paxillus cuprinus, typification of P. involutus s.s., and synthesis of species boundaries|publisher=''[[Fungal Biology]]''|author=Jargeat P, Chaumeton JP, Navaud O, Vizzini A, Gryta H|year=2014|volume=118|issue=1|page=12-31|doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2013.10.008}}</ref>。有研究顯示本種與樹木共生時可增加樹木根部對土壤真菌[[鐮刀菌屬|鐮刀菌]]感染的抗性<ref name=Duchesne1988>{{cite journal|author1=Duchesne, Luc C. |author2=Peterson, R.L. |author3=Ellis, Brian E. |year=1988 |title=Pine root exudate stimulates the synthesis of antifungal compounds by the ectomycorrhizal fungus ''Paxillus involutus'' |journal=New Phytologist |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=471–76 |jstor=2432861 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb04188.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Duchesne1989>{{cite journal |author1=Duchesne, Luc C. |author2=Peterson, R.L. |author3=Ellis, Brian E. |title=The time-course of disease suppression and antibiosis by the ectomycorrhizal fungus ''Paxillus involutus'' |journal=New Phytologist |year=1989 |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=693–98 |jstor=2556679 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb02364.x|pmid=33874068 |doi-access=free }}</ref>，並抑制植株吸收土壤中的有害[[重金屬]]<ref name=Dixon1988>{{cite journal |author=Dixon, Robert K. |title=Response of ectomycorrhizal ''Quercus rubra'' to soil cadmium, nickel and lead |journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry |year=1988 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=555–59 |doi=10.1016/0038-0717(88)90072-7 }}</ref><ref name=Marschner1998>{{cite journal |author1=Marschner, Petra |author2=Jentschke, Georg |author3=Godbold, Douglas L. |title=Cation exchange capacity and lead sorption in ectomycorrhizal fungi |journal=Plant Soil |year=1998 |volume=205 |issue=1 |pages=93–98 |doi=10.1023/A:1004376727051|s2cid=44534073 }}</ref>。本種為[[北半球]]溫帶地區常見的蕈類，分布範圍包括歐洲、亞洲與北美洲<ref name=Ammirati1985/><ref name=Lamaison2005/>，在[[印度]]<ref name=Mukeriji2010>{{cite book |title=Taxonomy and Ecology of Indian Fungi |author1=Mukeriji, K.G. |author2=Manoharachary, C. |year=2010 |publisher=I.K. International Publishing House |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-93-8002-692-3 |page=204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLggbxFH93IC&pg=PA204}}</ref>、[[伊朗]]<ref name=Asef2010>{{cite book |title=قارچهای سمی ایران (Qarch-ha-ye Sammi-ye Iran) |trans-title=Poisonous mushrooms of Iran |year=2010 |author=Asef Shayan, M.R. |publisher=Iran shenasi |page=214 |isbn=978-964-2725-29-8 |language=fa}}</ref>、[[中國]]<ref name=Zhishu1993>{{cite book |author1=Zhishu, Bi |author2=Zheng, Guoyang |author3=Taihui, Li |title=The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press) |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=1993 |page=455 |isbn=962-201-556-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cAered-vqYC&pg=PA455}}</ref>、[[日本]]也有分布，最北可至[[阿拉斯加]]與[[格陵蘭]]<ref name=Laursen2009>{{cite book |author1=Laursen, Gary A. |author2=Seppelt, Rodney D. |title=Common Interior Alaska Cryptogams: Fungi, Lichenicolous Fungi, Lichenized Fungi, Slime Molds, Mosses, and Liverworts |publisher=University of Alaska Press |location=College, Alaska |year=2009 |page=60 |isbn=978-1-60223-058-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRSJzyN_eB4C&pg=PA60}}</ref><ref name="knudson">{{cite book |author=Knudson, Henning |title=Arctic and Alpine Mycology 6 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|location=Copenhagen, Denmark |year=2006 |page=12 |isbn=87-635-1277-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OxJHNY6PGcC&pg=PA12}}</ref>，並已作為[[外來種]]被引入[[澳洲]]<ref name=Cleland1976>{{cite book |author=Cleland, John Burton |year=1976 |title=Toadstools and Mushrooms and Other Larger Fungi of South Australia |location=Adelaide, Australia |publisher=South Australian Government Printer |page=177}}</ref><ref name=Young2004>{{cite book |author=Young, A.M. |year=2004 |title=A Field Guide to the Fungi of Australia |publisher=University of New South Wales Press |location=New South Wales, Australia |isbn=0-86840-742-9 |page=169}}</ref>、[[紐西蘭]]<ref name=McNabb1969>{{cite journal |author=McNabb, R.F.R. |year=1969 |title=The Paxillaceae of New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=349–62 |doi=10.1080/0028825x.1969.10428850}}</ref>與[[南美洲]]的[[智利]]<ref name=Palfner04>{{cite web |url=http://www.chilefungi.cl/chi_macrofungi.htm |title=Macrofungi from Chile |author=Palfner, Götz |publisher=self |year=2004 |access-date=2011-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107045027/http://www.chilefungi.cl/chi_macrofungi.htm |archive-date=2007-01-07 }}</ref>。二戰以前卷缘桩菇在中歐與東歐都被認為在烹煮過可食<ref name=Haas1969/><ref name=Lamaison2005>{{cite book |title=The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms |author1=Lamaison, Jean-Louis |author2=Polese, Jean-Marie |year=2005 |publisher=Könemann |location=Cologne, Germany |isbn=3-8331-1239-5 |page=35}}</ref>，僅知生食後可能引起腸胃症狀<ref name=Bresinsky1990/>，但1944年德國真菌學家{{le|尤利烏斯·舍費爾|Julius Schäffer}}食用此菌後中毒身亡<ref name=Lamaison2005/><ref name=Beuchat1987>{{cite book |title=Food and Beverage Mycology |author=Beuchat, Larry R. |year=1987 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=0-442-21084-1 |page=394 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMpVKtRLht4C&pg=PA394}}</ref>，後來研究發現卷缘桩菇的一個[[抗原]]可激活[[自體免疫反應]]，使人體的免疫系統攻擊自身的[[紅血球]]，以致自體免疫性[[溶血反應|溶血]]，多發生在長期食用此菌者<ref name=Bresinsky1990>{{cite book |author1=Bresinsky, Andreas |author2=Besl, Helmut |title=A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi |year=1990 |publisher=Wolfe Publishing |location=London |pages=126–29 |isbn=0-7234-1576-5}}</ref><ref name=Flammer1985>{{cite journal |author=Flammer, René |title=[''Paxillus'' syndrome: immunohemolysis following repeated mushroom ingestion] |language=de |journal=Schweizerische Rundschau für Medizin Praxis |volume=74 |issue=37 |pages=997–99 |year=1985 |pmid=4059740}}</ref>。1990年代起本種逐漸被列為不可食用的蕈類<ref name=Marley2010>{{cite book |author=Marley, Greg |title=Chanterelle Dreams, Amanita Nightmares: The Love, Lore, and Mystique of Mushrooms |publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing |location=White River Junction, Vermont |year=2010 |pages=136–40 |isbn=978-1-60358-214-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJybhI1yWucC&pg=PA136}}</ref>，但東歐每年仍每年有人食用此菌後中毒而死<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kotowski |first1=Marcin Andrzej |last2=Pietras |first2=Marcin |last3=Łuczaj |first3=Łukasz |date=December 2019 |title=Extreme levels of mycophilia documented in Mazovia, a region of Poland |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|volume=15 |issue=1 |page=12 |doi=10.1186/s13002-019-0291-6 |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=6371552 |pmid=30755235 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arcimovič |first=Martin |date=2022-11-08 |title=13 deadliest mushrooms in the world (don't munch on these) |url=https://arcimovic.medium.com/13-deadliest-mushrooms-in-the-world-dont-munch-on-these-3e142959f42e |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Medium}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boa |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zd2NlcNZgvcC |title=Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People |publisher=FAO, Rome |year=2004 |isbn=9788170354987 |pages=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brown Rollrim |url=https://www.wildfooduk.com/mushroom-guide/brown-roll-rim/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Wild Food UK }}</ref>。

2024年4月21日 (日) 22:22的版本

卷缘桩菇
科学分类 编辑
界： 真菌界 Fungi
门： 担子菌门 Basidiomycota
纲： 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
目： 牛肝菌目 Boletales
科： 網褶菌科 Paxillaceae
属： 網褶菌屬 Paxillus
种：
卷缘桩菇 P. involutus
二名法
Paxillus involutus
(Batsch) Fr. (1838)
異名[1][2]
卷缘桩菇
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板
真菌形态特徵
子實層上有菌褶
蕈傘為扁平
子實層自基部沿蕈柄向下生長
裸露蕈柄
孢印褐色
菌根真菌
致命
皮埃尔·比利亚尔於1785年繪製的卷缘桩菇

卷缘桩菇（學名：Paxillus involutus）又稱卷边网褶菌或卷边桩菇，最早於1785年由皮埃尔·比利亚尔描述發表，當時被歸在傘菌屬[3]，但翌年由奥古斯特·巴奇發表的學名Agaricus involutus才被視作有效描述[1][4]；1838年埃利亚斯·芒努斯·弗里斯定立新屬樁菇屬，並將本種作為模式種[5]。本種外型如棕色、木質的陀螺，子實體可高約6公分[6]，蕈傘直徑為4—12公分，邊緣向下卷曲[7]；菌髓黃色且多汁，並具特殊氣味[7][8]；孢子印為棕色，擔孢子呈橢球形，長7.5—9微米，寬5—6微米[9]。許多乳菇屬物種、黑毛樁菇與耳狀網褶菌（英语：Tapinella panuoides）等蕈類的外形皆與本種相似[10][11]，另外同屬物種Paxillus obscurisporus（英语：Paxillus obscurisporus）為自本種分出，其子實體較本種為大[12]。

卷缘桩菇可與許多針葉樹或落葉樹形成外菌根（英语：Ectomycorrhiza）[13]，常在外菌根相關研究中被用作模式生物，其基因組已被完整定序[14]。有研究顯示本種與樹木共生時可增加樹木根部對土壤真菌鐮刀菌感染的抗性[15][16]，並抑制植株吸收土壤中的有害重金屬[17][18]。本種為北半球溫帶地區常見的蕈類，分布範圍包括歐洲、亞洲與北美洲[10][19]，在印度[20]、伊朗[21]、中國[22]、日本也有分布，最北可至阿拉斯加與格陵蘭[23][24]，並已作為外來種被引入澳洲[25][26]、紐西蘭[27]與南美洲的智利[28]。二戰以前卷缘桩菇在中歐與東歐都被認為在烹煮過可食[7][19]，僅知生食後可能引起腸胃症狀[9]，但1944年德國真菌學家尤利烏斯·舍費爾（英语：Julius Schäffer）食用此菌後中毒身亡[19][29]，後來研究發現卷缘桩菇的一個抗原可激活自體免疫反應，使人體的免疫系統攻擊自身的紅血球，以致自體免疫性溶血，多發生在長期食用此菌者[9][30]。1990年代起本種逐漸被列為不可食用的蕈類[31]，但東歐每年仍每年有人食用此菌後中毒而死[32][33][34][35]。

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. 1838. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [2011-06-29]. 
  2. ^ Agaricus adscendibus Bolton. Index Fungorum. CAB International. [2011-07-15]. 
  3. ^ Bulliard, J.B.F. Herbier de la France 5. Paris, France: Chez l'auteur. 1785: 192–240 （法语）. 
  4. ^ Batsch, August. Elenchus Fungorum (Discussion of Fungi), Continuatio Prima. Halle, Magdeburg, Germany: Apud Joannem J. Gebauer. 1786: 39 （拉丁语）. 
  5. ^ Fries, Elias Magnus. Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici. Uppsala, Sweden: Typographia Academica. 1838: 317 [15 July 2011]. （原始内容存档于23 September 2015） （拉丁语）. 
  6. ^ Nilson, Sven; Persson, Ole. Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. 1977: 121. ISBN 0-14-063005-8. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Haas, Hans. The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. London: Burke. 1969: 54. ISBN 0-222-79409-7. 
  8. ^ Zeitlmayr, Linus. Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook. Hertfordshire, UK: Garden City Press. 1976: 75. ISBN 0-584-10324-7. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Bresinsky, Andreas; Besl, Helmut. A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi. London: Wolfe Publishing. 1990: 126–29. ISBN 0-7234-1576-5. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Ammirati, Joseph F.; Traquair, James A.; Horgen, Paul A. Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada有限度免费查阅，超限则需付费订阅. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. 1985: 78, 293–95. ISBN 0-8166-1407-5. 
  11. ^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2012: 232–233. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861. 
  12. ^ Henrici, Alick. A key to Paxillus s.l. in Europe. Field Mycology. 2004, 5 (3): 87–88. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60560-9 可免费查阅. 
  13. ^ Taylor A.F.S.; Martin, F.; Read, D.J. Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities of Norway Spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) along north-south transects in Europe. Schulze, Ernst-Detlef (编). Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems. Ecological Studies. Berlin, Germany: Springer. 2000: 343–65. ISBN 978-3-540-67025-4. 
  14. ^ Jargeat P, Chaumeton JP, Navaud O, Vizzini A, Gryta H. The Paxillus involutus (Boletales, Paxillaceae) complex in Europe: Genetic diversity and morphological description of the new species Paxillus cuprinus, typification of P. involutus s.s., and synthesis of species boundaries 118 (1). Fungal Biology: 12-31. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.10.008. 
  15. ^ Duchesne, Luc C.; Peterson, R.L.; Ellis, Brian E. Pine root exudate stimulates the synthesis of antifungal compounds by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. New Phytologist. 1988, 108 (4): 471–76. JSTOR 2432861. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb04188.x 可免费查阅. 
  16. ^ Duchesne, Luc C.; Peterson, R.L.; Ellis, Brian E. The time-course of disease suppression and antibiosis by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. New Phytologist. 1989, 111 (4): 693–98. JSTOR 2556679. PMID 33874068. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb02364.x 可免费查阅. 
  17. ^ Dixon, Robert K. Response of ectomycorrhizal Quercus rubra to soil cadmium, nickel and lead. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 1988, 20 (4): 555–59. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(88)90072-7. 
  18. ^ Marschner, Petra; Jentschke, Georg; Godbold, Douglas L. Cation exchange capacity and lead sorption in ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil. 1998, 205 (1): 93–98. S2CID 44534073. doi:10.1023/A:1004376727051. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie. The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Cologne, Germany: Könemann. 2005: 35. ISBN 3-8331-1239-5. 
  20. ^ Mukeriji, K.G.; Manoharachary, C. Taxonomy and Ecology of Indian Fungi. New Delhi, India: I.K. International Publishing House. 2010: 204. ISBN 978-93-8002-692-3. 
  21. ^ Asef Shayan, M.R. قارچهای سمی ایران (Qarch-ha-ye Sammi-ye Iran) [Poisonous mushrooms of Iran]. Iran shenasi. 2010: 214. ISBN 978-964-2725-29-8 （波斯语）. 
  22. ^ Zhishu, Bi; Zheng, Guoyang; Taihui, Li. The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press). New York: Columbia University Press. 1993: 455. ISBN 962-201-556-5. 
  23. ^ Laursen, Gary A.; Seppelt, Rodney D. Common Interior Alaska Cryptogams: Fungi, Lichenicolous Fungi, Lichenized Fungi, Slime Molds, Mosses, and Liverworts. College, Alaska: University of Alaska Press. 2009: 60. ISBN 978-1-60223-058-3. 
  24. ^ Knudson, Henning. Arctic and Alpine Mycology 6. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press. 2006: 12. ISBN 87-635-1277-7. 
  25. ^ Cleland, John Burton. Toadstools and Mushrooms and Other Larger Fungi of South Australia. Adelaide, Australia: South Australian Government Printer. 1976: 177. 
  26. ^ Young, A.M. A Field Guide to the Fungi of Australia. New South Wales, Australia: University of New South Wales Press. 2004: 169. ISBN 0-86840-742-9. 
  27. ^ McNabb, R.F.R. The Paxillaceae of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 1969, 7 (4): 349–62. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1969.10428850. 
  28. ^ Palfner, Götz. Macrofungi from Chile. self. 2004 [2011-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2007-01-07）. 
  29. ^ Beuchat, Larry R. Food and Beverage Mycology. New York: Springer. 1987: 394. ISBN 0-442-21084-1. 
  30. ^ Flammer, René. [Paxillus syndrome: immunohemolysis following repeated mushroom ingestion]. Schweizerische Rundschau für Medizin Praxis. 1985, 74 (37): 997–99. PMID 4059740 （德语）. 
  31. ^ Marley, Greg. Chanterelle Dreams, Amanita Nightmares: The Love, Lore, and Mystique of Mushrooms. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. 2010: 136–40. ISBN 978-1-60358-214-8. 
  32. ^ Kotowski, Marcin Andrzej; Pietras, Marcin; Łuczaj, Łukasz. Extreme levels of mycophilia documented in Mazovia, a region of Poland. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. December 2019, 15 (1): 12. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 6371552 可免费查阅. PMID 30755235. doi:10.1186/s13002-019-0291-6 可免费查阅. 
  33. ^ Arcimovič, Martin. 13 deadliest mushrooms in the world (don't munch on these). Medium. 2022-11-08 [2023-12-01]. 
  34. ^ Boa, Eric. Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People. FAO, Rome. 2004: 16. ISBN 9788170354987. 
  35. ^ Brown Rollrim. Wild Food UK. [2023-12-01]. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=卷缘桩菇&oldid=82351422”