蠓科
 |
| 蠓科 Ceratopogonidae | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Culicoides sonorensis，一隻雌性的蠓
| ||||||||||||||||
| 科學分類 | ||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
| 亞科 | ||||||||||||||||
蠓科（學名：Ceratopogonidae），又名糠蚊或沙蚊（主要在澳大利亞的北領地使用[1]），是蚊下目之下的一個科。本科物種體形細小，身長一般在1–4 mm之間。與同屬搖蚊總科（Chironomoidea）的山蚋科（Thaumaleidae）、蚋科（Simulidae）及搖蚊科（Chironomidae）等物種關係密切。
他們在世界各地幾乎任何水棲或半水棲及在山區找到牠們的棲息地。幾乎所有物種的雌蟲均會以某種動物為宿主來吸血。 庫蠓屬（Culicoides）、蠛蠓屬（Forcipomyia及細蠓（Leptoconops）主要吸有脊椎動物的血。有些Atrichopogon及蠛蠓屬物種是其他較大型的昆蟲的外寄生蟲（ectoparasite）。 毛蠓屬（Dasyhelea）幾乎只吃花蜜。其他屬的物種則捕食較小型的昆蟲。 蠓科物種的若蟲總可在一些潮濕的地方發現的，例如：在樹皮底下、在腐爛的木頭裡、堆肥裡、泥裡、小溪旁、樹洞內或保水植物內（例如：phytotelmata）。
Many of the hematophagic (blood-eating) species are pests in beach or mountain habitats. Some other species are important pollinators of tropical crops such as cacao. The blood-sucking species may be vectors of disease-causing viruses, protozoa, or filarial worms. The bite of midges in the genus Culicoides causes an allergic response in equines known as sweet itch. In humans, their bites can cause intensely itchy, red welts that can persist for more than a week. The discomfort arises from a localized allergic reaction to the proteins in their saliva, which can be somewhat alleviated by topical antihistamines.
The smaller members of the family are tiny enough to pass through the apertures in typical window screens. Camping tents are often equipped with extra-fine mesh netting, called no-see-um nets, to keep the pests out.
They are known to spread Tete virus.
分類
蠓科物種大致可以分類為四個亞科[2]：
常見物種
- Culicoides impunctatus—known as the Scottish midge, or Highland midge
- Culicoides imicola
參考文獻
- Blanton, F.S. and W.W. Wirth. 1979. The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
- Borkent, A. and W.W. Wirth. 1997. World species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 233: 1–257.
- Clastrier, J. and W.W. Wirth. 1978. The Leptoconops kerteszi complex in North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1573.
- Downes, J.A. and W.W. Wirth. 1981. Chapter 28: Ceratopogonidae. Pp. 393–421. In: McAlpine, J.F., B.V. Peterson, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth, and D.M. Wood. Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27.
- Hendry, George. Midges in Scotland 4th Edition, Mercat Press, Edinburgh, 2003 ISBN 1-84183-062-3
- Mullen, G.R. and L.J. Hribar. 1988. Biology and feeding behavior of ceratopogonid larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in North America. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology 13: 60–81.
- Wirth, W.W. and F.S. Blanton. 1974. The West Indian sandflies of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1474.
- Wirth, W.W. and W.L. Grogan, Jr. 1988. The Predaceous Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae; Tribe Ceratopogonini). Flora and Fauna Handbook Number 4. E.J. Brill Publishers, Leiden. xv + 160 pp.
- Wirth, W.W., N.C. Ratanaworabhan, and D.H. Messersmith. 1977. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. XXII. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). 1. Introduction and key to genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90(3): 615–647.
- ^ Biting Midges or “Sandflies” in the NT (PDF). The Northern Territory Disease Conrtol Bulletin. 2003-09, 10 (3). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04） （英语）.|publisher=Northern Territory Government Department of Health and Community Services |first=Peter |last=Whelan |pages=12 }}
- ^ 虞以新 (编). 中国蠓科昆虫名录及其检索表. 军医医学科学出版社. 005-09 [2016-05-08] （中文（简体））.
外部連結
- British insects: the families of Diptera – Delta guides, Biodiversity and Biological Collections
- Ceratopogonidae – AAFC, Government of Canada
- The Ceratopogonidae – Inbio Site, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
- Ceratopogonid Web Page – Belmont University
- Biting midges on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
- Flying Teeth Spain Buddy Website
