黑眉信天翁
黑眉信天翁 | |
---|---|
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 鸟纲 Aves |
目: | 鸌形目 Procellariiformes |
科: | 信天翁科 Diomedeidae |
属: | 小信天翁属 Thalassarche |
种: | 黑眉信天翁 T. melanophrys
|
二名法 | |
Thalassarche melanophrys | |
異名 | |
|
黑眉信天翁(學名:Thalassarche melanophrys)是一種大型及分佈最廣和普遍的信天翁。
分類
黑眉信天翁最初是由康拉德·雅各·特明克於1828年基於在好望角發現的標本來描述的,並被分類在信天翁屬中[3]。
於1998年,有建議將坎伯信天翁從黑眉信天翁中獨立出來成為另一物種[4]。有些學者贊同這個說法[5][6],也有些並不認同[7][8]。
特徵
黑眉信天翁是中等體型,長約80-95厘米,翼展2-2.4米,平均重2.9-4.7公斤[9]。牠們的壽命可以超過70歲。翼面及背部呈鮮粉紅色,腹部及臀部呈橙色。翼底主要是白色,有不規則的黑邊。眼眉黑色,喙黃橙色,尖端呈紅橙色。雛鳥的喙呈深角色,頭部及頸圍灰色,翼底深色。
分佈及棲息地
黑眉信天翁分佈在圍繞南極的海洋,會在12個島嶼上繁殖。在大西洋,牠們分佈在福克蘭群島、迭戈拉米雷斯群島(Diego Ramírez Islands)及南喬治亞島。在太平洋,牠們分佈在坎貝爾島、安蒂波德斯群島、斯奈爾斯群島及麥誇里島。在印度洋,牠們分佈在克羅澤群島、凱爾蓋朗群島、赫德島及麥克唐納群島[10]。
地點 | 數量 | 年份 | 趨勢 |
---|---|---|---|
福克蘭群島 | 399,416對 | 2007年 | 每年下降0.7% |
南喬治亞島 | 74,296對 | 2006年 | 下降 |
智利 | 122,000對 | 2007年 | |
安蒂波德斯群島 | 不詳 | 1998年 | |
坎貝爾島 | 不詳 | 1998年 | |
赫德島 | 600對 | 1998年 | 上升 |
麥克唐納群島 | 不詳 | 1998年 | |
克羅澤群島 | 不詳 | 1998年 | |
凱爾蓋朗群島 | 不詳 | 1998年 | 下降 |
麥誇里島 | 不詳 | 1998年 | |
斯奈爾斯群島 | 不詳 | 1998年 | |
總計 | 600,000對 | 2005年 | 下降 |
於2005年估計牠們的數量有1,220,000隻,及600,853繁殖對。當中的402,571對是在福克蘭群島;72,102對在南喬治亞島;120,171對在智利;600對在赫德島;其餘的則有5,409對[3][11][12]。
牠們喜歡在大陸架上覓食。福克蘭群島的群落會飛到近巴塔哥尼亞架(Patagonian Shelf)過冬;南喬治亞島的群落則會到南非海域利用本格拉寒流來覓食;智利的群落會飛到巴塔哥尼亞架、智利架(Chilean Shelf)及遠至新西蘭過冬。牠們的最有可能在北大西洋出現的信天翁。在美國本土就約有20個觀察報告[13]。
行為
黑眉信天翁群落非常嘈吵,經常發聲來劃定自己的地盤。牠們會利用尾巴來示愛[9]。
覓食
黑眉信天翁吃魚類、烏賊、甲殼類、屍體及漁業的丟棄物[14][15][16]。牠們也會從其他物種中偷取食物[9]。
繁殖
黑眉信天翁一般會在長滿草叢的陡坡或峭壁上築巢。不過在福克蘭群島上,牠們卻會在岸邊的草坪上築巢[5]。牠們每年只會生產一次,約於9月至11月間,每次只會生一隻蛋。雙親都會協助孵化,孵化期約需68-71天。雛鳥出生後的120-130天就會換羽。幼鳥2-3歲大就會回到群落中,目的是示愛,到了10歲就可以繁殖[9]。
保育
國際自然保護聯盟基於黑眉信天翁的數量大幅下降而將之列為瀕危。在近南喬治亞島的鳥島,牠們繁殖對的數量每年就減少4%[12],而在凱爾蓋朗群島的數量於1979年至1995年就減少了17%[17]。在迭戈拉米雷斯群島的數量於1980年代就不斷下降,直到近年才有所回升[18][19]。但在福克蘭群島的數量於1980年代則有所上升[10][20],可能是因大量漁業丟棄物所致[21];不過近年當地的數量卻有大幅的下滑[11]。整體而言,牠們的數量在64年間大幅下降了67%[5]。
在南方海洋加劇使用延繩釣是令黑眉信天翁數量減少的主因[22][23][24][25]。事實上,黑眉信天翁是最易被漁業所殺死[23][24][26][27][28][29][30]。另外,拖網捕漁也令黑眉信天翁的數量減少,特別是在巴塔哥尼亞架[31]及南非附近[32]。
黑眉信天翁受到《波昂公約》及《信天翁及海燕保育公約》的保護,其數量受到監察,而繁殖地也受到保護。赫德島、麥克唐納群島、麥誇里島及新西蘭等都被列為世界遺產而獲得加以保護。
參考
- ^ Thalassarche melanophrys. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [2010-10-29].
- ^ Brands, Sheila. Systema Naturae 2000/Classification - Diomedea subg. Thalassarche -. Project: The Taxonomicon. 2008-08-14 [2009-02-22].[失效連結]
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Robertson, G.; Moreno, C. A.; Lawton, K.; Arata, J.; Valencia, J.; Kirkwood, R. An estimate of the population sizes of Black-browed (Thalassarche melanophrys) and Grey-headed (T. chrysostoma) Albatross breeding in the Diego Ramírez Archipelago, Chile. Emu. 2007, (107): 239–244.
- ^ Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998: 13–9.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 BirdLife International. Black-browed Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet. Data Zone. 2008(a) [2009-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-02).
- ^ Brooke, M. Procellariidae. Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
- ^ Clements, James. The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World 6. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 2007. ISBN 978 0 8014 4501 9.
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. A classification of the bird species of South America, South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union. South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. 2008-08-07 [2009-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2009-03-02).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Robertson, C. J. R. Albatrosses (Diomedeidae). Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (编). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator 2. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group: 120. 2003. ISBN 0 7876 5784 0.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Croxall, J. P.; Gales, R. Assessment of the conservation status of albatrosses. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Huin, N.; Reid, T. Census of the Black-browed Albatross population of the Falkland Islands, 2000 and 2005 (PDF). Falklands Conservation. 2007年4月 [2009-02-23]. (原始内容 (pdf)存档于2011-04-10).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Poncet, S.; Robertson, G.; Phillips, R. A.; Lawton, K.; Phalan, B.; Trathan, P. N.; Croxall, J. P. Status and distribution of wandering Black-browed and Grey-headed Albatrosses breeding at South Georgia. Polar Biology. 2006, (29): 772–81.
- ^ Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathan. Albatrosses. Levitt, Barbara (编). National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America fifth. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. 2006: 80. ISBN 978 0 7922 5314 3.
- ^ Cherel, Y.; Weimerskirch, H.; Trouve, C. Dietary evidence for spatial foraging segregation in sympatric albatrosses (Diomedea spp.) rearing chicks at Iles Nuageuses, Kerguelen. Marine Biology. 2002, (141): 1117–29.
- ^ Xavier, J. C.; Croxall, J. P.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. Feeding strategies and diets of breeding grey-headed and wandering albatrosses at South Georgia. Marine Biology. 2003, (143): 221–32.
- ^ Arata, J.; Robertson, G.; Valencia, J.; Lawton, K. The Evangelistas Islets, Chile: a new breeding site for black-browed albatrosses. Polar Biology. 2003, (26): 687–90.
- ^ Weimerskirch, H.; Jouventin, P. Changes in population sizes and demographic parameters of six albatross species breeding on the French sub-antarctic islands. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty and Sons. 1998: 84–91.
- ^ Schlatter, R. P. The status and conservation of seabirds in Chile. Croxall, J. P.; Evans, P. G. H.; Schreiber, R. W. (编). Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. Cambridge, U.K.: International Council for Bird Preservation (Techn. Publ.). 1984: 261–9.
- ^ Arata, J.; Moreno, C. A. Progress report of Chilean research on albatross ecology and conservation. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment. 2002.
- ^ Gales, R. Albatross populations: status and threats. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998.
- ^ Thompson, K. R.; Riddy, M. D. Utilisation of offal discards from finfish trawlers around the Falkland Islands by the Black-browed Albatross Diomedea melanophris. Ibis. 1995, (137): 198–206.
- ^ Prince, P. A.; Croxall, J. P.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. The pelagic distribtuion of South Georgia albatrosses and their relationships with fisheries. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Schiavini, A.; Frere, E.; Gandini, P.; Garcia, N.; Crespo, E. Albatross-fisheries interactions in Patagonian shelf waters. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998: 208–13.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Stagi, A.; Vaz-Ferreira, R.; Marin, Y.; Joseph, L. The conservation of albatrosses in Uruguayan waters. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998: 220–4.
- ^ Tuck, G.; Polacheck, T. Trends in tuna long-line fisheries in the Southern Oceans and implications for seabird by-catch: 1997 update (CCSBT-ERS/97). Hobart, Australia: Division of Marine Research. 1997.
- ^ Gales, R.; Brothers, N.; Reid, T. Seabird mortality in the Japanese tuna longline fishery around Australia, 1988-1995. Biological Conservation. 1998, (86): 37–56.
- ^ Murray, T. E.; Bartle, J. A.; Kalish, S. R.; Taylor, P. R. Incidental capture of seabirds by Japenese southern bluefin tuna longline vessels in New Zealand waters, 1988-1992. bird conservationalist internationalbird conservationalist international. 1993, (3): 181–210.
- ^ Ryan, P.G.; Boix-Hinzen, C. Tuna long-line fisheries off southern Africa: the need to limit seabird bycatch. South African Journal of Science. 1998, (94): 179–182.
- ^ Ryan, P. G.; Keith, D.G.; Kroese, M. Seabird bycatch by tuna longline fisheries off southern Africa, 1998-2000. South African Journal of Science. 2002, (24): 103.
- ^ Reid, T. A.; Sullivan, B. J. Longliners, black-browed albatross mortality and bait scavenging in Falkland Island waters: what is the relationship?. Polar Biology. 2004, (27): 131–9.
- ^ Sullivan, B.; Reid, T. Seabird interactions/mortality with longliners and trawlers in the Falkland/Malvinas Island waters. Unpublished report. CCAMLR-WG-FSA-02/36. 2002.
- ^ Watkins, B. P.; Petersen, S. L.; Ryan, P. G. Interactions between seabirds and deep-water hake trawl gear: an assessment of impacts in South African waters. Biological Conservation. 2007, (DRAFT).