托哥巨嘴鳥
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| Ramphastos toco Muller, 1776 |
托哥巨嘴鳥（Ramphastos toco），又名鞭苔巨嘴鳥，是最大的巨嘴鳥。牠們分佈在南美洲中部及東部半開放的環境。
特徵
托哥巨嘴鳥的羽毛主要是黑色，喉嚨、胸部及上尾底白色，下尾底呈紅色。牠們的眼睛周圍呈淺藍色，外圍呈橙色。牠們的喙巨大，呈黃橙色，下部及嘴峰呈紅橙色，尖端底部黑色。喙是空心的，故其實是很輕的。舌頭差不多與喙一樣長，形狀扁平。牠們總長55-65厘米，當中喙長20厘米，重500-860克，是最大的巨嘴鳥。[2]雄鳥較雌鳥大，但兩者相似。雛鳥較沉色，喙也較短。
分佈
托哥巨嘴鳥分佈在玻利維亞北部及東部、秘魯東南部、阿根廷北部、巴拉圭東部及中部、及巴西東部及南部。另外亦有一些群落分佈在亞馬遜河下游、巴西極北的羅賴馬州及圭亞那的沿岸地區。牠們是留鳥，但也有地區性的遷移。
棲息地及保育
托哥巨嘴鳥並非如其他鵎鵼屬般棲於森林內。牠們棲息在半開放的環境，如林地、大草原等。牠們的棲息地主要是在低地，最高至海拔1750米，位於玻利維亞近安地斯山脈的地區。牠們稍為普遍，故被列為無危。[1]
行為
托哥巨嘴鳥主要吃果實，The Toco Toucan eats fruit (e.g. figs and Passiflora edulis) using its bill to pluck them from trees, but also insects, and nestlings and eggs of birds. It also has been known to capture and eat small adult birds in captivity. The long bill is useful for reaching things that otherwise would be out-of-reach. It is also used to skin fruit and scare off predators.[3] It is typically seen in pairs or small groups. In flight it alternates between a burst of rapid flaps with the relatively short, rounded wings and gliding. Nesting is seasonal, but timing differs between regions. The nest is typically placed high in a tree and consists of a cavity, at least part of which is excavated by the parent birds themselves. It has also been recorded nesting in holes in earth-banks and terrestrial termite-nests. Their reproduction cycle is annual. The female usually lays two to four eggs a few days after mating. The eggs are incubated by both sexes and hatch after 17-18 days. These birds are very protective of themselves and of their babies.
飼養
The Toco Toucan is sometimes kept in captivity, but has a high fruit diet and is sensitive to hemochromatosis (an iron storage disease).[來源請求] There is an ongoing population management plan that should help to revert the decreasing captive population of the Toco Toucan in AZA institutions. This will be the second management plan that is occurring since 2001.[4]
參考
- ^ 1.0 1.1 BirdLife International. Ramphastos toco. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. [2009-05-14].
- ^ Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco)
- ^ KidsBiology.com - Ramphastos toco
- ^ Toco Toucan Population Management plan. Riverbanks Zoo. Accessed 2008-06-28
- Gilbert, A. (2002). Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco). Pp. 270-271 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. eds (2002). Handbook of Birds of the World. Vol. 7. Jacamars to Woodpeckers. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-37-7
- Restall, R., Rodner, C. & Lentino, M. (2006). Birds of Northern South America - An Identification Guide. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-7242-0
- Short, L. & Horne, J. (2001). Toucans, Barbets and Honeyguides. Oxford University Press, London. ISBN 0198546661
- Sick, H. (1993). Birds of Brazil - A Natural History. Princeton University Press, West Sussex. ISBN 0691085692
