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阿波罗13号

维基百科，自由的百科全书

这是本页的一个历史版本，由Woodygong（留言 | 贡献）在2006年8月12日 (六) 05:23编辑。这可能和当前版本存在着巨大的差异。

本条目描述真实的登月计划。关于同名电影，请参看阿波罗13号 (电影)。
阿波罗13号
任务徽章
任务数据
任务名称： 阿波罗13号
呼号： 指令/服务舱(CSM)：奥德赛
登月舱(LM)：水瓶座
成员： 3人
发射： 1970年4月11日
19:13:00 UTC
肯尼迪航天中心
LC 39A
飞略月球：
(近月点)		 1970年4月15日
00:21:00 UTC
距月球254.3千米
距地球400,171千米
返回： 1970年4月17日
18:07:41 UTC
21° 38' 24" S - 165° 21' 42" W
飞行时间： 5天22小时54分钟41秒
质量： CSM 28,945千克;
LM 15,235千克
成员合影
阿波罗13号成员合影(左起：洛威尔、斯威格特、海斯)
阿波罗13号成员合影
(左起：洛威尔、斯威格特、海斯)
阿波罗13号成员

阿波罗13号发射于1970年4月11日。阿波罗13号在计划中是第3次登月的任务，但是由于飞船在抵达月球前发生的严重故障，无法执行登月计划，3名宇航员最终成功返回地球。


阿波罗13号是美国的第三次载人登月任务，也是阿波罗计划中的第七次载人任务。发射两天之后，指令/服务舱中的服务舱部分中发生的一次爆炸损失了大量氧气和电力，三位宇航员不得不使用登月舱作为“救生艇”。指令舱系统虽然仍可以工作，但为了返回大气层时有足够的电力，被完全关闭了。三位宇航员事故之后经历了缺少电力、正常温度以及饮用水的问题，但仍然成功返回了地球。

任务成员

(曾执行双子星7号、12号、阿波罗8号以及阿波罗13号任务)，指令长
(曾执行阿波罗13号任务)，指令/服务舱驾驶员
(曾执行阿波罗13号任务)，登月舱驾驶员

替补成员

指令长
指令/服务舱驾驶员
登月舱驾驶员

支持团队成员

(曾执行阿波罗-联盟, STS-5, STS-41-B以及STS-51)
(曾执行天空实验室3号以及STS-3)
(曾执行天空实验室4号)
(曾执行天空实验室2号)

变更

肯·马丁利是原计划中的指令/服务舱驾驶员，但是他由于接触了风疹，在发射前3天被杰克·斯威格特替换。他后来成为担任了阿波罗16号任务的指令/服务舱驾驶员。

任务数据

氧气罐爆炸

距月球最近点

  • 1970年4月15日，00:21:00 UTC
    • 距月球约254.3公里；
    • 距地球400,171公里(此距离可能是一个记录，请参阅下文)。

请参看

名言

著名的错误的名言：“休斯顿，我们遇到问题了。”
真实的名言：“好，休斯顿，我们这里已经出问题了” [1]，出自斯威格特之口。稍后洛威尔则回报了一句类似的话：“休斯顿，我们已经出问题了。”

任务介绍

阿波罗13号任务开始时也曾出现过一次不甚闻名但同样危险的事故。第二级火箭燃烧时，中间的5号推进器提前关闭了。工程师们事后发现这个问题的起因是纵向藕合振动(pogo oscillation)，而这种情况足以把第二级火箭撕裂。当时推进器承受着16赫兹的频率，68g的重力，发动机架被拉长了7.6厘米(约3英寸)。幸运的是，震动导致了推进器压力降低，控制电脑自动将其关闭。后来，根据这个问题，This was later traced to amplification of the pogo that had occurred on previous flights by an unexpected interaction with the cavitation in the turbopumps. Later missions had anti-pogo devices, as had already been planned since before 阿波罗13号, which solved the problem.

困难

在航天器在去月球的途中离地球321,860千米时，服务舱(SM)中的2号氧气罐发生了爆炸。用于保护液氧搅拌电机动力线缆的特氟纶保温材料在通电时着火。导致液氧罐内气压超过了额定的1000lbf/in²; (7 MPa)，之后液氧罐爆炸了。这次爆炸损坏了服务仓上的其他部件，包括1号氧气罐。但在爆炸发生时，爆炸的起因还不能确定；一种推测称：是因为一个流星体的撞击导致了这次爆炸。 爆炸破坏了服务仓中的两个氧气罐，没有氧气就意味着无法为阿波罗13号的指令/服务仓提供电力，所以指令/服务仓被迫完全关闭。指令舱上载有一些电池，但这些为返回准备的电池只能提供从抛弃服务仓到溅落的大约10小时的电力，而且，这些电力要必须留做返回时使用。 阿波罗13号的成员依靠使用登月仓(LM,当时仍然连接在指令仓上)作为“救生艇”而得以幸存。

阿波罗13号被爆炸损坏的服务仓(NASA)

爆炸对指令仓的破坏意味着本次登月任务(计划登陆地点为法莫拉高地) 必须中止; a single pass around the Moon was made and the spacecraft returned to 地球 in what is called a modified circumlunar, cislunar, or free return trajectory, which goes completely around the moon in a Figure 8 geometry but is not considered a true orbit, as it is fleeting and there is no capture within the moon's gravity well. Considerable ingenuity under extreme pressure was required from both the crew and the flight controllers to figure out how to jury rig the craft for the crew's safe return, with much of the world watching the drama on television. One of the major stumbling blocks in this was that the LEM "lifeboat" was equipped to sustain two people for two days, and it would now have to sustain three people for four days. The LEM "lifeboat" procedure, was actually a procedure that was worked on/created during a training simulation (in the simulator) not long before the flight of 阿波罗13号.[1](Lovell and Kluger 83-87) 一个最大的问题是登月仓上的氢氧化锂二氧化碳过滤器不足以工作4天,而指令仓上的备用过滤器的形状又无法匹配登月仓上的过滤器插槽;所以,阿波罗13号上的乘员不得不在只使用飞船上能找到的材料的条件下制造了一个转换器。

为了能让阿波罗13号安全的回到地球，乘员们不得不进行一次意义重大的航向修正，以使飞船进入到自由回归轨道。如果可以使用服务仓上的推进器，这种航向修正的操作将十分简单。但是，航行控制员们不清楚服务仓的损坏程度，所以他们不想冒险点燃服务仓上的主发动机。所以，航向修正不得不使用登月仓上的下降发动机代替主发动机。经过广泛讨论后，地球上的工程师们认为这么做是可行的。于是在爆炸发生后的几个小时内，乘员们进行了航向修正。下降发动机在绕过月球后再次点燃以使飞船加速返回地球，之后又点燃了一次以修正航向偏移。

随着返回大气层的时间越来越近，国家航空航天局决定采取一种非常规的服务仓抛弃方式，也就是先抛弃服务仓，而保持指令仓与登月仓的连接。乘员们使用登月仓的推进器将指令仓/登月仓旋转到可以从窗口看到服务仓的角度，并从指令仓里对服务仓拍照。当乘员看到损坏了的服务仓时，他们报告说，原来覆盖在O2罐和燃料电池上的检查口盖板被炸飞了。

原本有人担心，之前在指令仓中凝结的大量水蒸气会在返回过程中严重损坏指令仓中的电路，这种损坏在启动这些电路时会显得越发明显。但事实上，那些设备在启动时工作良好，这点或多或少要归功于阿波罗1号火灾后对指令仓的修改。

A successful splashdown (NASA)

尽管海斯因进水不足加上不能排尿导致尿道感染而不得不如院治疗，阿波罗13号的乘员们还算安全的返回了地球。

虽然阿波罗13号的乘员很不走运的碰上了这样的故障，但不得不说，他们还是非常幸运的，因为这一切都是发生在他们去月球的路上，他们有最大限度的给养、设备和电力以应对困难。如果爆炸发生在月球轨道上，或者是从月球返回（抛弃登月仓之后）时，估计阿波罗13号的乘员就不太可能幸存下来了。

After the completion of the mission, there was a full investigation of the incident and the craft was modified to prevent future occurrences of the fault.

吉姆·洛威尔 and Jeffrey Kluger's book about the mission, Lost Moon, was later turned into a successful movie, 阿波罗13号, starring Tom Hanks, Bill Paxton and Kevin Bacon as the Apollo crewmen.

事故的起因

阿波罗13号上发生的爆炸引起了一场漫长的事故原因调查。由于阿波罗计划保留了详细的制造纪录和问题纪录，液氧罐几近灾难的爆炸原因最终被缩小到几个小故障的共同作用。

液态气体是很难处理的，而且大部分容器都无法密封的保存它们，所以气体膨胀的压力就不会损坏容器（很像是在密封性最好的容器里装满水，之后再放到冰箱里结冰，结果容器被胀到无法密封）。阿波罗计划中使用的液氧罐是个工程学上的奇迹，它可以装几百磅的高度压缩液态气体为飞船提供氧气、发电用的燃料（与氢反应）和燃料电池的副产品——水。单单这个罐子就可以常年安全的储藏超临界流体状态的液氧而不会让氧气蒸发，直到其设计和保温所限为止。不幸的是，这个非常有用的特性也让人们无法从内部进行检查。

这种罐子由许多基本部分组成，这些部分都与阿波罗13号的事故有关：

  • 一个温度调节装置，它可以控制罐子内的加热器以加速液氧的蒸发；
  • 一个温度计，它可以测定加热器的温度；
  • Valves and piping that were designed to allow the tank to be completely emptied of liquid by forcing gas into the tank;
  • 一层内部特氟纶涂层，用于保护电线不被极低温气体损坏；和
  • 一个内部风扇，用于搅动液氧（液氧在那种温度下如果长时间静置将会凝结）。

These were the basic design, manufacturing and operational problems that led to the accident.

  • The thermostat was originally designed to handle the 28 伏特 supply that would be used in the 指令舱. However, the specification for the tank was changed so that it had to handle 65 伏特s on the launch pad. Most of the wiring was changed to handle the higher voltage, but the thermostat was not. Engineers at Saturn V subcontractor Beechcraft, later admitted they knew they had put 65 volts through a line designed for only 28 volts. The tank then made it into the 阿波罗13号 Service Module which crippled the mission.
  • The thermometer was designed to read out at the highest operational temperature of the heater, about 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Higher temperatures registered at 100 °F, but the thermostat was supposed to cut out at 80 °F (27 °C), making higher temperatures impossible.
  • During assembly, the structure carrying the tank that failed was dropped about 2 inches (5 cm). The exterior was undamaged, but the pipes that directed flow within the tank became misaligned.
  • For ground testing the tank was filled. However, when it came time to empty it, the problem with the piping was discovered. As such, the tank could not be properly emptied except by running the heater to evaporate the liquid gas. Not using this tank would have delayed the mission and there was no alternative tank available. Lovell was aware of the decision to use the heater to evaporate the oxygen, which was calculated to take a few days at the highest operational temperature of 80 °F (27 °C).
  • However, when the heater was turned on continuously, the higher voltage fused the thermostat, which allowed the heater to keep heating up. Because the thermometer did not register temperatures higher than 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius), the monitoring equipment did not pick this up. The current recorder in the power supply showed that the heater was not cycling on and off, but no-one noticed it at the time. Instead of taking several days, the gas evaporated in hours, and the interior of the tank kept heating up, reaching an estimated 800 degrees Fahrenheit (430 °C). This burned off the teflon coating, leaving the wires inside the tank exposed.
  • The rest was inevitable. When the tank was refilled with oxygen, it became a bomb waiting to go off. The order to run the "cryo stir" to run the fans set off sparks inside the tank which led to the explosion.
  • The close proximity of the oxygen tanks exacerbated the situation. Although the second tank survived the explosion, its valves were damaged which allowed the oxygen within to leak out. In future Apollo missions, the two oxygen tanks were situated farther apart.

任务注释

  • 因为时间仓促，水瓶座号上的标牌没能更换（上面刻着马丁利的名字），航空航天局给了吉姆·洛威尔另一块标牌（上面刻着斯威格特的名字）以便他在登陆月球以后盖在原来那块上。但是因为水瓶座号没能完成登月，所以洛威尔保留了这块牌子，现在这块标牌作为仅有的几件任务纪念品之一放在洛威尔的家里。
  • As a result of following the free return trajectory, the altitude of 阿波罗13号 over the lunar far side was approximately 100 km greater than the corresponding orbital altitude on the remaining Apollo lunar missions. This could mean an all-time altitude record for human spaceflight—not even superseded as of 2006—but this may well not be the case: the variation in distance between Earth and the Moon owing to the eccentricity of the Moon's orbit about Earth is much larger than this 100 km. The Guinness Book of Records listed this flight as having the absolute altitude record for a manned spacecraft, and Lovell should have received a certificate from them attesting to this record (Lovell stated in the book Lost Moon that apart from the plaque and a couple of other pieces of salvage, the only other item he has regarding this mission was a letter from Charles Lindbergh).
  • 在阿波罗13号返回后对指令舱进行检查时发现，乘员们曾试图给返回降落伞连接一个手动开关。但事实上他们把开关连接到抛弃降落伞的控制器上了。如果当时他们决定使用这个开关，那么他们事实上是抛弃了指令舱上的降落伞，那样则无异于跳海自杀。
  • 由于阿波罗13号无法登月，但三位宇航员安全返回地球，所以此次任务被称为一次“成功的失败”。

徽章

阿波罗13号的徽章上有3匹奔马，题词Ex luna, scientia(来自月球的知识)，以及罗马数字的任务数字(13)。和阿波罗11号的徽章一起，两次任务的徽章是阿波罗计划各次任务徽章中仅有的没有任务成员名字的(考虑到发射前3天有任务成员的替换，这算得上是一次幸运的例外)。

Relics

The 指令舱 shell was formerly at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Paris. The interior components were removed during the investigation of the accident and reasembled into BP-1102A, the water egress training module, and were subsequently on display at the Museum of Natural History and Science in Louisville, Kentucky until 2000. The 指令舱 and the internal components were reasembled, and Odyssey is currently on display at the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, Hutchinson, Kansas. The lunar module burned up in Earth's atmosphere 17 April, 1970, having been targeted to enter over the Pacific Ocean to reduce the possibility of contamination from a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) on board (had the mission proceeded as planned, the RTG would have been used to power the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package, and then remained on the Moon). The RTG survived reentry (as designed) and landed in the Tonga Trench. While it will remain radioactive for approximately 2000 years, it does not appear to be releasing any of its 3.9 kg of radioactive plutonium. [2] NASA has expressed a wish that the RTG be recovered.

荧屏

  • From the Earth to the Moon has one episode devoted to the mission, from the perspective of the television reporters covering the mission.
  • 阿波罗13号(1995年) - 由朗·霍华德导演的电影，由汤姆·汉克斯、凯文·贝肯、比尔·派克斯顿扮演三位宇航员，艾德·哈里斯出演金·克兰茨。此片基于吉姆·洛威尔所著《与月球失之交臂(Lost Moon)》一书。
  • In the 1993 film Falling Down, Michael Douglas' character compares himself to the crew of 阿波罗13号, claiming that he had passed the "point of no return" as they had, thus causing them to circle the moon.
  • The 1974 movie "Houston, We've Got a Problem", while set around the 阿波罗13号 incident, is truthfully a fictional drama about the crises faced by ground personnel when the emergency disrupts their work schedules and places additional stress on their lives. Only a couple of news clips and a narrator's solemn voice deals with the actual Apollo problems. In a letter to TV Guide, astronaut Jim Lovell criticized the movie, saying it would have been safer on the stricken spaceship.

游戏

外部链接

参考文献

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：阿波罗13号
  1. ^ Lovell, Jim, and Jeffrey Kluger. 阿波罗13号. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
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