使用者:Avit4799/沙盒3
關於the hoverfly genus，請見「Ferdinandea (hoverfly)」。| 費迪南德島 | |
|---|---|
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| 頂峰深度 | 約 6米（20英尺） |
| 海底山高 | 63米（207英尺） (最大值)[1] |
| 翻譯 | （自Italian） |
| 地理位置 | |
| 位置 | 西西里島和突尼斯之間 |
| 坐標系 | 37°10′N, 12°43′E |
| 國家 |  義大利 |
| 類型 | 海底火山 |
| 最後噴發時間 | 1831 |
費迪南德島 (西西里語: Ìsula Firdinandèa) 是一個由海底火山恩培多克勒火山噴發形成的一座島嶼。位於西西里島南部約30公里（19海里）。在歷史上，火山噴發多次讓其現出水面，但由於侵蝕作用再度沉入水中，目前它成為一座海底山。它最後一次現出水面是在1831年，在當時有四個國家爭奪這座島的主權，然而在1832年，主權問題還沒解決時，費迪南德島又沉入海底。在此期間，法國地質學家康斯坦特·普雷沃斯特於1831年7月觀測到了這座島嶼並將其命名為「尤利亞島」。之後他在法國地質學會通報上發表了這一發現。[4][5] 在當時，許多地質學家擔心會有一系列的山脈從海底出現，將西西里島與突尼斯連接起來，從而對當地的地緣政治造成影響。[6]在2000年與2002年，此處顯示出火山活動的跡象，預示此島很可能再次浮出水面，但在2006年，該島仍然在海平面以下6米。
Early history
Ferdinandea lies in a volcanic area known as the Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia (Phlegraean Fields of the Sea of Sicily), in between Sicily and Tunisia in the Mediterranean Sea. Many submarine volcanoes (seamounts) exist in the region, as well as some volcanic islands such as Pantelleria. Volcanic activity at Ferdinandea was first reported during the First Punic War, and the island has appeared and disappeared four or five times.[7] Several eruptions have been reported since the 17th century.[8]
1831 eruption
Ferdinandea's most recent appearance as an island was in July 1831. The first sign of an eruption was a period of high seismic activity spanning from June 28 to July 10 reported by the nearby town of Sciacca.[1] On July 4 an odor of sulfur spread through the town reportedly in such quantities that it blackened silver.[1] On July 13, a column of smoke was clearly seen from St. Domenico. The residents believed it to be a ferry on fire.[1] On the same day, the brig Gustavo passed through the area, confirming a bubbling in the sea that the captain thought was a sea monster. Another ship reported dead fish floating in the water. By July 17, a fully grown islet had formed.[1]
The eruptions of 1831 resulted in the island increasing in size to about 4 km（2.5 mi）. However, it was composed of loose tephra, easily eroded by wave action, and when the eruptive episode ended it rapidly subsided, disappearing beneath the waves in January 1832, before the issue of its sovereignty could be resolved. Fresh eruptions in 1863 caused the island to reappear briefly before again sinking below sea level. At its maximum (in July and August 1831), it was 4,800米（15,700英尺） in circumference and 63米（207英尺） in height.[1] It sported two small lakes, the larger of which was 20公尺（66英尺） in circumference and 2米（6英尺7英寸） in depth.[1]
Dispute
Ferdinandea was subject to a four-way dispute over its sovereignty, originally claimed for the United Kingdom and given the name Graham Island. The King of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II, after whom the island was named Ferdinandea, sent ships to the nascent island to claim it for the Bourbon crown. The French Navy also made a landing, and called the island Julia. Spain also declared its territorial ambitions.[6] Each wanted the island for its useful position in the Mediterranean trade route (to England and France) and its close position to Spain and Italy.[6]
Initial conflict
In August 1831 the volcano had risen to above sea level, although still only a couple of rocks, but the British Navy thought it was very suitable as a base to control the traffic in the Mediterranean, as it was closer to the European continent than the island of Malta[來源請求]. The small volcanic point was an important strategic point in the Mediterranean to the world's largest sea force of the time, being closer to Spain and Italy than Malta, the next closest.[1] The British fleet landed, named it Graham Island, after Sir James Graham, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and planted their flag, the Union Jack.[2]
But the King of Sicily also realized its strategic significance, and dispatched the corvette Etna to claim the new land and dub it Ferdinandea in honor of King Ferdinand II. Last on the scene was Constant Prévost, a co-founder of the French Geological Society, who compared the eruption to a bottle of champagne being uncorked. He named the island Julia, because it was born in July. Diplomatic wrangling broke out.[2]
Extended conflict
For five months conflict raged in newspapers and elsewhere as the different nations fought over a roughly 60米（200英尺） high piece of basalt.[9] Tourists traveled to the island to see its two small lakes. Sailors watched it when passing by, and nobles of the House of Bourbon reportedly planned to set up a holiday resort on its beaches. None of these ideas came to light, however, as the island soon sank back beneath the waters. By December 17, 1831, officials reported no trace of it. As dynamically as the seamount appeared, it disappeared, defusing the conflict with it. [10]
Recent activity
After 1863 the volcano lay dormant for many decades, its summit just 8米（26英尺） below sea level. Following the 1986 US bombing of Libya, American warplanes mistook the shoal for a Libyan submarine and dropped depth charges on it.[11]
In 2000, renewed seismic activity around Ferdinandea led volcanologists to speculate that a new eruptive episode could be imminent, and the seamount might once again become an island.[3] To forestall a renewal of the sovereignty disputes, Italian divers planted a flag on the top of the volcano in advance of its expected resurfacing.[10] To bolster their case, Sicilians, who call it Ferdinandea, summoned the descendant of the Bourbon King of Naples. In a ceremony filmed by a flotilla of camera crews, Prince Carlo di Bourbon lowered a plaque into the waves and told cheering locals: "It will always be Sicilian." C. Lobbied by fishermen and sailors, Ignazio Cucchiara, the mayor of Sciacca, invited Prince Carlo to attend the ceremony with his wife, Countess Camilla Cruciani. To accommodate television crews the plaque was lowered well before reaching the shoal, which is a danger to shipping. Choppy waters forced divers to postpone the operation a week, until November 13, 2000.[3] The diving crew planted Sicily's flag, which features a Medusa's head surrounded by three naked legs – a sign traditionally interpreted as "keep away."
The marble plaque, weighing 150公斤（330磅）, was inscribed 「This piece of land, once Ferdinandea, belonged and shall always belong to the Sicilian people."[6] The Prince told cheering locals: 「It will always be Sicilian.」 But within six months it had been fractured into 12 pieces, mostly likely by fishing gear but possibly by vandalism.[6][5] Professor Enzo Boschi, from the Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Rome, told BBC News Online, in November 2002:
We have observed minor seismic activity, gas emissions but this is quite normal.[10]
He put the time of resurfacing at a couple of weeks or months. However, in an interview with Time magazine, Boris Behncke, a German researcher at the University of Catania's department of geological sciences in Sicily, said:
Geologically speaking, it's a possibility, But geology has a very long time scale ... We really should not be too worried.[2]
Despite showing signs in both 2000 and 2002, the seismicity did not lead to volcanic eruptions and as of 2006 Ferdinandea's summit remains about 6公尺（20英尺） below sea level. Should it reappear, Federico Eichberg, an international relations expert based in Rome, believes it would do so within Italian territorial waters — and in all probability would be formally claimed by Italy. Eichberg does not expect that a renewed international rumpus would arise, noting:
「If it's just a little island, we're not going to have a big fight over it.」[2]
Additionally, the island would not have the same strategic importance today that it had in the summer of 1831. A diplomatic disagreement would be highly improbable, and the island would likely belong to Italy. A spokeswoman for Britain's Foreign and Commonwealth Office, however, kept all options open. The British government 「would look at this if and when any island were to emerge,」 she said, adding: 「We don't want to make waves now.[2]
Significance
Scientific study
The sudden geologic phenomenon was observed and studied by numerous scientists. Among the Germans were Hoffmann, Schultz, and Philippi. Among the English were Edward Davy and Warington Wilkinson Smyth. Among the French was Constant Prévost. Among the Italians there was Scinà Domenico (1765-1837) who published his observations in the "Effeméridi Sicilians" (1832- Vol. 2), and Carlo Gemmellaro (1787–1866), teacher of geology and mineralogy at Catania University, who published "Actions of the Gioenia Academy of Catania" (1831- Vol.8).[1]
In 2006, further study revealed Ferdinandea to be just one part of the larger volcanic cone Empedocles.[12]
Marine significance
Ferdinandea is still referenced on marine charts, as its top is only 6 metres short of breaking the surface, much higher than the draft of most seafaring vessels.[9] It is also a small shoal on which near-surface maritime creatures dwell.
Coinage
In Sicily in 2000 there was produced an unofficial minting of a penny, featuring the island of Ferdinandea on one side and, unusually, a bust of Elizabeth II on the other. (Italy, including Sicily, was using the italian lira by this time and the coin did not circulate.) The designer of the coin is David Mannucci. The idea to make this coin occurred to Mannucci after he "found out the existence of the ghost island" from a newspaper article. Besides the copper piece, varieties exist in silver, copper "with protective enamel", and in silver "with protective enamel". While this Italian-made coin fittingly bears the Italian name for the island, the conflicted piece also features a bust of 「Elizabeth II D.G.R.」 and bears a British denomination.[6]
In popular culture
During its emergence it was visited by Sir Walter Scott, and it provided inspiration for James Fenimore Cooper's The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak, Alexandre Dumas, père's The Speronara and Jules Verne's Captain Antifer and The Survivors of the Chancellor. It also provided the inspiration for the isle of Leshp in Terry Pratchett's Jingo.
See also
References
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Siclian Almanac Accessed on February 11th, 2009
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Maryann Bird. Fire from The Sea. Time Magazine. March 20, 2000 [2011-10-01].
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,396512,00.html Bourbons surface to retake island - Guardian Unlimited
- ^ "Notes sur l』ile Julia pour servir a l』histoire de la formation des montagnes volcaniques" in Mémoires de la Soc. Géol. de France, 1835 ("L』exploration de île Julia")
- ^ 5.0 5.1 From out the azure main, Media monitor, London Geological Society, February 2003. Accessed February 20th, 2009.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
coinage的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Scientists discover huge underwater volcano, The Independent Online
- ^ Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia, Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, accessed 9 May 2006
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Volcanoes and Volcanism Entry. Accessed February 10, 2009
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 BBC News Story"The last time the island surfaced, diplomatic arguments arose over its ownership;" Direct Quote accessed on February 10th, 2009 引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「BBC」的
<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次 - ^ Owen, Richard. Italy stakes early claim to submerged island. Times Online. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. November 27, 2002 [5 August 2009].
- ^ Scientists discover huge underwater volcano, The Independent Online
37°10′N 12°43′E / 37.167°N 12.717°E
Template:Good article 僅在優良條目中使用！ 目前它成為一座海底山，目前它成為一座海底山，