罗哲斯

Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 - February 4, 1987) was a psychologist who was instrumental in the development of non-directive psychotherapy (Rogerian psychotherapy, also known as Person centred psychotherapy). His basic tenets were unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding demonstrated by the counselor are necessary and sufficient to create a relationship conducive to allowing the client to fully experience their phenomenological field, or self.

罗哲斯(Carl Ransom Rogers)(1902年1月8日-1987年2月4日)对“非直示式辅导”(Non-Directive Counseling)的发展起了很主要作用的心理学家。“非直示式辅导”又称为罗哲斯式心理治疗法(Rogerian psychotherapy)或“当事人中心治疗法”(Client-Centered Therapy)。罗哲斯的主要信条为辅导者本身须具备真诚(genuineness)、无条件的尊重(unconditional positive regards)和同感(empathy)，此三条件是与受助者建立关系、以致受助者能体验自己的“现象场”(phenomenal field)或自我(self)的必要条件。

Born in Oak Park, Illinois. His father was an engineer, his mother a housewife and devoted Christian. Following an education in an strict, religious and ethical environment, he became a rather isolated, independent and disciplined person, and acquired a knowledge and an appreciation for the scientific method in a practical world.

His first career choice was agriculture, followed by religion. At age 20, following his 1922 trip to Beijing for an international Christian conference, he started to doubt his religious convictions; to help him clarify his career choice, he attended to a seminar entitled 'Why am I entering the ministry?', after which he decided to change career.

罗哲斯生于Oak Park, Illinois，父亲是个工程师，母亲是个虔诚的基督徒。在严格宗教伦理教条的气氛中，他成为一个有规律、独立而寂寞的人，他也获得了以科学方法考察现实世界的知识及兴趣。大学时，他的兴趣及主修课程从农业转到宗教，在1922年到北京参加一次国际基督徒会议后，他开始怀疑自己的宗教信念。他尝试参加了一个叫做“为何我要开始牧职?”去澄清自己的职业选择，结果他决定转业。

，所过的生活正好反映他已经发展了半世纪的思想。作为一个人及一位心理专业者，他均以一种质疑的态度，对改变有深度的开放，有勇气进入未知的领域。在谈到他早年的生活时，Rogers回忆说，他拥有的家庭气氛可说是亲密温暖的，但是也。游戏不被鼓励而新教的道德则受到赞扬。它的童年非常因此他以寻求学问来替代社交上的空虚。

   大學時代，它的興趣及主修課程從農業轉到歷史，然後轉到宗教，最後轉到臨床心理學。一九六四年，在加州拉吉拉（La Jolla, California）的『西部行為科學協會』(Western Behavioral Sciences Institute)就職，在那裡，他幫助一群想要增進人際關係能力的人，並大力推動一九六０年代的『會心團體運動』。一九六八年，Rogers在拉吉拉與一些同事建立屬於他們自己的『人類研究中心』（Center for the Studies of the Person）。

He signed-up to the psychology program in Chicago, and obtained his Ph.D. in 1931. He taught and practiced at Ohio State (1940), the University of Chicago (1945) and the University of Wisconsin (1957). However, following several internal conflicts at the department of psychology of Wisconsin, Rogers became disillusioned with academia. He received an offer at La Jolla for research, where he remained, doing therapy, speeches and writing until his sudden death.

Rogers also made a significant impact upon Education Psychology, a field in which his views are generally regarded as Humanist. He also developed a theory of experiential learning, which he contrasted to what he called "cognitive learning."

Rogers' idea of the 'fully functioning person' involved the following qualities, which show marked similarities to Buddhist thinking.

   * Openness to experience
         o The accurate perception of one's feelings and experience in the world.
   * Existential living
         o Living in the present, rather than the past (gone) or the future (yet to come).
   * Organismic trusting
         o Trusting one's own thoughts and feelings as accurate. Do what comes naturally.
   * Experiential freedom
         o To acknowledge one's freedoms and take responsibility for one's own actions.
   * Creativity
         o Full participation in the world, including contributing to others' lives.

Computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum's famous 1966 computer program, Eliza tried to simulate a therapy session with a human Rogerian therapist. It works by applying simple transformation rules to the users input in order to construct questions and reflect the content of the statements that the user makes. Some people are impressed by Eliza's performance in such situations , especially when this performance is compared to the simplicity of the program. Others have noted that Eliza's responses become noncoherent when users make nonstandard statements, and that Eliza does not understand anything of what the user says. Weizenbaum described Eliza as providing a "parody" of "the responses of a nondirective Rogerian psychotherapist in an initial psychiatric interview.

Rogers and some colleagues are also the founders of "Group Encounter" (for young people, managers etc.) and of Marriage Encounter (ME).