后物质主义

后物质主义(英语：Post-materialism)是指一个后现代的新理论：指一个由个体及社会所带动的一个持续的转变，使他们从基本的物质需要中释放出来的持续革命。 “后物质主义”这个概念及相关连的“宁静革命”是由政治及社会科学家朗奴·英高赫(Ronald Inglehart)于1970年代在他的著作《宁静革命—后物质主义价值变迁》(The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics)里所提出。

概述

假设

英高赫的理论的最主要的假设，是个体对多项目标的追求，是依从一个循序的等级。因此，个体会首先追求基本生活需求标准的保证。一但基本生活所需保证了，他们的焦点会转移到非物质的物品。所以，根据英高赫对亚伯拉罕·马斯洛的需求层次理论的诠释，经常经历经济上缺乏（scarcity）的人，会把经济需要，经济增长和安全需要例如强大的国家保卫系统﹑法律与规矩等，放到一个比较高的位置。另一方面，在物质生活上过得丰足的人，会认为个人进步，自由﹑政府所给予的公民权等比较重要，从而放到一个较高位置。他们要求一个人道主义的社会，并且希望维持一个清洁而健康的环境。虽然这些未可尽归功于经济发展，但经济发展确实提供了机会，让群众转型为有组织的市民，有实力要求更公平的资源分配(Ronald Ingelhart,1990)。

This hypothesis would imply that a growing part of society becomes more post-materialist given long periods of material affluence. The post-material orientations acquired during socialisation should also be rather steadfast, because they are claimed to be a rather stable value-system value in contrast to more volatile political and social attitudes.

There are several ways of measuring post-materialism in empirical science. A rather simple, but common way is creating an index from survey respondents' patterns of responses to a series of items which were designed to measure personal political priorities:

"If you had to choose among the following things, which are the two that seem the most desirable to you?

Maintaining order in the nation.
Giving people more say in important political decisions.
Fighting rising prices.
Protecting freedom of speech.

... On the basis of the choices made among these four items, it is possible to classify our respondents into value priority groups, ranging from a 'pure' acquisitive type to a 'pure' postbourgeois type, with several intermediate categories." (Inglehart 1971: 994 f.)

The theoretical assumptions and the empirical research connected with the concept of post-materialism have received very high attention and aroused much critical discussion in human sciences. Amongst others, the validity, the stability and the causation of post-materialism has been doubted.

征象

“后物质主义”出现，标志着整体社会变得富裕之余，中产阶级却慢慢消失，与及贫富悬殊的加剧。中产阶层的消失在于整体社会变得富裕，使中产阶级从中撕裂，并向两极化发展：中产阶层中能力较佳的继续移往社会的上层，而能力较差的，慢慢与社会上的低下阶层结合。

英高赫指数

“英高赫指数”是一项有关后物质主义的指标，量度居民对保持低通胀抑或保持社会秩序的偏好。 The so-called "Inglehart-index" has been included in several surveys (e.g. General Social Survey, World Values Survey, Eurobarometer, ALLBUS). The time series in ALLBUS (German General Social Survey) is particularly comprehensive. From 1980 to 1990 the share of "pure post-materialists" increased from 13 to 31 percent in West Germany. After the economic and social stress caused by German reunification in 1990 it dropped to 23 percent in 1992 and stayed on that level afterwards (Terwey 2000: 155; ZA and ZUMA 2005). The ALLBUS-samples Sample (statistics) from the less affluent population in East Germany show much lower portions of post-materialists (1991: 15%, 1992: 10%, 1998: 12%). International data from World Values Survey 2000 show the highest percentage of post-materialists in Australia (20%) followed by Austria (30%), Canada (29%), Italy (28%), Argentina (25%), United States (25%), Sweden (22%), Netherlands (22%), Puerto Rico (22%) etc. (Inglehart et al. 2004: 384). In spite of some questions raised by these and other data, measurements of post-materialism have prima facie proven to be statistically important variables in many analyses.

后物质主义与禁欲主义

虽然现时有愈来愈多奉行后物质主义者针对大幅占有物质或资源，但我们不可把后物质主义与禁欲主义或一般的抗拒消费者相混淆。在某些场合，后物质主义被批评是一种超级的物质主义，在德国，有资料显示在年青人间、经济状况比较稳定的公共服务业者及中产的管理阶层都有超级物质主义的倾向(Pappi and Terwey 1982)。

参考

蔡志强，(2006年)，天星抗争：新社会运动的开始﹖，《明报》，2006年12月22日。
陈碧珍，(2000年)，《公民文化与地方发展》，台湾标准检验局高雄分局
Inglehart, R. (1971) The Silent Revolution in Post-Industrial Societies. In: American Political Science Review 65: 991-1017. ISSN 1537-5943
Inglehart, R. (1977) The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-10038-1
Ronald Inglehart, Miguel Basánez, Jaime Díez-Medrano, Loek Halmann and Ruud Luijkx (eds.) 2004: Human Beliefs and Values. A cross-cultural sourcebook based on the 1999-2002 values surveys. Coyoacan: siglo veintiuno editores. ISBN 968-23-2502-1
Abraham H. Maslow 1987 (1954): Motivation and Personality. 3rd edition. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-041987-3
Franz Urban Pappi and Michael Terwey 1982: The German Electorate: Old Cleavages and New Political Conflicts. In: Herbert Döring und Gordon Smith (eds.), Party Government and Political Culture in Western Germany, London: Macmillan: 174-196. ISBN 0-333-29082-8
Michael Terwey: ALLBUS: A German General Social Survey. In: Schmollers Jahrbuch. Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- un Sozalwissenschaften. Journal of Applied Social Science Studies. Nr. 120, 2000: 151-158. ISSN 0342-1783
ZA (Zentralarchiv für Empirische Sozialforschung) and ZUMA (Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen): German General Social Survey. ALLBUS / GGSS Cumulation 1980 - 2004 (ZA-Study-No 4243), Electronic Codebook, integrated Data File, and Survey Description, Cologne: GESIS.
Hansen O. et Tol R. S. A., (2003), A Refined Inglehart Index of Materialism and Postmaterialism.

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外部链接

Fifty Possible Ways to Challenge Over-Commercialism by Albert J. Fritsch, SJ, PhD