芬蘭教育
File:Finedulogo.png | |
芬蘭教育與文化 | |
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芬蘭教育與科學部 (Minister of Education and Science) 芬蘭文化與運動部 (Minister of Culture and Sport) | Sanni Grahn-Laasonen post currently vacant |
國家教育預算 (2009年) | |
年度預算 | € 11.1 billion (2100 € per capita) |
教育概況 | |
主要語言 | 芬蘭語,瑞典語 |
體系類型 | 國家 |
Current system | 1970 |
識字率 (2000年) | |
總計 | 100% |
男性 | 100% |
女性 | 100% |
在學人數 | |
總計 | n/a |
初等學校 | 99.7% (畢業) |
中等學校 | 66.2% (畢業) |
大專院校 | n/a |
就學比例 | |
中學文憑 | 54% ac., 45% voc. |
大學文憑 | 38% (of pop.)[1][2] |
中學教育與高等教育區分成學術型與職業系統 | |
芬蘭教育為無學費以及全額補助伙食的系統。目前的芬蘭教育系統包含日間托育系統(包含嬰幼兒)以及一年的「幼兒園」(pre-school)(或稱幼稚園供六歲兒童就讀);9年的義務教育(7歲開始到15歲)為綜合型;義務教育後發展為學術型以及職業教育;高等教育(大學以及應用科技大學);以及成人(終身教育)。芬蘭的教育政策為透過政府補助下建構出實現平等以及提供優質的綜合型教育系統,而不用淘汰,分組或是放棄任何一位學生。[3] 其中一項教育政策是廣泛地提供教育系統,這樣使學生得以就近念書,如果還是無法就近念書,如農村地區,則在偏遠地區提供免費交通運輸系統。包含特殊教育在內,在課堂的教學工作,儘量減少程度落差也是北歐式的教育特色。[3]
經過九年的基礎教育課程後,學生在16歲時可以選擇繼續中學教育(secondary education)進入學術性的文理中學(芬蘭語:lukio),或是職業性的職業高中(芬蘭語:ammattikoulu)。兩者皆就讀三年,並且可以接續就讀高等教育。高等教育分成「一般大學」(University) 以及科技大學(芬蘭語ammattikorkeakoulu)系統。一般大學提供學士到博士學位。過去,只有大學畢業生可以就讀更高的學位,不過自從簽訂博洛尼亞進程後,任何大學同等學位的學生都可以就讀更高的學位。在芬蘭有17間大學以及27間科技大學。
2008年的聯合國出版的人類發展指數中的教育指數中,根據2006年的資料,芬蘭為 0.993,與澳大利亞,丹麥,紐西蘭並列世界第一。 [4] 芬蘭教育部(Finnish Ministry of Education)將這項成就歸功於「教育系統(統一的基礎教育),高度專業的教師以及給予學校自主權。」[5]
芬蘭教育在國際學生能力評估計劃也名列前茅,雖然最近幾年的表現不再頂標。2012年的報告中,芬蘭在閱讀方面名列第六,數學十二,科學第五。2003年時,芬蘭在科學及閱讀都是名列第一,數學第二。[6] 世界經濟論壇(World Economic Forum)將芬蘭的高等教育排名第一。[7]
早期兒童教育
在芬蘭,高品質的日間以及兒童照顧中心,均認為替兒童發展終身合作以及溝通技巧,是如同學習閱讀以及數學的重要工作。這段準備期間會持續到 7 歲。
芬蘭的幼兒教育強調尊重每個孩童的個性,並使每個孩童都有機會發展。芬蘭的早期教育也領導孩童發展社交以及互動技巧,鼓勵孩童注意其他人的需要以及興趣,「在乎其他人」(to care about others),以及對其他人,文化以及環境保持正面態度。逐步提供獨立精神的目的為讓孩童都能成為「照顧自己的成人,並有能力做負責任的決定,並積極參與社會的公民,並關心其他需要幫忙的人。」[8]
為了培養閱讀文化,新生兒的父母會收到三本書,兩本給父母,一本給小孩,這是「產婦包」(Maternity package)裡面的物件之一。[9] 根據芬蘭兒童發展專家 Eeva Hujala 表示:「早期教育是終身學習最初以及最重要的階段。神經學研究顯示在最初的五年間,大腦將會發育 90% ,85% 的神經路徑會於小學前發育(芬蘭的小學為七歲開始)。」[10] 家庭照顧(Care)在此語境下等於教養以及被視為家長與社會互相合作讓孩童的物質(適當飲食,保持潔淨)以及心靈上(溝通,社交意識,同情,自我反省等)各方面都在七歲的正式教育前開始。這個概念是,在七隨前透過遊戲中學習,在正式上學時就可以保持熱衷學習的態度。
芬蘭從1990年開始啟動全面的免費日間兒童照顧計畫(Daycare),照顧八個月大到五歲的嬰幼兒。以及從1996年開始啟用為期一年的「預備學校/幼兒園」(preschool/kindergarten),接受六歲的兒童。日間兒童照顧計畫包含全日制的兒童照顧中心以及各種成人監督的市區遊樂場所,供父母與小孩陪同。政府補助母親在家庭照顧,並提供可選擇性的前三年的「家庭照顧」(home daycare)。在某些情況下,會包含照顧員訪視家庭瞭解家庭環境是否適當。[11] 地方兒童照顧服務(無論是自費或是接受地方或中央政府補助)的照顧員與孩童的比例,3歲以下為:3位照顧員(一名教師與兩名護理師)對12名幼兒(或是一對四);4到六歲的比例為:3位照顧員(一名教師與兩名護理師)對20位幼童(或是一對七)。付費方式依照家庭收入比例調整,最大不得超過一個月200歐元。[12] 根據參觀過的學者 Pepa Ódena 表示:「不是在裡面被教育,而是學習。孩童透過遊戲學習。這個理念在我們訪問過的學校都是如此,教師也是這麼說,參觀的人看到的也是如此」[13]
早期兒童教育雖然不是強制性質,但是在芬蘭幾乎都這麼做。赫爾辛基教育部門的 Eeva Penttilä 解釋:「我們認為兒童應有照顧以及學前教育的權利。」「這不是你去工作的時候把小孩丟在那裡不管。這是你的孩子可以一邊學習一邊交友的地方,好的父母都會把小孩放置照護中心。這跟貧富無關。」[14]
對幼兒園的學童來說重點放在「學習怎麼學習」(learn how to learn), Penttilä 女士表示。「並不把重點放在閱讀或數學,而是在自然,動物以及『生命循環』。」[14]
基礎綜合教育
學術性大學 | 科技大學 | 年齡 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
博士 | 就業 | ||||
準博士(licentiate) | |||||
碩士 | 碩士 (新增) | +2-3 | |||
學士 | 學士 | +3-4 | |||
高級中學 (選擇性就讀) | 技術型高級中學 (選擇性就讀) | 18-19 | |||
17-18 | |||||
16-17 | |||||
綜合學校(comprehensive school) (義務教育) | 15-16 | ||||
14-15 | |||||
13-14 | |||||
12-13 | |||||
11-12 | |||||
10-11 | |||||
9-10 | |||||
8-9 | |||||
7-8 | |||||
幼兒園(pre-school) | 6-7 |
芬蘭的基本義務教育為九年的綜合學校(comprehensive school) (芬蘭語為 「peruskoulu」,芬蘭式瑞典語(Finland-Swedish)為「grundskola」,意即「基本學校」),此為強制性教育(雖然也有在家自學,但少見)。在芬蘭的學校沒有「資優」教育,而增加更多幫助學習緩慢的學生的課程。
芬蘭的學校到大學階段幾乎都是由芬蘭的地方政府負責補助和管理。有少數的私立學校。成立私立學校需要由芬蘭的地方議會通過。一旦通過,私立學校也可獲得如公立學校同樣程度的補助。然而,即使是私立學校,依然不可收費,並且禁止挑選學生。因此,私立學校必須接收所有如同公立學校一樣程度的學生。除此之外,私立學校也必須提供如公立學校所提供給學生的同等待遇。因此,在芬蘭的私立學校大都是宗教學校或是華德福教育的學校,並且必須採綜合型。
芬蘭的教師都可加入公會,雖然遵守課綱但是依然有很大程度的自主權,並且可以自行選擇教科書。[15]
芬蘭的課堂都是小班教學,一個班級通常不多或是少於 20 名學生。[16] 一開始就設計學生將學習兩種語言(通常是芬蘭語和瑞典語),而從一到九年級間,學生將每週從4到9節課間選讀藝術,音樂,烹飪,木工,金屬加工,編織等課程。[17] 小班教學是由教師公會所要求,[來源請求] 與學生的學習成就有關。[18] 在班級內,氣氛相當輕鬆,建築物保持整潔,因此學生通常穿著襪子而非鞋子。校園強調戶外活動,即使是最寒冷的天氣,而回家作業都極少量讓時間可以保留到戶外活動。[19] 除了學校的音樂課,許多學生都會參加課外的政府補助的音樂學校。[20] 只要繳少量的學費,即可學習一項樂器當作興趣或是基本發音以及音樂理論等等。[21]
芬蘭積極鼓勵為樂趣閱讀(芬蘭比其他國家出版更多兒童書籍)。電視節目播放外國節目時會附上原語言以及字幕,這樣芬蘭兒童就算看電視也可以閱讀。[22]
在綜合學校的第一年,口頭評價比正式評分還多。 數字的評分依照不同學校規定。一般常見的為,一年兩次的評價卡:在秋天結束以及春季兩次。並沒有高壓性測驗(high-stakes tests)。
評分都在 4到10之間,只有個別的測驗中有這樣的分數,禁止出現在學校年度評分或是基本教育證書上。在評分上允許出現'½',意思是半級,以及「+」和「–」,代表增減四分之一。舉例來說,評分大小順序從「9 < 9+ < 9½ < 10– < 10」。「10+」級分用來鼓勵表現特別努力的學生身上。
如果一位學生在春季成績單上的單獨科目中拿到 4 級分,則必須在夏季結束時舉行單獨測驗以了解是否有進步。如果學生收到多項成績不合格,則必須重讀一年,並且替這位學生提供額外的幫忙與輔導。在極少數的情況下才會遇到學生需要留級,必須由教師群以及校長跟學生以及學生家長多方會談後決定。
綜合學校的學生享受許多社會福利,包括學校健保以及免費午餐,並且提供一天所需營養的三分之一。[23] 除此之外,學生有權獲得免費課本講義等,以及提供給離校過於偏遠地區的學生免費交通工具(或是住宿)。
參考資料
- ^ The Most Educated Countries in the World
- ^ And the World’s Most Educated Country Is…
- ^ 3.0 3.1 "Ari Antikainen & Anne Luukkainen of the Department of Sociology, University of Joensuu, Finland, "Twenty- five Years of Educational Reform Initiatives in Finland".
- ^ Human development indices (PDF). Human Development Reports. 2008-12-18 [2010-02-16].
- ^ Background for Finnish PISA success. [2012-08-07].
- ^ Hallamaa, Teemu. Pisa-tulokset julki: Suomi pudonnut matematiikassa 10 sijaa yhdeksässä vuodessa. YLE Uutiset. 3 December 2013 [7 April 2014] (Finnish).
- ^ Global Economic forum. The global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014 (PDF). [9 May 2014].
- ^ Anneli Niikko, "Finnish Daycare: Caring, Education and Instruction", in Nordic Childhoods and Early Education: Philosophy, Research, Policy and Practice in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, Series: International Perspectives on Educational Policy, Research (Information Age Publishing Inc., 2006), 141
- ^ According to Eeva Penttilä,, Director of International Relations for the Finland Education Department (City of Helsinki), "When a child is born in Finland, every mother gets a box (maternity package) from the Mother Care Center which consists of the first bed the baby has...[and]... three books. There is a book for the mother, a book for the father, and a book for the baby. Of course the baby book has...mainly those faces that babies easily can see. This indicates to the parents that for this new member of the family, you have to read. Reading to the baby is so important. I was amazed when I read somewhere that when you consider our population, we produce more children's books than any other country does. One thing you can’t do here is to buy good education for your child. Everything is free including universities. Every child is a self made person in this kind of a system because whatever your background is, you can make it but if you don’t make it, whatever your father is, you will drop down because we do not have this elite. The school meals are also free... Education isn’t even free in China. If I count the taxation from my salary, it goes somewhere about 60 percent. I am a happy taxpayer because my grandchildren get everything they need for free.” Eeva Penttilä, quoted in Leo R. Sandy, "Education in Finland", New Hampshire Journal of Learning Vol 10 (April 2007)
- ^ Hujala continues, "Early education has also been shown to be economically and socially beneficial. The long term benefit of early education exceeds the economic costs. In addition, children’s participation in early childhood education is a significant promoter of social equality (Kajonoja, 2005; Woodhead, 2004). The effectiveness of early childhood education on both on children’s social and cognitive development has been demonstrated. For instance, the results of the PISA of 2003 demonstrated the long-term effects of early childhood education on school achievement, including the fact that children who had participated in early childhood education performed significantly better in mathematics in secondary school. French research, on the other hand, has demonstrated a connection between participation in early childhood education and experiences of success in the lower school (El Pan-European Structure Policy on ECE [2006]). The connection between early childhood education and school success was highly significant among children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Thus, early childhood education is a significant source for enhancing social equality. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that the effectiveness of early childhood education lies in its ability to promote children’s communication and cooperation skills. See Eeva Hujala, “The Development of Early Childhood as an Academic Discipline in Finland”, Nordic Early Childhood Education Research, Vol. 1, no. 1 (2008).
- ^ Burridge, Tom. Tom Burrage, "Why Do Finland’s Schools Get the Best Results?" ''BBC News''. BBC News. 2010-04-07 [2012-06-27].
- ^ Pepa Ódena, "Finland Early Childhood education". Xtec.es. [2012-06-27].
- ^ Ódena, "Finland Early Childhood Education", cit.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Maria Jiménez, “Early Education’s Top Model: Finland”, The Toronto Globe and Mail
- ^ "In contrast to the United States: "almost every teacher and principal in Finland belongs to the same union. The union works closely with the Ministry of Education to improve the quality of education, and it negotiates for better salaries, benefits, and working conditions for educators." See Diane Ravitch, "How and How Not to Improve Our Schools", New York Review of Books (March 22, 2012). In the United States, the Taft Hartley Act, enacted in 1947 over President Truman's veto by a conservative congress, prohibits supervisors from engaging in union activities.
- ^ ''The Hechinger Report'', "What We Can Learn From Finland: A Q&A with Dr. Pasi Sahlberg" (December 9, 2010). Hechingerreport.org. 2010-12-09 [2012-06-27].
- ^ "These classes provide natural venues for learning math and science, nurture critical cooperative skills, and implicitly cultivate respect for people who make their living working with their hands," Samuel E. Abrams, "The Children Must Play: What the United States can learn from Finland about Education Reform", The New Republic (January 28, 2011).
- ^ "In grades seven through nine, for instance, classes in science—the subject in which Finnish students have done especially well on PISA—are capped at 16 so students may do labs each lesson," Samuel E. Abrams, "The Children Must Play" (2011), cit.
- ^ Asked about the many hours Asian students spend in school, Dr. Pasi Sahlberg, of Finland's Education Department told Justin Snider of the Hechinger Report (December 9, 2010 : "There’s no evidence globally that doing more of the same [instructionally] will improve results. An equally relevant argument would be, let’s try to do less. Increasing time comes from the old industrial mindset. The important thing is ensuring school is a place where students can discover who they are and what they can do. It’s not about the amount of teaching and learning."
- ^ Graeme Smith, Head of Croydon Music and Arts, "Lessons in Education and Music from Finland".
- ^ The Kodály method was adopted enthusiastically in the 1950s. "Nowadays, the Kodály method is not the predominant method anymore, because music teachers have become more familiar with other methods and philosophies as well. But the Kodály philosophy still affects the point of view that many Finnish music educators have.
- Music is a prime necessity of life.
- Only music of the highest quality is good enough for children.
- Music education must begin nine months before the birth of the child.
- Music instruction must be a part of general education for everyone.
- The ear, the eye, the hand, and the heart must all be trained together.
- ^ In Finland, “Reading to children, telling them folk tales, and going to the library are all high status activities,” Leo R. Sandy, "Education in Finland" (2007), cit.
- ^ Nutrition in Finland. Ktl.fi. [2012-06-27].