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芬兰教育

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芬兰教育
File:Finedulogo.png
芬兰教育与文化
芬兰教育与科学部
(Minister of Education and Science)
芬兰文化与运动部
(Minister of Culture and Sport)
Sanni Grahn-Laasonen
post currently vacant
国家教育预算 (2009年)
年度预算€ 11.1 billion (2100 € per capita)
教育概况
主要语言芬兰语瑞典语
体系类型国家
Current system1970
识字率 (2000年)
总计100%
男性100%
女性100%
在学人数
总计n/a
初等学校99.7% (毕业)
中等学校66.2% (毕业)
大专院校n/a
就学比例
中学文凭54% ac., 45% voc.
大学文凭38% (of pop.)[1][2]
中学教育与高等教育区分成学术型与职业系统

芬兰教育为无学费以及全额补助伙食的系统。目前的芬兰教育系统包含日间托育系统(包含婴幼儿)以及一年的“幼儿园”(pre-school)(或称幼稚园供六岁儿童就读);9年的义务教育(7岁开始到15岁)为综合型;义务教育后发展为学术型以及职业教育;高等教育(大学以及应用科技大学);以及成人(终身教育)。芬兰的教育政策为透过政府补助下建构出实现平等以及提供优质的综合型教育系统,而不用淘汰,分组或是放弃任何一位学生。[3] 其中一项教育政策是广泛地提供教育系统,这样使学生得以就近念书,如果还是无法就近念书,如农村地区,则在偏远地区提供免费交通运输系统。包含特殊教育在内,在课堂的教学工作,尽量减少程度落差也是北欧式的教育特色。[3]

经过九年的基础教育课程后,学生在16岁时可以选择继续中学教育(secondary education)进入学术性的文理中学(芬兰语:lukio),或是职业性的职业高中(芬兰语:ammattikoulu)。两者皆就读三年,并且可以接续就读高等教育。高等教育分成“一般大学”(University) 以及科技大学(芬兰语ammattikorkeakoulu)系统。一般大学提供学士到博士学位。过去,只有大学毕业生可以就读更高的学位,不过自从签订博洛尼亚进程后,任何大学同等学位的学生都可以就读更高的学位。在芬兰有17间大学以及27间科技大学。

2008年的联合国出版的人类发展指数中的教育指数中,根据2006年的资料,芬兰为 0.993,与澳大利亚丹麦新西兰并列世界第一。 [4] 芬兰教育部(Finnish Ministry of Education)将这项成就归功于“教育系统(统一的基础教育),高度专业的教师以及给予学校自主权。”[5]

芬兰教育在国际学生能力评估计划也名列前茅,虽然最近几年的表现不再顶标。2012年的报告中,芬兰在阅读方面名列第六,数学十二,科学第五。2003年时,芬兰在科学及阅读都是名列第一,数学第二。[6] 世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum)将芬兰的高等教育排名第一。[7]


早期儿童教育

在芬兰,高品质的日间以及儿童照顾中心,均认为替儿童发展终身合作以及沟通技巧,是如同学习阅读以及数学的重要工作。这段准备期间会持续到 7 岁。

芬兰的幼儿教育强调尊重每个孩童的个性,并使每个孩童都有机会发展。芬兰的早期教育也领导孩童发展社交以及互动技巧,鼓励孩童注意其他人的需要以及兴趣,“在乎其他人”(to care about others),以及对其他人,文化以及环境保持正面态度。逐步提供独立精神的目的为让孩童都能成为“照顾自己的成人,并有能力做负责任的决定,并积极参与社会的公民,并关心其他需要帮忙的人。”[8]

为了培养阅读文化,新生儿的父母会收到三本书,两本给父母,一本给小孩,这是“产妇包”(Maternity package)里面的物件之一。[9] 根据芬兰儿童发展专家 Eeva Hujala 表示:“早期教育是终身学习最初以及最重要的阶段。神经学研究显示在最初的五年间,大脑将会发育 90% ,85% 的神经路径会于小学前发育(芬兰的小学为七岁开始)。”[10] 家庭照顾(Care)在此语境下等于教养以及被视为家长与社会互相合作让孩童的物质(适当饮食,保持洁净)以及心灵上(沟通,社交意识,同情,自我反省等)各方面都在七岁的正式教育前开始。这个概念是,在七随前透过游戏中学习,在正式上学时就可以保持热衷学习的态度。

芬兰从1990年开始启动全面的免费日间儿童照顾计划(Daycare),照顾八个月大到五岁的婴幼儿。以及从1996年开始启用为期一年的“预备学校/幼儿园”(preschool/kindergarten),接受六岁的儿童。日间儿童照顾计划包含全日制的儿童照顾中心以及各种成人监督的市区游乐场所,供父母与小孩陪同。政府补助母亲在家庭照顾,并提供可选择性的前三年的“家庭照顾”(home daycare)。在某些情况下,会包含照顾员访视家庭了解家庭环境是否适当。[11] 地方儿童照顾服务(无论是自费或是接受地方或中央政府补助)的照顾员与孩童的比例,3岁以下为:3位照顾员(一名教师与两名护理师)对12名幼儿(或是一对四);4到六岁的比例为:3位照顾员(一名教师与两名护理师)对20位幼童(或是一对七)。付费方式依照家庭收入比例调整,最大不得超过一个月200欧元。[12] 根据参观过的学者 Pepa Ódena 表示:“不是在里面被教育,而是学习。孩童透过游戏学习。这个理念在我们访问过的学校都是如此,教师也是这么说,参观的人看到的也是如此”[13]

早期儿童教育虽然不是强制性质,但是在芬兰几乎都这么做。赫尔辛基教育部门的 Eeva Penttilä 解释:“我们认为儿童应有照顾以及学前教育的权利。”“这不是你去工作的时候把小孩丢在那里不管。这是你的孩子可以一边学习一边交友的地方,好的父母都会把小孩放置照护中心。这跟贫富无关。”[14]

对幼儿园的学童来说重点放在“学习怎么学习”(learn how to learn), Penttilä 女士表示。“并不把重点放在阅读或数学,而是在自然,动物以及‘生命循环’。”[14]

基础综合教育

芬兰的教育
学术性大学 科技大学 年龄
博士 就业
准博士(licentiate)
硕士 硕士 (新增) +2-3
学士 学士 +3-4
高级中学 (选择性就读) 技术型高级中学 (选择性就读) 18-19
17-18
16-17
综合学校(comprehensive school) (义务教育) 15-16
14-15
13-14
12-13
11-12
10-11
9-10
8-9
7-8
幼儿园(pre-school) 6-7

芬兰的基本义务教育为九年的综合学校(comprehensive school) (芬兰语为 “peruskoulu”,芬兰式瑞典语(Finland-Swedish)为“grundskola”,意即“基本学校”),此为强制性教育(虽然也有在家自学,但少见)。在芬兰的学校没有“资优”教育,而增加更多帮助学习缓慢的学生的课程。

芬兰的学校到大学阶段几乎都是由芬兰的地方政府负责补助和管理。有少数的私立学校。成立私立学校需要由芬兰的地方议会通过。一旦通过,私立学校也可获得如公立学校同样程度的补助。然而,即使是私立学校,依然不可收费,并且禁止挑选学生。因此,私立学校必须接收所有如同公立学校一样程度的学生。除此之外,私立学校也必须提供如公立学校所提供给学生的同等待遇。因此,在芬兰的私立学校大都是宗教学校或是华德福教育的学校,并且必须采综合型。

芬兰的教师都可加入公会,虽然遵守课纲但是依然有很大程度的自主权,并且可以自行选择教科书。[15]

芬兰的课堂都是小班教学,一个班级通常不多或是少于 20 名学生。[16] 一开始就设计学生将学习两种语言(通常是芬兰语和瑞典语),而从一到九年级间,学生将每周从4到9节课间选读艺术,音乐,烹饪,木工,金属加工,编织等课程。[17] 小班教学是由教师公会所要求,[来源请求] 与学生的学习成就有关。[18] 在班级内,气氛相当轻松,建筑物保持整洁,因此学生通常穿着袜子而非鞋子。校园强调户外活动,即使是最寒冷的天气,而回家作业都极少量让时间可以保留到户外活动。[19] 除了学校的音乐课,许多学生都会参加课外的政府补助的音乐学校。[20] 只要缴少量的学费,即可学习一项乐器当作兴趣或是基本发音以及音乐理论等等。[21]

芬兰积极鼓励为乐趣阅读(芬兰比其他国家出版更多儿童书籍)。电视节目播放外国节目时会附上原语言以及字幕,这样芬兰儿童就算看电视也可以阅读。[22]

在综合学校的第一年,口头评价比正式评分还多。 数字的评分依照不同学校规定。一般常见的为,一年两次的评价卡:在秋天结束以及春季两次。并没有高压性测验(high-stakes tests)。

评分都在 4到10之间,只有个别的测验中有这样的分数,禁止出现在学校年度评分或是基本教育证书上。在评分上允许出现'½',意思是半级,以及“+”和“–”,代表增减四分之一。举例来说,评分大小顺序从“9 < 9+ < 9½ < 10– < 10”。“10+”级分用来鼓励表现特别努力的学生身上。

如果一位学生在春季成绩单上的单独科目中拿到 4 级分,则必须在夏季结束时举行单独测验以了解是否有进步。如果学生收到多项成绩不合格,则必须重读一年,并且替这位学生提供额外的帮忙与辅导。在极少数的情况下才会遇到学生需要留级,必须由教师群以及校长跟学生以及学生家长多方会谈后决定。

综合学校的学生享受许多社会福利,包括学校健保以及免费午餐,并且提供一天所需营养的三分之一。[23] 除此之外,学生有权获得免费课本讲义等,以及提供给离校过于偏远地区的学生免费交通工具(或是住宿)。

参考资料

  1. ^ The Most Educated Countries in the World
  2. ^ And the World’s Most Educated Country Is…
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 "Ari Antikainen & Anne Luukkainen of the Department of Sociology, University of Joensuu, Finland, "Twenty- five Years of Educational Reform Initiatives in Finland".
  4. ^ Human development indices (PDF). Human Development Reports. 2008-12-18 [2010-02-16]. 
  5. ^ Background for Finnish PISA success. [2012-08-07]. 
  6. ^ Hallamaa, Teemu. Pisa-tulokset julki: Suomi pudonnut matematiikassa 10 sijaa yhdeksässä vuodessa. YLE Uutiset. 3 December 2013 [7 April 2014] (Finnish). 
  7. ^ Global Economic forum. The global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014 (PDF). [9 May 2014]. 
  8. ^ Anneli Niikko, "Finnish Daycare: Caring, Education and Instruction", in Nordic Childhoods and Early Education: Philosophy, Research, Policy and Practice in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, Series: International Perspectives on Educational Policy, Research (Information Age Publishing Inc., 2006), 141
  9. ^ According to Eeva Penttilä,, Director of International Relations for the Finland Education Department (City of Helsinki), "When a child is born in Finland, every mother gets a box (maternity package) from the Mother Care Center which consists of the first bed the baby has...[and]... three books. There is a book for the mother, a book for the father, and a book for the baby. Of course the baby book has...mainly those faces that babies easily can see. This indicates to the parents that for this new member of the family, you have to read. Reading to the baby is so important. I was amazed when I read somewhere that when you consider our population, we produce more children's books than any other country does. One thing you can’t do here is to buy good education for your child. Everything is free including universities. Every child is a self made person in this kind of a system because whatever your background is, you can make it but if you don’t make it, whatever your father is, you will drop down because we do not have this elite. The school meals are also free... Education isn’t even free in China. If I count the taxation from my salary, it goes somewhere about 60 percent. I am a happy taxpayer because my grandchildren get everything they need for free.” Eeva Penttilä, quoted in Leo R. Sandy, "Education in Finland", New Hampshire Journal of Learning Vol 10 (April 2007)
  10. ^ Hujala continues, "Early education has also been shown to be economically and socially beneficial. The long term benefit of early education exceeds the economic costs. In addition, children’s participation in early childhood education is a significant promoter of social equality (Kajonoja, 2005; Woodhead, 2004). The effectiveness of early childhood education on both on children’s social and cognitive development has been demonstrated. For instance, the results of the PISA of 2003 demonstrated the long-term effects of early childhood education on school achievement, including the fact that children who had participated in early childhood education performed significantly better in mathematics in secondary school. French research, on the other hand, has demonstrated a connection between participation in early childhood education and experiences of success in the lower school (El Pan-European Structure Policy on ECE [2006]). The connection between early childhood education and school success was highly significant among children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Thus, early childhood education is a significant source for enhancing social equality. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that the effectiveness of early childhood education lies in its ability to promote children’s communication and cooperation skills. See Eeva Hujala, “The Development of Early Childhood as an Academic Discipline in Finland”, Nordic Early Childhood Education Research, Vol. 1, no. 1 (2008).
  11. ^ Burridge, Tom. Tom Burrage, "Why Do Finland’s Schools Get the Best Results?" ''BBC News''. BBC News. 2010-04-07 [2012-06-27]. 
  12. ^ Pepa Ódena, "Finland Early Childhood education". Xtec.es. [2012-06-27]. 
  13. ^ Ódena, "Finland Early Childhood Education", cit.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Maria Jiménez, “Early Education’s Top Model: Finland”, The Toronto Globe and Mail
  15. ^ "In contrast to the United States: "almost every teacher and principal in Finland belongs to the same union. The union works closely with the Ministry of Education to improve the quality of education, and it negotiates for better salaries, benefits, and working conditions for educators." See Diane Ravitch, "How and How Not to Improve Our Schools", New York Review of Books (March 22, 2012). In the United States, the Taft Hartley Act, enacted in 1947 over President Truman's veto by a conservative congress, prohibits supervisors from engaging in union activities.
  16. ^ ''The Hechinger Report'', "What We Can Learn From Finland: A Q&A with Dr. Pasi Sahlberg" (December 9, 2010). Hechingerreport.org. 2010-12-09 [2012-06-27]. 
  17. ^ "These classes provide natural venues for learning math and science, nurture critical cooperative skills, and implicitly cultivate respect for people who make their living working with their hands," Samuel E. Abrams, "The Children Must Play: What the United States can learn from Finland about Education Reform", The New Republic (January 28, 2011).
  18. ^ "In grades seven through nine, for instance, classes in science—the subject in which Finnish students have done especially well on PISA—are capped at 16 so students may do labs each lesson," Samuel E. Abrams, "The Children Must Play" (2011), cit.
  19. ^ Asked about the many hours Asian students spend in school, Dr. Pasi Sahlberg, of Finland's Education Department told Justin Snider of the Hechinger Report (December 9, 2010 : "There’s no evidence globally that doing more of the same [instructionally] will improve results. An equally relevant argument would be, let’s try to do less. Increasing time comes from the old industrial mindset. The important thing is ensuring school is a place where students can discover who they are and what they can do. It’s not about the amount of teaching and learning."
  20. ^ Graeme Smith, Head of Croydon Music and Arts, "Lessons in Education and Music from Finland".
  21. ^ The Kodály method was adopted enthusiastically in the 1950s. "Nowadays, the Kodály method is not the predominant method anymore, because music teachers have become more familiar with other methods and philosophies as well. But the Kodály philosophy still affects the point of view that many Finnish music educators have.
    • Music is a prime necessity of life.
    • Only music of the highest quality is good enough for children.
    • Music education must begin nine months before the birth of the child.
    • Music instruction must be a part of general education for everyone.
    • The ear, the eye, the hand, and the heart must all be trained together.
    Different methods do not, however, exclude each other. They have different approaches to teaching music, and they emphasize different things: for example, Kodály emphasizes singing and purity of tone, Orff playing instruments, Suzuki listening, and Dalcroze learning by moving. Therefore, all of them have something to give, and they can be used together (Säätelä)". Soili Hietaniemi, "Early Childhood Music Education in Finland," 2005. In addition to these after-school programs, these institutes also offer music playschools for babies and toddlers from the age of three months and up, which are quite popular with music-loving Finnish parents. In Finnish music education, as in academics, the stress is fostering in pupils above all a love and enjoyment of the subject matter.
  22. ^ In Finland, “Reading to children, telling them folk tales, and going to the library are all high status activities,” Leo R. Sandy, "Education in Finland" (2007), cit.
  23. ^ Nutrition in Finland. Ktl.fi. [2012-06-27].