甲硝唑

甲硝唑
臨床資料
商品名（英语：Drug nomenclature）	Flagyl,
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
懷孕分級	澳: B2 ; ;
给药途径	oral, topical, rectal, IV, vaginal
ATC碼	A01AB17 (WHO) , D06BX01, G01AF01, J01XD01, P01AB01, QP51AA01;
法律規範狀態
法律規範	澳：限医生处方（S4）; 加：处方药（℞-only）; 英：处方药（℞-only） (POM); 美：处方药（℞-only）;
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度	80% (oral), 60-80% (rectal), 20-25% (vaginal)
血漿蛋白結合率	20%
药物代谢	Hepatic
生物半衰期	8 hours
排泄途徑	Urine (77%), faeces (14%)
识别信息
	IUPAC命名法 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethanol; ;
CAS号	443-48-1
PubChem CID	4173;
DrugBank	DB00916 ;
ChemSpider	4029 ;
UNII	140QMO216E;
KEGG	D00409 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:6909 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL137 ;
NIAID ChemDB	007953;
CompTox Dashboard（英语：CompTox Chemicals Dashboard） (EPA)	DTXSID2020892 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.006.489
化学信息
化学式	C6H9N3O3
摩尔质量	171.15 g/mol
熔点	159至163 °C（318至325 °F）
	InChI InChI=1S/C6H9N3O3/c1-5-7-4-6(9(11)12)8(5)2-3-10/h4,10H,2-3H2,1H3 ; Key:VAOCPAMSLUNLGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;

甲硝唑（Metronidazole，MNZ），目前多以咪唑尼達（Flagyl）的商品名流通，是一種抗生素和抗原蟲劑（英语：antiprotozoal medication）^[3]。常單獨或和其他抗生素一起使用，作為治療骨盆腔炎、心內膜炎（英语：endocarditis）與細菌性陰道炎的藥物^[3]。在對抗麥地那龍線蟲病、梨形鞭毛蟲症（英语：giardiasis）、陰道滴蟲，和阿米巴病上更有顯著效果。針對首次發病的輕中度困難梭狀芽孢桿菌結腸炎患者，此藥更是第一優先藥物^[4]。甲硝唑可藉由口服、製成乳膏，或經靜脈注射來進行治療^[3]。

常見的副作用包含噁心、口腔金屬味感、失去食慾還有頭痛^[3]，少數病患則可能會癲癇發作或產生藥物過敏^[3]。對於懷孕初期的孕婦，不應給予甲硝唑，但若是到了懷孕後期則沒有這個顧忌^[3]。特別注意的是，正在哺乳的婦女也不建議使用^[3]。

甲硝唑首先在1960年的法國開始被廣泛使用^[5] ，它同時也名列世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單中。更是基礎醫療上必備的藥物^[6]，在世界上大部分的國家都能輕易取得^[7]。此藥物的價格非常平易近人，每顆平均價格介於0.01到0.1美元間^[8]^[9]。在美國，十天的療程大約需花費26美元^[3]。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Flagyl, Flagyl ER (metronidazole) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more. Medscape Reference. WebMD. [3 April 2014].
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Brayfield, A (编). Metronidazole. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. 14 January 2014 [3 April 2014].
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 Metronidazole. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Jul 31,15].
^ Cohen, Stuart H.; Gerding, Dale N.; Johnson, Stuart; Kelly, Ciaran P.; Loo, Vivian G.; McDonald, L. Clifford; Pepin, Jacques; Wilcox, Mark H. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Infection in Adults: 2010 Update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. May 2010, 31 (5): 431–455. PMID 20307191. doi:10.1086/651706.
^ Corey, E.J. Drug discovery practices, processes, and perspectives. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. 2013: 27. ISBN 9781118354469.
^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013 [22 April 2014].
^ Schmid G. Trichomoniasis treatment in women. 28 July 2003 [1 August 2015].
^ Sources and Prices of Selected Medicines and Diagnostics for People Living with HIV/AIDS. World Health Organization. 2005 [1 August 2015].
^ Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 8. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 2753. ISBN 9780323263733.

[MSR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Flagyl, Flagyl ER (metronidazole) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more. Medscape Reference. WebMD. [3 April 2014].

[MD-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Brayfield, A (编). Metronidazole. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. 14 January 2014 [3 April 2014].

[AHFS2015-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 Metronidazole. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Jul 31,15].

[4] Cohen, Stuart H.; Gerding, Dale N.; Johnson, Stuart; Kelly, Ciaran P.; Loo, Vivian G.; McDonald, L. Clifford; Pepin, Jacques; Wilcox, Mark H. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Infection in Adults: 2010 Update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. May 2010, 31 (5): 431–455. PMID 20307191. doi:10.1086/651706.

[5] Corey, E.J. Drug discovery practices, processes, and perspectives. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. 2013: 27. ISBN 9781118354469.

[WHOEssen-6] WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013 [22 April 2014].

[7] Schmid G. Trichomoniasis treatment in women. 28 July 2003 [1 August 2015].

[8] Sources and Prices of Selected Medicines and Diagnostics for People Living with HIV/AIDS. World Health Organization. 2005 [1 August 2015].

[9] Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 8. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 2753. ISBN 9780323263733.

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