蠓科

蠓科 Ceratopogonidae
Culicoides sonorensis，一隻雌性的蠓
科學分類
界： 動物界 Animalia 門： 節肢動物門 Arthropoda 綱： 昆蟲綱 Insecta 目： 雙翅目 Diptera 亞目： 長角亞目 Nematocera 下目： 蚊下目 Culicomorpha 總科： 搖蚊總科 Chironomoidea 科： 蠓科 Ceratopogonidae
亞科
見內文

蠓科（學名：Ceratopogonidae），又名糠蚊或沙蚊（主要在澳大利亞的北領地使用），是蚊下目之下的一個科。本科物種體形細小，身長一般在1–4 mm之間。與同屬搖蚊總科（Chironomoidea）的山蚋科（Thaumaleidae）、蚋科（Simulidae）及搖蚊科（Chironomidae）等物種關係密切。

Atrichopogon sp. on Oedemera virescens

他們在世界各地幾乎任何水棲或半水棲及在山區找到牠們的棲息地。幾乎所有物種的雌蟲均會以某種動物為宿主來吸血。 庫蠓屬（Culicoides）、蠛蠓屬（Forcipomyia及細蠓（Leptoconops）主要吸有脊椎動物的血。 Some Atrichopogon and Forcipomyia species are ectoparasites on larger insects. Dasyhelea species feed exclusively on nectar. Species in other genera are predatory on other small insects. Larvae are always found in some damp location, such as under bark, in rotten wood, compost, mud, stream margins, tree holes, or water-holding plants (i.e., phytotelmata).

他們在幾乎任何水生或半水棲的棲息地在世界各地，以及在山區找到。 大多數女性的物種適應於吸的血從某種宿主動物， 庫蠓 ， Forcipomyia（蠛蠓）和細蠓吸脊椎動物 的血液 。 有些Atrichopogon和Forcipomyia物種體外寄生蟲的大昆蟲。 毛蠓種專食花蜜。 種其他屬的掠奪其他小昆蟲。 幼蟲總是在一些潮濕的地方發現的，如在樹皮 ，爛木頭， 堆肥 ，泥，流利潤率， 樹洞或植物保水（即phytotelmata ）。

Ceratopogonid male

Leptoconops

Biting midge or "punky" on a flower

While this Sphodromantis eats a bee, a ceratopogonid midge, sitting on the joint between the femur and tibia of the right-hand foreleg, fills its abdomen with the green mantis blood.

Many of the hematophagic (blood-eating) species are pests in beach or mountain habitats. Some other species are important pollinators of tropical crops such as cacao. The blood-sucking species may be vectors of disease-causing viruses, protozoa, or filarial worms. The bite of midges in the genus Culicoides causes an allergic response in equines known as sweet itch. In humans, their bites can cause intensely itchy, red welts that can persist for more than a week. The discomfort arises from a localized allergic reaction to the proteins in their saliva, which can be somewhat alleviated by topical antihistamines.

The smaller members of the family are tiny enough to pass through the apertures in typical window screens. Camping tents are often equipped with extra-fine mesh netting, called no-see-um nets, to keep the pests out.

They are known to spread Tete virus.

分類

蠓科物種大致可以分類為四個亞科：

• 細蠓亞科（Leptoconopinae）
  • 細蠓屬
    • 全蠓亞屬
    • 細蠓亞屬
    • 原蠓亞屬
    • 刺蠓亞屬
• 毛蠓亞科
  • 毛蠓屬
    • 毛蠓亞屬
    • 瘦蠓亞屬
    • 前蠓亞屬
    • 類庫亞屬
    • 雙囊亞屬
    • 柏肯亞屬
    • 兩室亞屬
• 鋏蠓亞科
  • 裸蠓屬
    • 裸蠓亞屬
    • 谷蠓亞屬
    • 強蠓亞屬
    • 肯蠓亞屬
    • 長喙亞屬
    • 刺甲亞屬
    • 多贅亞屬
  • 鋏蠓屬（Forcipomyia Meigen, 1818）
    • 奇蠓亞屬 Subgenus Atopomyia Yu et Liu, 2000
    • 迅蠓亞屬
    • 召蠓亞屬
    • 集蠓亞屬
    • 載蠓亞屬
    • 尤蠓亞屬
    • 鋏蠓亞屬
    • 曲蠓亞屬
    • 吝蠓亞屬
    • 鉗蠓亞屬
    • 麗蠓亞屬
    • 偏蠓亞屬
    • 小蠓亞屬
    • 怪蠓亞屬
    • 山蠓亞屬
    • 虱蠓亞屬
    • 植蠓亞屬
    • 蕨蠓亞屬
    • 鹽蠓亞屬
    • 辛蠓亞屬
• 蠓亞科（Ceratopogoninae）
  • 庫蠓族
  • 蠓族
  • 異蠓族

常見物種

• Culicoides impunctatus—known as the Scottish midge, or Highland midge
• Culicoides imicola

參考文獻

• Blanton, F.S. and W.W. Wirth. 1979. The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
• Borkent, A. and W.W. Wirth. 1997. World species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 233: 1–257.
• Clastrier, J. and W.W. Wirth. 1978. The Leptoconops kerteszi complex in North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1573.
• Downes, J.A. and W.W. Wirth. 1981. Chapter 28: Ceratopogonidae. Pp. 393–421. In: McAlpine, J.F., B.V. Peterson, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth, and D.M. Wood. Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27.
• Hendry, George. Midges in Scotland 4th Edition, Mercat Press, Edinburgh, 2003 ISBN 1-84183-062-3
• Mullen, G.R. and L.J. Hribar. 1988. Biology and feeding behavior of ceratopogonid larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in North America. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology 13: 60–81.
• Wirth, W.W. and F.S. Blanton. 1974. The West Indian sandflies of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1474.
• Wirth, W.W. and W.L. Grogan, Jr. 1988. The Predaceous Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae; Tribe Ceratopogonini). Flora and Fauna Handbook Number 4. E.J. Brill Publishers, Leiden. xv + 160 pp.
• Wirth, W.W., N.C. Ratanaworabhan, and D.H. Messersmith. 1977. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. XXII. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). 1. Introduction and key to genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90(3): 615–647.

外部連結

• British insects: the families of Diptera – Delta guides, Biodiversity and Biological Collections
• Ceratopogonidae – AAFC, Government of Canada
• The Ceratopogonidae – Inbio Site, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• Ceratopogonid Web Page – Belmont University
• Biting midges on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
• Flying Teeth Spain Buddy Website