蠓科

蠓科 Ceratopogonidae
Culicoides sonorensis，一只雌性的蠓
科学分类
界： 动物界 Animalia 门： 节肢动物门 Arthropoda 纲： 昆虫纲 Insecta 目： 双翅目 Diptera 亚目： 长角亚目 Nematocera 下目： 蚊下目 Culicomorpha 总科： 摇蚊总科 Chironomoidea 科： 蠓科 Ceratopogonidae
亚科
见内文

蠓科（学名：Ceratopogonidae），又名糠蚊或沙蚊（主要在澳大利亚的北领地使用），是蚊下目之下的一个科。本科物种体形细小，身长一般在1–4 mm之间。与同属摇蚊总科（Chironomoidea）的山蚋科（Thaumaleidae）、蚋科（Simulidae）及摇蚊科（Chironomidae）等物种关系密切。

Atrichopogon sp. on Oedemera virescens

他们在世界各地几乎任何水栖或半水栖及在山区找到牠们的栖息地。几乎所有物种的雌虫均会以某种动物为宿主来吸血。 库蠓属（Culicoides）、蠛蠓属（Forcipomyia及细蠓（Leptoconops）主要吸有脊椎动物的血。 Some Atrichopogon and Forcipomyia species are ectoparasites on larger insects. Dasyhelea species feed exclusively on nectar. Species in other genera are predatory on other small insects. Larvae are always found in some damp location, such as under bark, in rotten wood, compost, mud, stream margins, tree holes, or water-holding plants (i.e., phytotelmata).

他们在几乎任何水生或半水栖的栖息地在世界各地，以及在山区找到。 大多数女性的物种适应于吸的血从某种宿主动物， 库蠓 ， Forcipomyia（蠛蠓）和细蠓吸脊椎动物 的血液 。 有些Atrichopogon和Forcipomyia物种体外寄生虫的大昆虫。 毛蠓种专食花蜜。 种其他属的掠夺其他小昆虫。 幼虫总是在一些潮湿的地方发现的，如在树皮 ，烂木头， 堆肥 ，泥，流利润率， 树洞或植物保水（即phytotelmata ）。

Ceratopogonid male

Leptoconops

Biting midge or "punky" on a flower

While this Sphodromantis eats a bee, a ceratopogonid midge, sitting on the joint between the femur and tibia of the right-hand foreleg, fills its abdomen with the green mantis blood.

Many of the hematophagic (blood-eating) species are pests in beach or mountain habitats. Some other species are important pollinators of tropical crops such as cacao. The blood-sucking species may be vectors of disease-causing viruses, protozoa, or filarial worms. The bite of midges in the genus Culicoides causes an allergic response in equines known as sweet itch. In humans, their bites can cause intensely itchy, red welts that can persist for more than a week. The discomfort arises from a localized allergic reaction to the proteins in their saliva, which can be somewhat alleviated by topical antihistamines.

The smaller members of the family are tiny enough to pass through the apertures in typical window screens. Camping tents are often equipped with extra-fine mesh netting, called no-see-um nets, to keep the pests out.

They are known to spread Tete virus.

分类

蠓科物种大致可以分类为四个亚科：

• 细蠓亚科（Leptoconopinae）
  • 细蠓属
    • 全蠓亚属
    • 细蠓亚属
    • 原蠓亚属
    • 刺蠓亚属
• 毛蠓亚科
  • 毛蠓属
    • 毛蠓亚属
    • 瘦蠓亚属
    • 前蠓亚属
    • 类库亚属
    • 双囊亚属
    • 柏肯亚属
    • 两室亚属
• 铗蠓亚科
  • 裸蠓属
    • 裸蠓亚属
    • 谷蠓亚属
    • 强蠓亚属
    • 肯蠓亚属
    • 长喙亚属
    • 刺甲亚属
    • 多赘亚属
  • 铗蠓属（Forcipomyia Meigen, 1818）
    • 奇蠓亚属 Subgenus Atopomyia Yu et Liu, 2000
    • 迅蠓亚属
    • 召蠓亚属
    • 集蠓亚属
    • 载蠓亚属
    • 尤蠓亚属
    • 铗蠓亚属
    • 曲蠓亚属
    • 吝蠓亚属
    • 钳蠓亚属
    • 丽蠓亚属
    • 偏蠓亚属
    • 小蠓亚属
    • 怪蠓亚属
    • 山蠓亚属
    • 虱蠓亚属
    • 植蠓亚属
    • 蕨蠓亚属
    • 盐蠓亚属
    • 辛蠓亚属
• 蠓亚科（Ceratopogoninae）
  • 库蠓族
  • 蠓族
  • 异蠓族

常见物种

• Culicoides impunctatus—known as the Scottish midge, or Highland midge
• Culicoides imicola

参考文献

• Blanton, F.S. and W.W. Wirth. 1979. The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
• Borkent, A. and W.W. Wirth. 1997. World species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 233: 1–257.
• Clastrier, J. and W.W. Wirth. 1978. The Leptoconops kerteszi complex in North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1573.
• Downes, J.A. and W.W. Wirth. 1981. Chapter 28: Ceratopogonidae. Pp. 393–421. In: McAlpine, J.F., B.V. Peterson, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth, and D.M. Wood. Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27.
• Hendry, George. Midges in Scotland 4th Edition, Mercat Press, Edinburgh, 2003 ISBN 1-84183-062-3
• Mullen, G.R. and L.J. Hribar. 1988. Biology and feeding behavior of ceratopogonid larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in North America. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology 13: 60–81.
• Wirth, W.W. and F.S. Blanton. 1974. The West Indian sandflies of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1474.
• Wirth, W.W. and W.L. Grogan, Jr. 1988. The Predaceous Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae; Tribe Ceratopogonini). Flora and Fauna Handbook Number 4. E.J. Brill Publishers, Leiden. xv + 160 pp.
• Wirth, W.W., N.C. Ratanaworabhan, and D.H. Messersmith. 1977. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. XXII. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). 1. Introduction and key to genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90(3): 615–647.

外部链接

• British insects: the families of Diptera – Delta guides, Biodiversity and Biological Collections
• Ceratopogonidae – AAFC, Government of Canada
• The Ceratopogonidae – Inbio Site, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• Ceratopogonid Web Page – Belmont University
• Biting midges on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
• Flying Teeth Spain Buddy Website