西进运动

“血泪之路”

美国西进运动，也称为血泪之路（英語：Trail of Tears），是指在北美殖民地时期开始的向西移民的活动和对西部的开发，同时也是美国文化本土化的发展历程。

事件经过

1830年5月，美国总统安德鲁·杰克逊签署《印第安人迁移法案》，把印第安人押送出密西西比河以东地区。美国西进运动中大量的印第安人遭屠杀，其他的被强迫迁移到西部的贫瘠地区。并由此发生了第二次塞米诺尔战争。

相关事件和影响

与此同时，美国也向密西西比河以西扩张，用购买和战争手段兼并了法国、西班牙、英国的殖民地和墨西哥的大片国土。

美国南北战争爆发后，为鼓勵人民参與對抗美利堅聯盟國，亚伯拉罕·林肯总统签署了《宅地法》。该法是美国西部开发中最具民主色彩的土地政策，它使大批贫苦百姓获得土地，大大促进西部的开发。西进运动对美国的政治、经济生活都有重大的影响。广大的西部土地并入美国，使美国成为幅员辽阔、自然资源丰富的国家；西部的开拓，带动了大规模铁路的建筑和大批移民的流入，使美国形成了广大的国内市场。

參考文獻

• Anderson, William (编). Cherokee Removal: Before and After. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-8203-1482-2. 
• Bealer, Alex W. Only the Names Remain: The Cherokees and The Trail of Tears. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown. 1996 [1972]. ISBN 978-0-316-08519-9. 
• Carter, Samuel. Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed. New York: Doubleday. 1976. ISBN 0-385-06735-6. 
• Ehle, John. Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. New York: Anchor Books. 1989 [1988]. ISBN 0-385-23954-8. 
• Fitzgerald, David; King, Duane. The Cherokee Trail of Tears. Portland, Oregon: Graphic Arts Books. 2008. ISBN 978-0-88240-752-4. 
• Foreman, Grant. Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians 11. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 1989 [1932]. ISBN 0-8061-1172-0. 
• Jahoda, Gloria. Trail of Tears: The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813-1855. Henry Holt & Co. 1995 [1975]. ISBN 978-0-517-14677-4. 
• Mooney, James. King, Duane , 编. Myths of the Cherokee. New York: Barnes & Noble. 2007 [1888]. ISBN 978-0-7607-8340-5. 
• Perdue, Theda; Green, Michael. The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. New York: Penguin Books. 2008 [2007]. ISBN 978-0-14-311367-6. 
• Prucha, Francis. The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. Lincoln, Nebraska: Nebraska Press. 1984. ISBN 0-8032-3668-9. 
• Remini, Robert. Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars. New York: Viking. 2001. ISBN 0-670-91025-2. 
• Wallace, Anthony. The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians Hardback. New York: Hill and Wang. 1993. ISBN 0-8090-6631-9. 
• Wilson, James. The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America. New York: Grove Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-8021-3680-0. 

文件

• Cherokee Indian Removal Debate U.S. Senate, April 15-17, 1830
• Winfield Scott's Address to the Cherokee Nation, May 10, 1838
• Gen. Winfield Scott's Order to U.S. Troops

記錄片

• The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy (2006) - directed by Chip Richie; narrated by James Earl Jones

外部連結

• Trail of Tears List - a report to the U.S. Senate
• Remote Sensing Technology to Understanding the Choctaw Removals
• Trail of Tears National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service)
• Trail of Tears Association
• The North Little Rock Site: Interpretive Contexts Chickasaw
• Seminole Tribe of Florida History: Indian Resistance and Removal
• Muscogee (Creek) Removal
• Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center
• Cherokee Nation Cultural Resource Center
• Trail of Tears - The Dream We Dreamed
• Cherokee Indian Removal, Encyclopedia of Alabama
• The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
• Trail of Tears Roll, Access genealogy