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法语动词变位

维基百科，自由的百科全书

这是本页的一个历史版本，由Andrewlin1997（留言 | 贡献）在2017年12月15日 (五) 12:45 （→Inflectional endings of the three verb groups）编辑。这可能和当前版本存在着巨大的差异。

主条目：法语动词

法语动词变位（法語：Conjugaison du verbe en français），是指法语动词为了表达不同的语式、时态、体、人称和数而产生的形式变化。法语动词可以分为三组：

  • 第一组：不定式以-er（aller除外）
  • 第二组：不定式以-ir结尾，现在分词以-issant结尾

（以上两组为规则动词）

  • 第三组：不规则动词
    • 第一部分：不定式以-ir结尾，现在分词以-ant结尾
    • 第二部分：不定式以-oir结尾
    • 第三部分：不定式以-re结尾
    • aller

法语第三组动词具有封闭性，不再增加新的动词，大部分新增动词（如téléviser, atomiser, radiographier）列入第一组，少数新增动词（如alunir）属于第二组。

语气和时态

法语变位中七种不同语气：直陈式(indicatif)，虚拟式(subjonctif)，条件式(conditionnel)，命令式(impératif)，分词(participe)，不定式(infinitif)，动名词(gérondif)。

需要结合语气描述的时态如下所示，时态有时需要借助助动词来表达：

  • 直陈式
    • 现在时 (présent)[a]
    • 复合过去时 (passé composé)：使用依現在時變位的助動詞。
    • 未完成过去时 (imparfait)[a]
    • 愈过去时 (plus-que-parfait)：使用依未完成過去時變位的助動詞。
    • 简单过去时 (passé simple)[a][b]
    • 先过去时 (passé antérieur)：使用依簡單過去時變位的助動詞。[b]
    • 简单将来时 (futur simple)[a]
    • 先将来时 (futur antérieur)：使用依簡單將來時變位的助動詞。
  • 虚拟式
    • 现在时[a]
    • 过去时 (passé)：使用依虛擬式現在時變位的助動詞。
    • 未完成过去时[a][b]
    • 愈过去时：使用依虛擬式未完成過去時變位的助動詞。[b]
  • 命令式
    • 现在时[a]
    • 过去时：使用依命令式現在時變位的助動詞。[c]
  • 条件式
    • 现在时[a]
    • 过去时 (形式 1)：使用依條件式現在時變位的助動詞。
    • 过去时 (形式 2)：使用依虛擬式未完成過去時變位的助動詞。[c]
  • 不定式
    • 现在时[a]
    • 过去时：使用依不定式現在時變位的助動詞。
  • 分词
    • 现在分词[a]
    • 过去分词[a]
  • 动名词：將現在分詞置於介係詞"en"之後構成。

助动词

Avoir

该动词在变位时词干会发生变化。未完成过去时变为av- /av/；虚拟式现在时变为ai- /ɛ/；将来时和条件式变为aur- /oʁ/；简单和虚拟式过去时变为e- （不发音： eus，eusse分别读成/y/和/ys/）。 尽管词干会改变，但这些时态的变化也常被归类为规则的 -oir 动词.

在现在时中，不仅词干会变化，时态变化也是不规则的：

Avoir 有
 
直陈式 虚拟 条件式 命令式
现在时 简单过去时 未完成过去时 简单将来时 现在时 未完成过去时 现在时 现在时
j' ai /e/ eus /y/ avais /avɛ/ aurai /oʁe/ aie /ɛ/ eusse /ys/ aurais /oʁɛ/
tu as /a/ auras /oʁa/ aies /ɛ/ eusses /ys/ aie* /ɛ/
il/elle/on a /a/ eut /y/ avait /avɛ/ aura /oʁa/ ait /ɛ/ eût /y/ aurait /oʁɛ/
nous avons /avɔ̃/ eûmes /ym/ avions /avjɔ̃/ aurons /oʁɔ̃/ ayons /ɛjɔ̃/ eussions /ysjɔ̃/ aurions /oʁjɔ̃/ ayons* /ɛjɔ̃/
vous avez /ave/ eûtes /yt/ aviez /avje/ aurez /oʁe/ ayez /ɛje/ eussiez /ysje/ auriez /oʁje/ ayez* /ɛje/
ils/elles ont /ɔ̃/ eurent /yʁ/ avaient /avɛ/ auront /oʁɔ̃/ aient /ɛ/ eussent /ys/ auraient /oʁɛ/

* Notice that the imperative form uses the subjunctive conjugation.

Non-finite forms:

  • Infinitive: avoir /avwaʁ/
  • Present participle: ayant /ejɑ̃/
  • Gerundive: en ayant /ɑ̃n‿ejɑ̃/
  • Verbal adjective: ayant(s) /ejɑ̃/, ayante(s) /ejɑ̃t/
  • Past participle: eu(e)(s) /y/

Auxiliary verb: avoir

Être

This verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: imperfect ét- /et/; present subjunctive soi- /swa/; future and conditional ser- /səʁ/; simple past and past subjunctive in f- /f/. The inflections of these tenses are as a regular -oir verb (that is, as an -re verb but with the vowel u /y/ in the f- forms). For example, subjunctive soyons, soyez is pronounced with the y sound (/swajɔ̃, swaje/) of other -re and -oir verbs.

In the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:

Être "to be"
 
Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative
Present Simple past Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Present Present
je suis /sɥi/ fus /fy/ étais /etɛ/ serai /səʁe/ sois /swa/ fusse /fys/ serais /səʁɛ/
tu es /ɛ/ seras /səʁa/ fusses /fys/ sois* /swa/
il/elle/on est /ɛ/ fut /fy/ était /etɛ/ sera /səʁa/ soit /swa/ fût /fy/ serait /səʁɛ/
nous sommes /sɔm/ fûmes /fym/ étions /etjɔ̃/ serons /səʁɔ̃/ soyons /swajɔ̃/ fussions /fysjɔ̃/ serions /səʁjɔ̃/ soyons* /swajɔ̃/
vous êtes /ɛt/ fûtes /fyt/ étiez /etje/ serez /səʁe/ soyez /swaje/ fussiez /fysje/ seriez /səʁje/ soyez* /swaje/
ils/elles sont /sɔ̃/ furent /fyʁ/ étaient /etɛ/ seront /səʁɔ̃/ soient /swa/ fussent /fys/ seraient /səʁɛ/

* The imperative form uses the subjunctive conjugation.

The non-finite forms use the stem êt- /ɛt/ (before a consonant)/ét- /et/ (before a vowel):

  • Infinitive: être
  • Present participle: étant
  • Gerundive: en étant
  • Verbal adjective: étant(e)(s)
  • Past participle: été

Auxiliary verb: avoir

第一组动词 (以 -er 结尾的动词)

以-er結尾的法語動詞占據法語動詞的大部分，並與其他動詞變化有所區別。許多情況下在詞根與屈折詞綴中間可能會插入母音，此組動詞中會插入不發音的 -e- （簡單現在時單數）、-é 或 -ai /e/ (過去分詞與簡單過去時的je)、以及 -a- /a/ (其餘過去簡單時以及虛擬式未完成過去時)。此外，正字法中-ir 與 -re 結尾動詞在現在時和過去分詞出現的-t 在此類動詞中不存在，因此詞綴的最後子音為 -Ø, -s, -Ø ，而非其他類動詞的 -s, -s, -t。

Parler

動詞 parler "說、講"，根據法語正字法與IPA轉寫
 
直陳式 虛擬式 條件式 命令式
現在時 簡單過去時 未完成過去時 簡單未來時 現在時 未完成過去時 現在時 現在時
je parl-e
/paʁl/		 parl-ai
/paʁle/		 parl-ais
/paʁlɛ/		 parl-erai
/paʁləʁe/		 parl-e
/paʁl/		 parl-asse
/paʁlas/		 parl-erais
/paʁləʁɛ/
tu parl-es
/paʁl/		 parl-as
/paʁla/		 parl-eras
/paʁləʁa/		 parl-es
/paʁl/		 parl-asses
/paʁlas/		 parl-e
/paʁl/
il parl-e
/paʁl/		 parl-a
/paʁla/		 parl-ait
/paʁlɛ/		 parl-era
/paʁləʁa/		 parl-e
/paʁl/		 parl-ât
/paʁla/		 parl-erait
/paʁləʁɛ/
nous parl-ons
/paʁlɔ̃/		 parl-âmes
/paʁlɑm/		 parl-ions
/paʁljɔ̃/		 parl-erons
/paʁləʁɔ̃/		 parl-ions
/paʁljɔ̃/		 parl-assions
/paʁlasjɔ̃/		 parl-erions
/paʁləʁjɔ̃/		 parl-ons
/paʁlɔ̃/
vous parl-ez
/paʁle/		 parl-âtes
/paʁlɑt/		 parl-iez
/paʁlje/		 parl-erez
/paʁləʁe/		 parl-iez
/paʁlje/		 parl-assiez
/paʁlasje/		 parl-eriez
/paʁləʁje/		 parl-ez
/paʁle/
ils parl-ent
/paʁl/		 parl-èrent
/paʁlɛʁ/		 parl-aient
/paʁlɛ/		 parl-eront
/paʁləʁɔ̃/		 parl-ent
/paʁl/		 parl-assent
/paʁlas/		 parl-eraient
/paʁləʁɛ/

非限定動詞形式：

  • 不定式：parl-er /paʁle/
  • 現在分詞：parl-ant /paʁlɑ̃/
  • 動名詞： en parl-ant /ɑ̃ paʁlɑ̃/
  • 動詞性形容詞：parl-ant(s) /paʁlɑ̃/, parl-ante(s) /paʁlɑ̃t/
  • 過去分詞： parl-é(e)(s) /paʁle/

助動詞：avoir (arriver, entrer, monter, passer, rester, rentrer, retourner, 與 tomber 使用 être)

Exceptional contexts:

  • When the first-person singular present tense form of the indicative or subjunctive is found in inversion, the writer must change the final e to either é (traditional usage) or è (rectified modern usage), in order to link the two words : « Parlè-je ? », /paʁlɛʒ/, "Am I speaking?" (This is a very rare construction, however.)
  • When the second-person singular form of the imperative is followed by its object y or en, a final s is added: « Parles-en ! », [paʁlzɑ̃], "Talk about it!"

Exceptional verbs:

  • The verb aller, though it ends in -er is completely irregular and belongs to the third group.
  • In -cer verbs, the c becomes a ç before endings that start with a or o, to indicate that it is still pronounced /s/ (je déplace - nous déplaçons); similarly, in -ger verbs, the g becomes ge before such endings, to indicate that it is pronounced /ʒ/ (je mange - nous mangeons).
  • In -oyer and -uyer verbs, the y becomes an i before endings that start with a silent e (nous envoyons - j'envoie); in -ayer verbs, the writer may or may not change the y to an i before such endings (je paye - je paie). Additionally, the future and conditional forms of envoyer start with enverr- rather than envoyer-; and similarly with renvoyer.
  • In -é.er verbs, the é becomes an è before silent endings, and optionally in the future and conditional tenses.
  • In -e.er verbs other than most -eler and -eter verbs, the e becomes an è before endings that start with a silent e (including the future and conditional endings). For example: peler (to peel) -> je pèle (present) / je pèlerai (futur) / je pèlerais (conditional).
  • In most -eler and -eter verbs, the writer must either change the e to an è before endings that start with a silent e, or change the l or t to ll or tt. In the rest of these verbs, only one or the other form is allowed. For example: appeler (to call) -> j'appelle (present) / j'appellerai (futur) / j'appellerais (conditional).
  • The verbal adjective of following verbs is irregular: adhérer - adhérent(e)(s); coïncider - coïncident(e)(s); confluer - confluent(e)(s); affluer - affluent(e)(s); converger - convergent(e)(s); déterger - détergent(e)(s); différer - différent(e)(s); exceller - excellent(e)(s); diverger - divergent(e)(s); négliger, négligent(e)(s); précéder - précédent(e)(s); violer - violent(e)(s); influer - influent(e)(s); communiquer - communicant(e)(s); suffoquer - suffocant(e)(s); provoquer - provocant(e)(s); naviguer - navigant(e)(s); déléguer - délégant(e)(s); fatiguer - fatigant(e)(s); intriguer - intrigant(e)(s).

第二组动词 (以 -ir 结尾的动词 / 现在分词以 -issant 结尾)

The -ir verbs differ from the -er verbs in the following points:

  • The vowel of the inflections is always -i-, for example -isse in the past subjunctive rather than the -asse of the -er verbs.
  • A few of the singular inflections themselves change, though this is purely orthographic and does not affect the pronunciation: in the simple present and past, these are -s, -s, -t rather than -Ø, -s, -Ø. (The change in pronunciation is due to the change of vowel from e, ai, a to -i-.)
  • In the simple present, imperfect, the present subjunctive, and the gerund, a suffix -iss- /is/ appears between the root and the inflectional endings. In the simple present singular, this suffix has disappeared and the endings are -is, -is, -it.

choisir

The verb choisir "to choose", in French orthography and IPA transcription
 
Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative
Present Simple Past Imperfect Simple Future Present Imperfect Present Present
je chois-is
/ʃwazi/		 chois-issais
/ʃwazisɛ/		 chois-irai
/ʃwaziʁe/		 chois-isse
/ʃwazis/		 chois-irais
/ʃwaziʁɛ/
tu chois-iras
/ʃwaziʁa/		 chois-isses
/ʃwazis/		 chois-is
/ʃwazi/
il chois-it
/ʃwazi/		 chois-issait
/ʃwazisɛ/		 chois-ira
/ʃwaziʁa/		 chois-isse
/ʃwazis/		 chois-ît
/ʃwazi/		 chois-irait
/ʃwaziʁɛ/
nous chois-issons
/ʃwazisɔ̃/		 chois-îmes
/ʃwazim/		 chois-issions
/ʃwazisjɔ̃/		 chois-irons
/ʃwaziʁɔ̃/		 chois-issions
/ʃwazisjɔ̃/		 chois-irions
/ʃwaziʁjɔ̃/		 chois-issons
/ʃwazisɔ̃/
vous chois-issez
/ʃwazise/		 chois-îtes
/ʃwazit/		 chois-issiez
/ʃwazisje/		 chois-irez
/ʃwaziʁe/		 chois-issiez
/ʃwazisje/		 chois-iriez
/ʃwaziʁje/		 chois-issez
/ʃwazise/
ils chois-issent
/ʃwazis/		 chois-irent
/ʃwaziʁ/		 chois-issaient
/ʃwazisɛ/		 chois-iront
/ʃwaziʁɔ̃/		 chois-issent
/ʃwazis/		 chois-iraient
/ʃwaziʁɛ/

Non-finite forms:

  • Infinitive: chois-ir /ʃwaziʁ/
  • Present participle: chois-issant /ʃwazisɑ̃/
  • Gerundive: en chois-issant /ɑ̃ ʃwazisɑ̃/
  • Verbal adjective: chois-issant(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃/, chois-issante(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃t/
  • Past participle: chois-i(e)(s) /ʃwazi/

Auxiliary verb: avoir (partir uses être)

haïr

The verb haïr loses its diaeresis in the singular of the simple present tense (the i loses its trema, reflecting the pronunciation of the initial syllable as a single vowel /ɛ/ rather than the hiatus /ai/): je hais, tu hais, il/elle hait but nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent /ʒə ɛ, ty ɛ, il ɛ, nu aisɔ̃, vu aise, il ais/. Hais is as usual used for the imperative. In all other forms, the root is /ai/ (imperfect and present & past subjunctive /ais/-, future and conditional /aiʁ/-). Another conjugation is used in Quebec French that keeps the two syllables stem with the hiatus /ai/, and therefore the diaeresis for all the paradigm: J'haïs, tu haïs, il/elle haït, nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent. Note that the h of haïr is mute in Quebec French, hence the elision for j'haïs /ʒai/ compared to European French je hais /ʒə.ɛ/.

第三组动词

First sub-conjugation: Verbs with seven principal parts

Most irregular French verbs can be described with seven principal parts. In reality, few if any verbs have separate stems for all seven parts; instead, they tend to "inherit" the same stem as another part. Note that the endings for these verbs are basically the same as for regular -ir verbs; in fact, regular -ir verbs can be fit into this scheme by treating the -iss- variants as different principal parts.

Principal part How to get the stem "Inherited" (regular) value of stem
infinitive Remove ending -er, -ir, -oir, -re —
First singular present indicative Remove ending -s, -e Infinitive stem
First plural present indicative Remove ending -ons Infinitive stem
Third plural present indicative Remove ending -ent First plural present stem
(First singular) future Remove ending -ai Full infinitive stem (minus any -e)
(Masculine singular) past participle Full word Infinitive stem, plus -i (plus -u if ends -re)
(First singular) simple past Remove ending -s, -ai Past participle (minus any -s or -t)

The following table shows how the paradigm of an irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that a few verbs construct the present indicative (especially the singular) differently.

Paradigm for most irregular verbs (7 principal parts)
 
Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative
Present Simple past Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Present Present
je 1S+s PAST+s 1P+ais FUT+ai 3P+e PAST+sse FUT+ais
tu FUT+as 3P+es PAST+sses (same as pres. indic. 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel, else 2nd. sg.)
il 1S+t1 PAST+t 1P+ait FUT+a 3P+e PAST+ˆt FUT+ait
nous 1P+ons PAST+ˆmes 1P+ions FUT+ons 1P+ions PAST+ssions FUT+ions (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.)
vous 1P+ez PAST+ˆtes 1P+iez FUT+ez 1P+iez PAST+ssiez FUT+iez (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.)
ils 3P+ent PAST+rent 1P+aient FUT+ont 3P+ent PAST+ssent FUT+aient

1 The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).

Non-finite forms:

  • Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
  • Present participle: 1P-ant
  • Gerundive: en 1P-ant
  • Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s)
  • Past participle: PP(e)(s)

The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. There are a number of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first. There are some additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below. Nearly all irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)

Table of principal parts of irregular (and -ir) French verbs (7 principal parts)
INF: Infinitive Meaning FUT: Future Present Indicative PP: Past Participle PAST: Simple Past Notes Similar verbs
1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) 3P: 3rd Plur
chois-ir "to choose" choisir-ai choisi-s choisiss-ons choisiss-ent choisi choisi-s How a regular -ir verb would be represented by its principal parts About 300 verbs in -ir
"haïr" "to hate" haïr-ai hai-s / haï-s1 haïss-ons haïss-ent haï haï-s The same as a regular -ir verb but in Sing. pres. indic. the diaeresis drops out
vend-re "to sell" vendr-ai vend-s, vend-s, vend2 vend-ons vend-ent vendu vendi-s So-called "regular -re" verbs; all end in -dre, but not -indre attendre "wait", défendre "defend", descendre "go down", entendre "hear", étendre "extend", fondre "melt", pendre "hang", perdre "lose", prétendre "pretend", rendre "return, give back", répandre "spill", répondre "respond", etc.
craind-re "to fear" craindr-ai crain-s craign-ons craign-ent craint craign-is All verbs in -aindre, -eindre, -oindre, e.g. contraindre "compel", plaindre "complain"; atteindre "reach", ceindre "gird", empreindre "stamp", éteindre "turn off", étreindre "hug", feindre "pretend", geindre "whine", peindre "paint", restreindre "restrict", teindre "dye"; joindre "join", oindre "anoint", poindre "dawn", rejoindre "rejoin"
part-ir "to leave" partir-ai par-s part-ons part-ent parti parti-s Sing. pres. indic. stem drops last consonant of basic stem: je pars, dors, mens, sens, sers, sors /ʒ(ə) paʁ, dɔʁ, mɑ̃, sɔʁ, sɑ̃, sɛʁ/ se départir "divest", repartir" "leave again", dormir "sleep", s'endormir "fall asleep", se rendormir "fall back asleep", mentir "lie (tell lies)", démentir "contradict", sentir "feel", consentir "agree", pressentir "foresee", ressentir "feel", servir "serve", desservir "clear away", resservir "serve again", sortir "go out", ressortir "come back"
vêt-ir "to dress" vêtir-ai vêt-s vêt-ons vêt-ent vêtu vêti-s The same as partir, except for the past participle dévêtir "undress", revêtir "cover"
requér-ir "to require, demand" requerr-ai requier-s requér-ons requièr-ent requis requi-s
ouvr-ir "to open" ouvrir-ai ouvr-e, ouvr-es, ouvr-e ouvr-ons ouvr-ent ouvert ouvri-s Sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs couvrir "cover", "découvrir" "discover", offrir "offer", souffrir "suffer"
condui-re "to lead" conduir-ai condui-s conduis-ons conduis-ent conduit conduisi-s All verbs in -uire e.g. construire "build", cuire "cook", détruire "destroy", instruire "instruct", réduire "reduce", produire "produce", traduire "translate", etc.
recev-oir "to receive" recevr-ai reçoi-s recev-ons reçoiv-ent reçu reçu-s Other verbs in -cevoir, e.g. apercevoir "perceive", concevoir "conceive", décevoir "disappoint"
envoy-er "to send" enverr-ai envoi-e3 envoy-ons3 envoi-ent3 envoyé envoy-ai
voir "to see" verr-ai voi-s voy-ons voi-ent3 vu vi-s revoir "see again"
choir "to fall" choir-ai choi-s choy-ons choi-ent3 chu chu-s échoir "befall"
dev-oir "to owe, must" devr-ai doi-s dev-ons doiv-ent dû du-s Very similar to recevoir, but adds a circumflex to du to distinguish it from the partitive article du - due, dus and dues remain unchanged
mouv-oir "to move" mouvr-ai meu-s mouv-ons meuv-ent mû mu-s Adds a circumflex to mu to distinguish it from the Greek letter mu (μ) - mue, mus and mues remain unchanged
émouv-oir "to move, affect" émouvr-ai émeu-s émouv-ons émeuv-ent ému ému-s promouvoir "promote"
pleuv-oir "to rain" pleuvr-a pleu-t (stem pleuv-) (stem pleuv-) plu plu-t Impersonal (3rd-singular only)
asseoir "to sit" assiér-ai; assoir-ai assied-s, assied-s, assied;2 assoi-s assey-ons; assoy-ons assey-ent; assoi-ent assis assi-s Notice that there are two sets of conjugations.
cueill-ir /kœjiʁ/ "to gather" cueiller-ai cueill-e, cueill-es, cueill-e cueill-ons cueill-ent cueilli cueilli-s Like ouvrir except the future; sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs
ven-ir "to come" viendr-ai vien-s ven-ons vienn-ent venu vin-s Note simple past plural vînmes, vîntes, vinrent /vɛ̃m, vɛ̃t, vɛ̃ʁ/ revenir "return", devenir "become", se souvenir "remember", parvenir "reach", prévenir "tell beforehand"; tenir "hold", retenir "memorize", contretenir "talk", soutenir "sustain", maintenir "maintain", appartenir "belong", etc.
mour-ir "to die" mourr-ai meur-s mour-ons meur-ent mort mouru-s
cour-ir "to run" courr-ai cour-s cour-ons cour-ent couru couru-s
di-re "to say, tell" dir-ai di-s dis-ons, dites dis-ent dit di-s Note the 2nd pl. dites contredire "contradict", interdire "forbid"
li-re "to read" lir-ai li-s lis-ons lis-ent lu lu-s
écri-re "to write" écrir-ai écri-s écriv-ons écriv-ent écrit écrivi-s décrire "describe", inscrire "inscribe"
ri-re "to laugh" rir-ai ri-s ri-ons ri-ent ri ri-s sourire "smile"
suffi-re "to suffice" suffir-ai suffi-s suffis-ons suffis-ent suffi suffi-s confire "pickle", circoncire "circumcise", frire "fry"
boi-re "to drink" boir-ai boi-s buv-ons boiv-ent bu bu-s
croi-re "to believe" croir-ai croi-s croy-ons3 croi-ent3 cru cru-s
conclu-re "to conclude" conclur-ai conclu-s conclu-ons conclu-ent conclu conclu-s Other verbs in -clure
plai-re "to please" plair-ai plai-s, plai-s, plaît plais-ons plais-ent plu plu-s Note the 3rd sg. plaît
clo-re "to close" clor-ai clo-s, clo-s, clôt clos-ons clos-ent clos (missing) Also missing the imperfect; note the 3rd sg. clôt
prend-re "to take" prendr-ai prend-s, prend-s, prend2 pren-ons prenn-ent pris pri-s comprendre "understand", apprendre "study", reprendre "take again", etc.
viv-re "to live" vivr-ai vi-s viv-ons viv-ent vécu vécu-s revivre "come alive again", survivre "survive"
suiv-re "to follow" suivr-ai sui-s suiv-ons suiv-ent suivi suivi-s poursuivre "pursue"
naît-re "to be born" naîtr-ai nai-s, nai-s, naît naiss-ons naiss-ent né naqui-s Note the 3rd sg. naît
connaît-re "to know" connaîtr-ai connai-s, connai-s, connaît connaiss-ons connaiss-ent connu connu-s Note the 3rd sg. connaît reconnaître "recognize", paraître "seem", apparaître "appear", reparaître "reappear", disparaître "disappear"
mett-re "to put" mettr-ai met-s, met-s, met2 mett-ons mett-ent mis mi-s promettre "promise", permettre "permit", compromettre "compromise, damage", soumettre "submit, subdue", transmettre "transmit"
batt-re "to beat" battr-ai bat-s, bat-s, bat2 batt-ons batt-ent battu batti-s Close to vendre
romp-re "to break" rompr-ai romp-s romp-ons romp-ent rompu rompi-s Very close to vendre
vainc-re "to conquer" vaincr-ai vainc-s, vainc-s, vainc vainqu-ons vainqu-ent vaincu vainqui-s Essentially same as vendre, except for c/qu variation convaincre "convince"
trai-re "to milk" trair-ai trai-s tray-ons3 trai-ent3 trai-t (missing) contraire "contract", extraire "extract", soustraire "subtract", retraire "withdraw"
coud-re "to sew" coudr-ai coud-s, coud-s, coud2 cous-ons cous-ent cousu cousi-s
moud-re "to grind, mill" moudr-ai moud-s, moud-s, moud2 moul-ons moul-ent moulu moulu-s
résoud-re "to solve, resolve" résoudr-ai résou-s résolv-ons résolv-ent résolu résolu-s
absoud-re "to solve, absolve" absoudr-ai absou-s absolv-ons absolv-ent absous absolu-s The same as résoudre, except for the past participle

1 Only in Quebec French

2 The ending -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).

3 Alternation of "-ai-" and -oi- before consonant or unstressed e, "-ay-" and -oy- before other vowels is automatic in all verbs.

The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, recevoir "to receive".

Recevoir "to receive"
 
Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative
Present Simple Past Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Present Present
je reçoi-s
/ʁəswa/		 reçu-s
/ʁəsy/		 recev-ais
/ʁəsəvɛ/		 recevr-ai
/ʁəsəvʁe/		 reçoiv-e
/ʁəswav/		 reçu-sse
/ʁəsys/		 recevr-ais
/ʁəsəvʁɛ/
tu recevr-as
/ʁəsəvʁa/		 reçoiv-es
/ʁəswav/		 reçu-sses
/ʁəsys/		 reçoi-s
/ʁəswa/
il reçoi-t
/ʁəswa/		 reçu-t
/ʁəsy/		 recev-ait
/ʁəsəvɛ/		 recevr-a
/ʁəsəvʁa/		 reçoiv-e
/ʁəswav/		 reçû-t
/ʁəsy/		 recevr-ait
/ʁəsəvʁɛ/
nous recev-ons
/ʁəsəvɔ̃/		 reçû-mes
/ʁəsym/		 recev-ions
/ʁəsəvjɔ̃/		 recevr-ons
/ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/		 recev-ions
/ʁəsəvjɔ̃/		 reçu-ssions
/ʁəsysjɔ̃/		 recevr-ions
/ʁəsəvʁijɔ̃/		 recev-ons
/ʁəsəvɔ̃/
vous recev-ez
/ʁəsəve/		 reçû-tes
/ʁəsyt/		 recev-iez
/ʁəsəvje/		 recevr-ez
/ʁəsəvʁe/		 recev-iez
/ʁəsəvje/		 reçu-ssiez
/ʁəsysje/		 recevr-iez
/ʁəsəvʁije/		 recev-ez
/ʁəsəve/
ils reçoiv-ent
/ʁəswav/		 reçu-rent
/ʁəsyʁ/		 recev-aient
/ʁəsəvɛ/		 recevr-ont
/ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/		 reçoiv-ent
/ʁəswav/		 reçu-ssent
/ʁəsys/		 recevr-aient
/ʁəsəvʁɛ/

Non-finite forms:

  • Infinitive: recevoir
  • Present participle: recevant
  • Gerundive: en recevant
  • Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
  • Past participle: reçu(e)(s)

Verbs with eleven principal parts

Nine verbs also have an irregular subjunctive stem, used at least for the singular and third plural of the present subjunctive. These verbs can be said to have 11 principal parts, because the subjunctive stem may or may not be used for the first and second plural present subjunctive, the imperative and/or the present participle, in ways that vary from verb to verb.

The following table shows how the paradigm of an 11-principal-part irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that these verbs are generally the most irregular verbs in French, and many of them construct the present indicative (especially the singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion. The verb aller also constructs its past participle and simple past differently, according to the endings for -er verbs.

Paradigm for the highly irregular verbs (11 principal parts)
 
Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative
Present Simple past Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Present Present
je 1S+s PAST+s 1P+ais FUT+ai SUBJ+e PAST+sse FUT+ais
tu 1S+s PAST+s 1P+ais FUT+as SUBJ+es PAST+sses FUT+ais (same as pres. indic. 2nd. sg.; but use 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel) or SUBJ+e
il 1S+t PAST+t 1P+ait FUT+a SUBJ+e PAST+ˆt FUT+ait
nous 1P+ons PAST+ˆmes 1P+ions FUT+ons SUBJ+ions or 1P+ions PAST+ssions FUT+ions (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) or SUBJ+ons
vous 1P+ez PAST+ˆtes 1P+iez FUT+ez SUBJ+iez or 1P+iez PAST+ssiez FUT+iez (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) or SUBJ+ez
ils 3P+ent PAST+rent 1P+aient FUT+ont SUBJ+ent PAST+ssent FUT+aient

Non-finite forms:

  • Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
  • Present participle: 1P-ant or SUBJ-ant
  • Gerundive: en 1P-ant or en SUBJ-ant
  • Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s) or SUBJ-ant(e)(s)
  • Past participle: PP(e)(s)

The following table gives the principal parts for the 11-principal-part verbs. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)

Table of principal parts of the highly irregular French verbs (11 principal parts)
INF: Infinitive Meaning FUT: Future Present Indicative Present Subjunctive Imperative Present Participle PP: Past Participle PAST: Simple Past Notes Similar verbs
1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) 3P: 3rd Plur SUBJ:1st Sing 1st Plur
pouv-oir "to be able" pourr-ai peux/puis, peux, peut pouv-ons peuv-ent puiss-e follows subj. (puiss-ions) follows indic. follows 1P (pouv-ant) pu pu-s (reg.) alternate 1st sing. puis required in questions, use elsewhere is mannered; note that old pres. part. puiss-ant is attested as an adjective "powerful"
sav-oir "to know" saur-ai sai-s sav-ons sav-ent sach-e follows subj. (sach-ions) follows subj. (sache, sachons, sachez) follows subj. (sach-ant) su su-s
voul-oir "to want" voudr-ai veux, veux, veut voul-ons veul-ent veuill-e follows indic. (voul-ions) follows subj. (veuille, veuillons, veuillez) follows 1P (voul-ant) voulu voulu-s
val-oir "to be worth" vaudr-ai vaux, vaux, vaut val-ons val-ent vaill-e follows indic. (val-ions) follows indic. (vaux, valons, valez) follows 1P (val-ant) valu valu-s
fall-oir "to be necessary" faudr-a fau-t (stem fall-) – faill-e – – – fall-u fallu-t Impersonal (3rd-singular only)
fai-re "to do" fer-ai fai-s fais-ons, faites font fass-e follows subj. (fass-ions) follows indic. follows 1P (fais-ant) fait fi-s 2nd pl. pres. indic. faites (also in imperative) défaire, refaire, satisfaire
av-oir "to have" aur-ai ai, as, a av-ons ont ai-e, ai-es, ai-t; ai-ent ay-ons, ay-ez follows subj. (aie, ayons, ayez) follows subj. (ay-ant) eu /y/ eu-s
êt-re "to be" ser-ai suis, es, est sommes, êtes; stem ét- sont soi-s, soi-s, soi-t; soi-ent soy-ons, soy-ez follows subj. (sois, soyons, soyez) follows 1P (ét-ant) été fu-s
all-er "to go" ir-ai vais/vas1, vas, va all-ons vont aill-e follows indic. (all-ions) follows indic. follows 1P (all-ant) allé all-ai 2nd. sg. imperat. va, but vas-y "go there" s'en aller "leave"

Aller

The verb aller means "to go" and is sufficiently irregular that it merits listing its conjugation in full. It is the only verb with the first group ending "er" to have an irregular conjugation. It belongs to none of the three sections of the third group, and is often categorized on its own. The verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past all- /al/ (simple past, imperfect, past subjunctive); present subjunctive aill- /aj/; conditional and future ir- /iʁ/. The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as in any other -er verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:

Aller "to go"
 
Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative
Present Simple past Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Present Present
je vais, vas1 /vɛ/, /va/ allai /ale/ allais /alɛ/ irai /iʁe/ aille /aj/ allasse /alas/ irais /iʁɛ/
tu vas /va/ allas allais iras ailles allasses irais va
il/elle/on va /va/ alla allait ira aille allât irait
nous allons /alɔ̃/ allâmes allions irons allions allassions irions allons
vous allez /ale/ allâtes alliez irez alliez allassiez iriez allez
ils/elles vont /vɔ̃/ allèrent allaient iront aillent allassent iraient

The non-finite forms are all based on all- /al/:

  • Infinitive: aller
  • Present participle: allant
  • Gerundive: en allant
  • Verbal adjective: allant(e)(s)
  • Past participle: allé(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: être

1 In Classical French and even in certain dialects (like in Cajun and some Quebec dialects) je vas is used.

三種類型動詞的詞尾變化

 
第一組 第二組 第三組   第一組 第二組 第三組
Indicatif (Présent)   Subjonctif (Présent)
je e1 is s (x3) e5   e isse e2.1
tu es es5   es isses es2.1
il e it t (d,c4) e5   e isse e2.3
nous ons issons ons2.1 ons   ions issions ions
vous ez issez ez (es2.2) ez   iez issiez iez
ils ent issent ent (nt2) ent   ent issent ent
   
  Indicatif (Imparfait)   Subjonctif (Imparfait)
je ais issais ais   asse isse isse6 usse
tu asses isses isses6 usses
il ait issait ait   ât ît ît6 ût
nous ions issions ions   assions issions issions6 ussions
vous iez issiez iez   assiez issiez issiez6 ussiez
ils aient issaient aient   assent issent issent6 ussent
   
  Indicatif (Passé simple)   Impératif (Présent)
je ai is is6 us    
tu as   e is s e5
il a it it6 ut    
nous âmes îmes îmes6 ûmes   ons issons ons ons
vous âtes îtes îtes6 ûtes   ez issez ez ez
ils èrent irent irent6 urent    
   
  Indicatif (Futur simple)   Conditionnel (Présent)
je erai irai rai   erais irais rais
tu eras iras ras
il era ira ra   erait irait rait
nous erons irons rons   erions irions rions
vous erez irez rez   eriez iriez riez
ils eront iront ront   eraient iraient raient

1. 在疑問句中，這個 e 會被寫成 é (傳統拼法) 或 è (修正拼法)，並且發做半開母音 è [ɛ]。另外，je 的 e 會變成無聲。例如 je marche /ʒə.maʁʃ/ （我走）； marchè-je? /maʁʃɛʒ/ （我走嗎？）

2. 這些動詞的結尾是 -ont： ils sont （他們是）、 ils ont （他們有）、 ils font （他們做）、 ils vont （他們去）。

2.1. 只有動詞 être 在這些地方會有例外： nous sommes （我們是）、 que je soi-s （～我是）, que tu soi-s （～你是）。

2.2. 這些動詞與它們的派生詞的結尾是 -es： vous êtes （你們/您是）、 vous faites （你們/您做）, vous dites （你們/您說）。

2.3. 只有動詞 être 和 avoir 的結尾有 t： qu'il/elle/on soi-t （～他/她/我們是）、 qu'il/elle/on ai-t （～他/她/我們有）。

3. 只有 je/tu peux （我/你能夠）、 je/tu veux （我/你想要） 和 je/tu vaux （我/你值得）。

4. 以 -dre 結尾的動詞在第三人稱單數時結尾為 d ，除了以 -indre 和 -soudre 結尾的動詞是以 t 結尾。動詞 vaincre （打敗）和 convaincre （說服） 第三人稱單數的結尾分別為 vainc 和 convainc。

5. 只有這些動詞是這樣變化的： assaillir （攻擊）、 couvrir （覆蓋）、 cueillir （採集）、 défaillir （昏厥）、 offrir （提供）、 ouvrir （開啟）、 souffrir （承受）、 tressaillir （顫抖），以及命令式的 avoir （有）、 savoir （知道）、 vouloir （想要）。

6. 例外有 je vins （我來到了）、 je tins （我拿了）等等，以及 que je vinsse （～我來）、 que je tinsse （～我拿）等等。

The first-person plural in modern spoken French

The first-person plural ending -ons, as well as the nominative first-person plural pronoun nous ("we"), is rarely used in modern spoken French (use of object nous ("us"), however, remains widespread).[1] The pronoun on, which can also serve as the impersonal pronoun and uses the third-person singular form of the verb, is widely used instead. For example, nous chantons ("we sing" or "we are singing"), is likely to be replaced by on chante in almost all contexts except in very careful language. This almost leads to a loss of a verb form in Modern French. However, the verb ending -ons can still be found in the imperative: Chantons ! ("Let's sing!"), which can also be replaced in some contexts by On chante !

註解

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 簡單時態
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 通常只用於（文學的）寫作或極為正式的場合中
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 極少用於現代法語

參考資料

  1. ^ van Compernolle, Rémi A. Nous versus on: Pronouns with first-person plural reference in synchronous French chat. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 2008, 11 (2): 85–110. 

参见

參考文獻

  • Larousse de la conjugaison, 1980.

外部連結

检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=法语动词变位&oldid=47383922”