智能合约

智能合约（英語：Smart contract）是一种旨在以信息化方式传播、验证或执行合同的计算机协议。智能合约允许在没有第三方的情况下进行可信交易。这些交易可追踪且不可逆转。^[1]智能合约概念于1994年由Nick Szabo首次提出。^[2]

智能合同的目的是提供优于传统合同方法的安全，并减少与合同相关的其他交易成本。

安全问题

智能合约是“执行合约条款的计算机交易协议”。^[3] 区块链上的所有用户都可以看到基于区块链的智能合约。但是，这会导致包括安全漏洞在内的所有漏洞都可见，并且可能无法迅速修复。^[4]

这样的攻击难以迅速解决，例如，2016年6月The DAOEther的漏洞造成损失5000万美元，而开发者试图达成共识的解决方案。^[5] DAO的程序在黑客删除资金之前有一段时间的延迟。以太坊软件的一个硬分叉在时限到期之前完成了攻击者的资金回收工作。^[6]

以太坊智能合约中的问题包括合约编程Solidity、编译器错误、以太坊虚拟机错误、对区块链网络的攻击、程序错误的不变性以及其他尚无文档记录的攻击。^[7]

案例

部署智能合约的案例有：

以太坊在其区块链上实施了一种近乎图灵完备的语言，这是一个突出的智能合约框架。^[7]^[8]
RootStock (RSK) 是一个智能合约平台，通过侧链技术连接到比特币区块链。 RSK兼容为以太坊创造的智能合约。^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

流行文化

Karl Schroeder的2002年小说“ Permanence”提出了一种“权利经济”，其中所有的物理对象都有合同要求的纳米标记，这样就可以对专有信息的所有用途实施付款，例如，深空军事任务必须不断证明每艘船舶的效益比率否则将停止工作。

参见

参考资料

^ Smart Contracts, Explained. Cointelegraph. 2017-10-31.
^ Nick Szabo -- Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets. www.fon.hum.uva.nl. [2017-07-29].
^ Tapscott, Don; Tapscott, Alex. The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World. May 2016: 72, 83, 101, 127. ISBN 978-0670069972.
^ Peck, M. Ethereum’s $150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt. IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2016-05-28.
^ DuPont, Quinn. Experiments in Algorithmic Governance: A history and ethnography of “The DAO,” a failed Decentralized Autonomous Organization (PDF). 2017 [2017-07-29].
^ Coy, Peter; Kharif, Olga. This Is Your Company on Blockchain. Bloomberg Businessweek. 2016-08-25 [2016-12-05].
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Atzei, Nicola; Bartoletti, Massimo; Cimoli, Tiziana, A survey of attacks on Ethereum smart contracts (PDF), 6th International Conference on Principles of Security and Trust (POST), European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, 2017
^ Vitalik Buterin on Tweeter (verified). 2017-04-18.
^ RSK – Rootstock Open-Source Smart Contract Bitcoin Technology?.
^ Digrate Express rating report on Project Rootstock (PDF).
^ Thomas Bocek. Digital Marketplaces Unleashed. Springer-Verlag GmbH. 2017-09-15: 169-184. ISBN 978-3-662-49274-1.
^ A Solution for the Problems of Translation and Transparency in Smart Contracts (PDF).
^ Trust in Smart Contracts is a Process, As Well (PDF).
^ Scripting smart contracts for distributed ledger technology (PDF).

[1] Smart Contracts, Explained. Cointelegraph. 2017-10-31.

[:2-2] Nick Szabo -- Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets. www.fon.hum.uva.nl. [2017-07-29].

[tapscott2016-3] Tapscott, Don; Tapscott, Alex. The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World. May 2016: 72, 83, 101, 127. ISBN 978-0670069972.

[Peck20160528-4] Peck, M. Ethereum’s $150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt. IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2016-05-28.

[:0-5] DuPont, Quinn. Experiments in Algorithmic Governance: A history and ethnography of “The DAO,” a failed Decentralized Autonomous Organization (PDF). 2017 [2017-07-29].

[6] Coy, Peter; Kharif, Olga. This Is Your Company on Blockchain. Bloomberg Businessweek. 2016-08-25 [2016-12-05].

[:1-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Atzei, Nicola; Bartoletti, Massimo; Cimoli, Tiziana, A survey of attacks on Ethereum smart contracts (PDF), 6th International Conference on Principles of Security and Trust (POST), European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, 2017

[8] Vitalik Buterin on Tweeter (verified). 2017-04-18.

[9] RSK – Rootstock Open-Source Smart Contract Bitcoin Technology?.

[10] Digrate Express rating report on Project Rootstock (PDF).

[11] Thomas Bocek. Digital Marketplaces Unleashed. Springer-Verlag GmbH. 2017-09-15: 169-184. ISBN 978-3-662-49274-1.

[12] A Solution for the Problems of Translation and Transparency in Smart Contracts (PDF).

[13] Trust in Smart Contracts is a Process, As Well (PDF).

[14] Scripting smart contracts for distributed ledger technology (PDF).

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