托福
 | 模板參量錯誤！（代碼36）
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托福（The Test of English as a Foreign Language，簡稱TOEFL）是由美國教育服務社（ETS）舉辦的一種英語能力考試。全名為檢定非英語為母語者的英語能力考試，簡寫為TOEFL，中文音譯為「托福」。
大多數的美國大學或研究所要求外國學生在申請時提出過一定標準的托福考試成績。從1964年創立以來，已有兩千多萬人次參加了托福考試。過去的托福是用紙筆測驗，後來改為電腦測驗，最近以改為網考，學生需付費參加此考試，在各國皆有ETS的分部負責在主要城市舉辦定期考試。
各種形式
托福網考
托福網考始於2005年末。TOEFL iBT已經有步驟地取代了TOEFL CBT和TOEFL PBT。網考首先應用於美國，加拿大，法國，德國，和意大利，並在2006年裏在全世界普及。中國大陸於2006年9月15日舉行了第一次托福網考，考場還在有計劃地增加中。
時長達四個小時的網考由四個部分組成，每個部分側重一種語言技能，不過一些試題需要多種技能綜合使用。考試着重於在高等教育和學術環境下的語言使用。
- 閱讀
- 在讀過每篇文章後，(總共3-5篇), 有12-15個關於大概內容，作者意圖，已經從文章得出的推斷等，複述，填補圖表，完成總結等是新加入的類型。不具備文章主題有關的背景知識不會妨礙得出正確的答案。
- 聽力
- 聽力內容為對話和講座，問題一般着眼於內容，句義，同時也包括說話人的態度和用意。
- 口語
- 口語是新加入托福的部分。這個部分有有關於個人簡歷和偏好的問題，也有需要綜合閱讀材料和聽力短文的問題。考生需要能夠清楚的，完整的，和準確的復述內容，解釋想法，和闡釋觀點。
- 寫作
托福機考(CBT)
The computer-based test (CBT) was abolished on September 30, 2006. It was divided into four sections, measuring language proficiency in listening, structure (grammar), reading and writing. Note-taking was not allowed.
- Listening Comprehension (45–70 minutes)
- Type of Questions: «Conversations between two or more people in academic environments. Short conversations between students and lectures may be possible conversations.» Questions were basically of the who said what type.
- Structure (grammar) (15–20 minutes)
- Type of Questions: «Identify the erroneous word(s) in the sentence. Fill in the blanks using the appropriate word.»
- Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary (70-90 minutes)
- Type of Question: Questions were posed about content, intent of the author, and ideas inferred from each of the 3–4 passages given.
- Essay Writing (30 minutes)
- Type of Question: «Write an essay on a given general topic and take a position toward it, e.g., "Is stem cell research necessary? Explain your stance."»
The Listening and Structure sections were computer-adaptive, meaning that the difficulty level of each question depended on the correctness of previous responses.
Three subscores were obtained, each of which were given on a 0–30 scale: Listening, Structure/Writing (combined), and Reading. These subscores were averaged to obtain the final score, which was on a 0–300 scale. The Writing score was reported separately, on a 0–6 scale.
托福筆試(PBT)
In areas where the iBT and CBT are not available, a paper-based test (PBT) is given. The PBT tests essentially the same skills as the CBT, albeit with some differences, noticeably the number of questions (which is higher in the PBT) and the score scales. The final PBT score ranges between 310 and 677 and is based on three subscores: Listening (31–68), Structure (31–68), and Reading (31–67). Unlike the CBT, the score of the Writing section (referred to as the Test of Written English, TWE) is not part of the final score; instead, it is reported separately on a scale of 0–6.
ETS has released tables to convert between iBT, CBT and PBT scores.
