跳转到内容

匹兹堡犹太教堂枪击案

维基百科，自由的百科全书

这是本页的一个历史版本，由Jeffchu2014（留言 | 贡献）在2018年11月2日 (五) 04:16 （→当地）编辑。这可能和当前版本存在着巨大的差异。

表达式错误：预期外的<运算符。

匹兹堡犹太教堂枪击案
File:PSX 20181027 164107.jpg
位置美国宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡松鼠山（英语：Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)）
坐标40°26′37″N 79°55′17″W / 40.44361°N 79.92139°W / 40.44361; -79.92139
日期2018年10月27日 (2018-10-27)
目標生命之树–欢乐之光犹太教堂
武器
  • 一支突击步枪[1]
  • 至少三把手枪[1][2]
死亡11
疑犯罗伯特·鲍尔斯[3][4]
動機反犹太主义[5]
地图
系列条目
反犹太主义
犹太人历史及歧視的一部分
定义
表现
反犹主义谣言（英语：Antisemitic canard）
反犹主义出版物
互联网上的反犹主义
迫害（英语：Persecution of Jews）
反抗
分类 分类

匹兹堡犹太教堂枪击案是2018年10月27日发生在美国宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的一起大规模枪击事件[6][7][8]。案發地點為生命之樹－歡樂之光猶太教堂（英語：Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation，希伯來語：קהילת עץ החיים – אור לשמחה‎，羅馬化：Ḳehilat ʻEts ha-Ḥayim – ʼOr le-Śimḥah）。当局报告11人死亡，6人受伤，伤者包括4名警察[9]。現年46歲的嫌犯罗伯特·鲍尔斯（Robert G. Bowers）已被逮補，並被控以29項聯邦罪與36項州罪[10][11]。槍擊案發生時，猶太教堂正舉行安息日聚會及嬰兒割禮儀式[1][12]。反誹謗聯盟表示這起槍擊案是美國史上對猶太人最嚴重的一次攻擊事件[13]。

背景

生命之树－欢乐之光犹太教堂（Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation）是犹太教保守派会堂[14]。会堂位于宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡松鼠山（英语：Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)）区，卡内基·梅隆大学以东1英里（1.6公里），匹兹堡市中心（英语：Downtown Pittsburgh）以东5英里（8公里），自称“传统、进步、平等的犹太教堂”[14][1]。松鼠山是美国最大的犹太人聚居社区，历史上曾是匹兹堡犹太社区腹地，全市26%的犹太人口都住在该地区[15][16][17]。

生命之树于1864年在匹兹堡市中心成立，最初是犹太教正统派教堂。2010年欢乐之光犹太教堂并入后，现在的教堂正式成立[18]。如今的现代犹太教堂建筑，位于威尔金斯大道（Wilkins Avenue）和阴凉大道（Shady Avenue）交汇处，建于1953年。部分空间由犹太教重建派多哈达什（Dor Hadash）和保守派新光（New Light）租用[19][20][21]。主圣所可容纳1250人[22]。

尽管松鼠山治安案件少，没有种族紧张的迹象，当地还是于1986年发生了反犹太主义仇恨犯罪事件，导致当地的拉比学生尼尔·罗森布鲁姆被谋杀（英语：Murder of Neal Rosenblum）[23]。

事件

美国东部时间上午9点50分，一名留着胡须、体形魁梧的白人男子进入教堂。他大喊“犹太人都得死”后开枪，枪声持续了20分钟[20][24]。警方介绍，枪手配备一把柯尔特AR-15半自动步枪（英语：Colt AR-15）（官方称“突击步枪”[25]）和三把格洛格.357 SIG半自动手枪（英语：Glock），四把枪都被他开过火[11][1][26][27]。匹兹堡犹太人联合会一名成员告诉记者，教堂当时除了举行日常的晨间礼拜，还有庆祝新生命的割礼仪式[1][11]以及为一对同性恋夫妇最近收养的一对双胞胎举行的新生命命名仪式（英语：Naming ceremony）[28]，有60到100人出席[29][30]。到上午9点54分，警方接到受困于教堂的人士报警[5][31]。

上午9点59分，警方抵达现场[31][32]。枪手从教堂内向警方开枪，打伤了两名警察。警方还击，致使枪手撤退到楼内[33]。到10点30分，特勤队员进入大楼，遭到枪手火力抵抗。警方开火还击，打伤了枪手，枪手撤退到三楼一个房间[31]。两名特种武器和战术部队队员在交火中受伤，另有一人伤势严重[33]。11点8分，枪手爬出房间宣布投降[34]。根据阿利根尼县的刑事诉讼文件，在警方扣押下接受治疗时，他还不忘提醒特勤队员他“希望犹太人都去死”，犹太人“对他的同胞进行种族灭绝”[35]。

遇难者

事件导致11人罹难[36][37][38]，其中3人死在一楼，4人死在地下室[39]。死者中有两对兄弟和一对夫妻[24][40]。另外至少6人受伤，包括4名警察[5]。大多数受害者被送往匹兹堡大学医疗中心（英语：University of Pittsburgh Medical Center）和匹兹堡大学医疗中心梅西分院（英语：UPMC Mercy）。嫌犯则被送到阿利根尼综合医院（英语：Allegheny General Hospital）[5][41][42]。遇难者名单如下[36][37][38][43][44]：

  • 乔伊斯·菲恩伯格（Joyce Fienberg），75岁
  • 里奇·戈特弗里德（Rich Gottfried），65岁
  • 罗斯·马林格（Rose Mallinger），97岁
  • 杰里·拉比诺维茨（Jerry Rabinowitz），66岁
  • 塞西尔·罗森塔尔（Cecil Rosenthal），59岁
  • 大卫·罗森塔尔（David Rosenthal），54岁
  • 伯尼斯·西蒙（Bernice Simon），84岁
  • 西尔万·西蒙（Sylvan Simon），86岁
  • 丹尼尔·斯坦恩（Daniel Stein），71岁
  • 梅尔文·瓦斯（Melvin Wax），88岁
  • 欧文·扬格（Irving Younger），69岁

嫌犯

枪手罗伯特·格列高利·鲍尔斯（Robert Gregory Bowers，1972年9月4日 - ）[10][45][46]，46岁，宾夕法尼亚州鲍德温 (宾夕法尼亚州)（英语：Baldwin, Pennsylvania）居民[47][48][3][49]。邻居说他是“幽灵”，很少和其他人交流[47]。

Gab被认为是新纳粹主义、白人至上主义和另类右翼的“避风港”[50][50]。2018年1月，鲍尔斯在该网站注册账号，帐号名“onedingo”。帐号描述写道：“犹太是撒旦的孩子（约翰 8:44）。主耶稣基督已经成了肉身。”封面图片是数字1488，这是新纳粹主义者和白人至上主义对大卫·莱恩的十四字真言和纳粹党口号希特勒万岁的回应。鲍尔斯还力挺白人种族大清洗阴谋论（英语：White genocide conspiracy theory）。鲍尔斯还认为QAnon的支持者被“蛊惑”或戏弄[51][52][53]。他还转发了其他反犹太人、新纳粹主义和犹太人大屠杀否定论者的帖子[54][55][56]，并批评总统唐纳德·特朗普是全球主义者，不是民族主义者[57]，应该被犹太人包围控制[58]。在另一篇贴文中，他写道：“只要犹太佬（英语：Kike）一天泛滥，让美国再次伟大就不可能实现”[49]。其他贴文则是攻击非裔美国人的种族辱骂，还有私刑图片及攻击和黑人男子发生关系的女性的文字[59]。他还利用网络账户发布针对投资者兼慈善家乔治·索罗斯的阴谋论[60] 。

事发一个月前，鲍尔斯便发布图片炫耀打靶练习成果，还晒出三把手枪，叫它们格洛克家族[55]。这三把手枪分别是格洛克31、格洛克32和格洛克33.357 SIG手枪[54]。到了事发前数周，鲍尔斯发布反犹太人帖子，矛头直指生命之树教会有份参与的希伯来移民援助协会（英语：HIAS）国家难民安息日活动。活动于10月19日到20日举行[61][62][63][64]。他表示犹太人帮助中美洲移民人龙（英语：Central American migrant caravans）前往美国边境，称这些移民是“入侵者”[65]。事发前不久，他在Gab上表示“希伯来移民援助协会想带点移民过来，杀害我们的人民。我绝不会袖手旁观，看着我的同胞被凌辱。擦亮双眼，等着看我的好戏[66][67][49]！”南方贫困法律中心表示：“擦亮双眼自2017年团结右翼集会以来白人民族主义运动内对如何最好地将信息传达给大众的分歧不断蔓延[68]。”

案发后，Gab联系美国联邦调查局，暂停鲍尔斯的账号，承诺协助调查[51][56]。之后，PayPal、Stripe、Joyent和Medium取消了对Gab的支持，Gab域名提供商GoDaddy要求Gab将域名托管移到其他服务供应商，以便在短期内关闭Gab[69]。

刑事指控和诉讼

鲍尔斯被美国司法部控以29项联邦罪名（英语：Federal crime in the United States）[10][11][70]，包括11项阻碍宗教信仰行为致人死亡罪、11项在暴力犯罪期间使用枪支实行谋杀罪、4项阻碍宗教信仰行为致使公共安全官员身体受伤罪、3项在暴力犯罪期间使用和发射枪支罪[24][70][71][72]。

暴力犯罪的依据是禁止仇恨犯罪的联邦民权法[72]。

鲍尔斯还被控36项州刑事罪名、11项刑事谋杀罪、6项严重袭击罪、6项刑事谋杀未遂罪和13项种族恐吓罪[10][11]。

10月29日，鲍尔斯到美国宾夕法尼亚西区联邦地区法院出席听证会。法律给他任命了律师，他在没有保释的前提下，被还押到美国法警处，轮候进一步听证[73]。

各方回应

美国

宾夕法尼亚州州长汤姆·沃尔夫就事件发表声明。匹兹堡市长比爾·彼杜托（英语：Bill Peduto）陪伴在旁（右七戴条纹领带者）。
File:BoiseChabadJewishCenterMemorialServiceForTheTreeOfLifeVictims.webm
爱达荷州博伊西的犹太教哈巴德派（英语：Chabad）活动中心为事件受害者举行追悼仪式，各界民众到场出席。

总统唐纳德·特朗普、宾夕法尼亚州州长汤姆·沃尔夫和他的竞选搭档、布雷多克（英语：Barddock, Pennsylvania）市长约翰·费特曼及匹兹堡市议员（英语：Pittsburgh City Council）科里·奥康纳（Corey O' Connor）在Twitter发表事件声明[74]。特朗普表示枪击案是“纯粹邪恶”的反犹太主义行为[74]。他认为事件是可以预防的：“如果教堂内有一位武装警卫，他们本可以阻止他”[75][76][77]。他建议要对此类案件采取死刑的惩罚[77]。

美国公民自由联盟的塞西莉亚·王（Cecilia Wang）认为事件及最近的其他骚乱，均是受到特朗普言论的鼓动[78]。副总统迈克·彭斯在当晚接受NBC新闻采访是，否认事件和特朗普言论有牵连[79][80]。包括当地犹太社群在内的2000人举行示威，抗议特朗普的言论。他们高喊“言出必行”，举着“我们要建桥，不要建围墙”等标语[81]。

10月27日到31日，公共和军事领域为遇难者下半旗致哀[82]。

国际

以色列总理本雅明·内塔尼亚胡谴责事件是“可怕的反犹太人的暴行”，“所有以色列人都和死者家属沉浸在悲伤中”[83][84][85][86]。以色列教育和侨民事务部部长纳夫特利·本内特（英语：Naftali Bennett）随即赶往匹兹堡，探访事发教堂，慰问社群成员，出席遇难者葬礼[87]。他指示侨民事务部“评估并准备协助匹兹堡犹太社区”，其中指挥急救救援及康复小队前往当地提供心理和社群重建援助[88][89][90]。10月28日，以色列政府为遇难者举行默哀仪式[91]。

以色列大拉比（英语：Chief Rabbi of Israel）大卫·刘（英语：David Lau）表示：“在世上任何一个地方谋杀犹太人都是不可原谅的”[92]。他认为事发地是“犹太气息浓厚的宝地”[93]。许多报道声称大卫·刘拒绝称非正统的保守派堂会“犹太教堂”，刘慷慨激昂地说到：“他们（遇难者）去什么样的犹太教堂，出席什么样的礼拜仪式，又有什么重要的呢？”然而，著名的非正统以色列宗教领袖和学者都不接受刘的声明[94][95][96]。

特拉维夫-雅法市（英语：Tel Aviv Municipality）用美国国旗颜色照亮市政厅大楼，表示和袭击遇难者团结一致[97][98]。耶路撒冷将以色列国旗和美国国旗并排投影到西墙上[99]。

教宗方济各在10月28日星期日圣伯多禄广场的礼拜活动上，谴责“不人道的暴力行为”，带领信众为死者和伤者及其家属祈祷[100]。

以色列外交部长穆罕默德·贾瓦德·扎里夫向遇难者表示哀悼，指出“极端主义和恐怖主义不堪种族或宗教，无论如何都要受到谴责[101]。”哈马斯也表示哀悼并谴责袭击[102]。

当地

卡内基·梅隆大学下半旗为遇难者致哀。
10月30日，人们再次在第六长老会教堂前的福布斯和默里大道交汇处集会。同一天，唐纳德特朗普总统访问了匹兹堡，视察现场。[103]

案发后不久，卡内基·梅隆大学封锁校园，暂停所有活动[21]。同时警方建议居民留在家中，远离街道[39]。

匹兹堡犹太社群各大教派人士参加了当地的犹太哀悼仪式，人数众多，非比寻常。按照犹太教传统，遗体入土前须由别人守卫。在匹兹堡太平间，志愿守卫队每一个小时轮班一次，直至遗体被搬到殡仪馆。《大西洋》报道，“大部分志愿者似乎是东正教徒，受枪击事件的直接影响，和自由派社群团结一致[104]。”

10月30日星期二，匹兹堡钢人球员趁国家橄榄球联盟常规停赛期，出席罗森塔尔兄弟的葬礼。兄弟俩身患智力障碍，他们的一个姐妹之前是球队的员工[105]。

守夜仪式和集会

媒体和组织

总统视察

众筹

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Rosenblatt, Kalhan; Winter, Tom; Dienst, Jonathan; Williams, Pete; McCausland, Phil. Shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue: At least 11 dead, suspect in custody. NBC新聞. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27].  引用错误：带有name属性“NBC_News”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  2. ^ Authorities identify synagogue shooter. 美联社. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Turkewitz, Julie; Roose, Kevin. What We Know About Robert Bowers, Suspect in Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting. 纽约时报. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27].  引用错误：带有name属性“NYT-JTKR-20181027”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  4. ^ Staff. Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooter Identified As Robert Bowers, Yelled 'All Jews Must Die' As He Opened Fire. CBS新闻. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Sheehan, Andy; Schiller, Meghan. 8 Dead, Several Others Shot At Pittsburgh Synagogue. KDKA. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27].  引用错误：带有name属性“KDKA-20181027”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  6. ^ Robertson, Campbell; Mele, Christopher; Tavernise, Sabrina. Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting: At Least 11 Dead and Gunman Identified. 纽约时报. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  7. ^ Mele, Cristopher. Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Leaves ‘Several’ Dead, Official Says. 纽约时报. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  8. ^ Andone, Dakin; Allen, Keith. 'Multiple casualties' in shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue. CNN. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  9. ^ 11 people killed in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, official says. CNN. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Magisterial District Judge 05-0-03 - DOCKET - Docket Number: MJ-05003-CR-0009000-2018 - Criminal Docket - Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Robert Gregory Bowers. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-28）.  引用错误：带有name属性“MDJ-20181027”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Robertson, Campbell; Mele, Christopher; Tsvrernise, Sabrina. 11 Killed in Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre; Suspect Charged With 29 Counts. The New York Times. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27].  引用错误：带有name属性“NYT-counts-20181027”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  12. ^ Quinn, Allison; Shallwani, Pervaiz. 'Multiple Casualties' After Gunman Opens Fire at Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh. The Daily Beast. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  13. ^ Timothy Gardner, Jeff Mason, David Brunnstrom (October 27, 2018). Trump says Pittsburgh shooting has little to do with gun laws. Reuters. Retrieved: October 28, 2018.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Tree of Life * Or L'Simcha Congregation | Pittsburgh Synagogue. Tree of Life * Or L'Simcha Congregation. [October 27, 2018]. （原始内容存档于October 27, 2018） （英语）. 
  15. ^ Paul, Deanna; Selk, Avi; Wang, Amy B. Pittsburgh synagogue shooting leaves multiple people dead and wounded. The Washington Post. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  16. ^ Smith, Peter. Report: Pittsburgh Jewish community growing, spreading out. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 20, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  17. ^ Boxer, Matthew; Brookner, Matthew; Aronson, Janet; Saxe, Leonard, The 2017 Greater Pittsburgh Jewish Community Study, Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies: 1–3, 2018 [2017] [October 28, 2018] 
  18. ^ About Us. Tree of Life * Or L'Simcha. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  19. ^ Olitzky, Kerry M.; Raphael, Marc Lee. The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1996: 318. ISBN 9780313288562. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Tibon, Amir; Landau, Noa; Kaplan Sommer, Allison; Maltz, Judy. Eight Killed in Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting; Gunman Yelled 'All Jews Must Die'. Haaretz. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Mamula, Kris; Goldstein, Andrew; Ward, Paula; Navratil, Liz; Bradbury, Shelly. 'Multiple casualties,' some fatalities in Squirrel Hill synagogue mass shooting. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  22. ^ Scolforo, Mark; Gillispie, Mark. Suspect in custody in Pittsburgh synagogue attack. Associated Press. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  23. ^ Farzan, Antonia Noori. Before synagogue mass shooting, a 1986 murder shook Pittsburgh’s Jewish community. The Washington Post. 29 October 2018 [29 October 2018]. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Griffiths, Brent. Officials: Shooter in synagogue attack spoke of killing Jews. POLITICO. October 28, 2017 [October 28, 2018]. 
  25. ^ Robertson, Campbell; Mele, Christopher; Tsvrernise, Sabrina. 11 Killed in Synagogue Massacre; Suspect Charged With 29 Counts. The New York Times. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  26. ^ Altdorfer, John; Swaney, Chriss. Gunman targeting Jews kills 11 in Pittsburgh synagogue. Reuters. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  27. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Selk的参考文献提供内容
  28. ^ Quinn, Allison; Shallwani, Pervaiz. 'Multiple Casualties' After Gunman Opens Fire at Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh. The Daily Beast. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. The attack took place around 10 a.m. as a naming ceremony for a newborn baby was underway in the synagogue. 
  29. ^ Hanson, Hilary; Miller, Hayley; Boboltz, Sara; Richards, Kimberley. Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting: At Least 11 People Dead, Suspect in Custody. HuffPost. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  30. ^ Reynolds, Daniel. Synagogue Shooting Occurred During Bris for Gay Couple's Twins. The Advocate. October 28, 2018. The attack on the Tree of Life Congregation interrupted a Jewish ceremony of male circumcision for a rainbow family. 
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Almasy, Steve; Moshtaghian, Artemis. Here's how the shooting at a Pittsburgh synagogue unfolded. CNN. October 28, 2018 [October 28, 2018]. 
  32. ^ Staff. Pittsburgh shooting: Multiple casualties at Squirrel Hill synagogue. BBC News. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Shirley, Bradbury. Timeline of terror: A moment-by-moment account of Squirrel Hill mass shooting. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2018-10-28 [2018-11-01]. 
  34. ^ Pittsburgh synagogue shooting leaves 8 dead, 4 officers injured; suspect in custody. ABC 7 Chicago. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  35. ^ Chavez, Nicole. Pittsburgh synagogue gunman told SWAT he wanted all Jews to die, criminal complaint says. CNN. October 28, 2018 [October 28, 2018]. 
  36. ^ 36.0 36.1 Officials name deceased victims from Tree of Life shooting; UPMC provides updates on survivors. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 28, 2018 [October 28, 2018]. 
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 Levenson, Eric; Sanchez, Ray. Mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue. CNN. October 28, 2018 [October 28, 2018]. 
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 Victims In Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Identified. CBS Pittsburgh. October 28, 2018 [October 28, 2018]. 
  39. ^ 39.0 39.1 Mann, Tanveer. 11 dead, six injured as gunman opens fire on prayer service at US synagogue. Metro. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  40. ^ Andone, Dakin; Sidner, Sara. These are the victims of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. CNN. October 28, 2018 [October 28, 2018]. 
  41. ^ UPMC Treating Synagogue Shooting Victim (新闻稿). University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  42. ^ Active shooter Pittsburgh: Police respond to reports of a shooting near the Tree of Life synagogue. CBS News. October 27, 2018. 
  43. ^ Pittsburgh shooting: Who were the victims?. BBC News. October 29, 2018 [October 29, 2018]. Mr Gottfried was a dentist who set up a practice in north Pittsburgh with his wife, Peg Durachko, in 1984. 
  44. ^ Sisters of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting victim Dr. Richard Gottfried speak out. TODAY. October 29, 2018 [October 29, 2018]. Dr. Richard Gottfried, a 65-year-old husband and brother, was among the 11 people killed in the Tree of Life Synagogue shooting in Pittsburgh. 
  45. ^ Ailworth, Erin; Hagerty, James R. Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Described as Man Who Kept to Himself - Robert G. Bowers was active on social media, but few recall him in person; 'very unremarkable, normal—which is scary' says one neighbor. The Wall Street Journal. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-29]. 
  46. ^ Criminal Complaint (PDF). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-31] –通过DocumentCloud. 
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Gabriel, Trip. Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Suspect Was ‘Pretty Much a Ghost’. The New York Times. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-30]. 
  48. ^ Criminal Docket against Bowers, Robert Gregory (PDF). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. [2018-10-28]. 
  49. ^ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Ward, Paula; Lord, Rich; Navratil, Liz. 29 federal charges filed against shooting suspect Robert Bowers. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  50. ^ 50.0 50.1 Roose, Kevin. On Gab, an Extremist-Friendly Site, Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Aired His Hatred in Full. The New York Times (New York City). 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. 
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 Beckett, Lois. Pittsburgh shooting: suspect railed against Jews and Muslims on site used by 'alt-right'. The Guardian. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  52. ^ Gormly, Kellie B.; Selk, Avi; Achenbach, Joel; Berman, Mark; Horton, Alex. Suspect in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting charged with 29 counts in deaths of 11 people. The Washington Post. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-28]. 
  53. ^ Pittsburgh shooting: What we know so far. BBC News. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. 
  54. ^ 54.0 54.1 McBride, Jessica. Robert Bowers: See Squirrel Hill Suspect's Social Media. Heavy.com. 2018-10-27. 
  55. ^ 55.0 55.1 Anti-Semitic social media posts may hold clues in fatal Pittsburgh shooting. The Globe and Mail (Toronto). Reuters. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  56. ^ 56.0 56.1 Lorenz, Taylor. The Pittsburgh Suspect’s Internet of Hate. The Atlantic. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  57. ^ Kwong, Jessica. Who is Robert Bowers? Suspect identified in the Pittsburgh Tree of Life Synagogue shooting. Newsweek. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  58. ^ Politi, Daniel. Synagogue Shooting Suspect Robert Bowers Appears to be Anti-Semite Who Hates Trump. Slate. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  59. ^ Raymond, Adam K. What We Know About Robert Bowers, Alleged Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooter. Intelligencer. [2018-10-29]. 
  60. ^ Weill, Kelly. Pittsburgh Synagogue Suspect Robert Bowers Hated Trump—for Not Hating Jews. Daily Beast. 2018-10-27. 
  61. ^ Suspect identified as Robert Bowers, 46, in Squirrel Hill synagogue shooting. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  62. ^ Shannon, Sant. What's Known About Robert Bowers, The Suspect In The Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting. NPR. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  63. ^ Weiss, Bari. A Massacre in the Heart of Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood. The New York Times. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  64. ^ Vesoulis, Abby. How Gab Became the Social Media Site Where the Pittsburgh Suspect's Anti-Semitism Thrived. Time. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  65. ^ Andone, Dakin; Hanna, Jason; Sterling, Joe; Murphy, Paul P. Hate crime charges filed in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting that left 11 dead. CNN. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. 
  66. ^ Levenson, Eric; Sanchez, Ray. Mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue. CNN. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  67. ^ Kragie, Andrew. The Synagogue Killings Mark a Surge of Anti-Semitism. The Atlantic. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-27]. 
  68. ^ Barrouquere, Brett; Janik, Rachel. A gunman opened fire on a synagogue in Pittsburgh, killing at least eleven people and wounding others. Southern Poverty Law Center. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-28]. The mention of 'optics' references a disagreement that has raged within the white nationalist movement since the 'Unite the Right' rally in 2017 about how best to get their message across to the general public. Some extremists called for continued direct action, while others favored a retreat back into online spaces. This suggests the suspect was steeped in the debates of the white nationalist 'alt-right'. 
  69. ^ Byford, Sam. Gab.com goes down after GoDaddy threatens to pull domain. The Verge. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. 
  70. ^ 70.0 70.1 Ward, Paula Reed; Lord, Rich; Navratil, Liz. 29 federal charges filed against shooting suspect Robert Bowers - Social posts attributed to suspect may provide clues. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 27, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  71. ^ Statement on Filing of Federal Charges. Department of Justice. October 27, 2018 [October 29, 2018]. 
  72. ^ 72.0 72.1 Dozens of federal, state charges filed against shooting suspect Robert Bowers. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 27, 2018 [October 29, 2018]. 
  73. ^ Swaney, Chriss. Stony-faced, silent synagogue massacre suspect held without bond. Reuters. October 29, 2018 [October 29, 2018]. 
  74. ^ 74.0 74.1 Dedaj, Paulina; Joyce, Kathleen. Pittsburgh synagogue shooting leaves 11 dead and 6 wounded; suspect hit with multiple charges. Fox News. October 27, 2018 [October 28, 2018]. 
  75. ^ Kelly, Caroline; Sanchez, Ray; Stark, Liz. Trump says Pittsburgh synagogue should have had armed guards. CNN. October 27, 2018. 
  76. ^ Stewart, Emily. Trump laments Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, then suggests victims should have protected themselves. Vox. October 27, 2018. 
  77. ^ 77.0 77.1 A massacre in Pittsburgh illustrates America’s disunity. The Economist. October 28, 2018 [October 27, 2018]. 
  78. ^ Most Read Politics. Critics say Trump has fostered the toxic environment for the political violence he denounces. The Washington Post. [October 28, 2018]. 
  79. ^ Pittsburgh shooting: Mike Pence says no link to Trump's angry language. USA Today. [October 28, 2018]. 
  80. ^ Sonmez, Felicia; Lee, Michelle; Kane, Paul. Pence: Don’t link political rhetoric o Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. The Washington Post. October 28, 2018 [October 28, 2018]. 
  81. ^ Resnick-Ault, Jessica. Trump visits synagogue in Pittsburgh attack as protesters march. Reuters. October 30, 2018. 
  82. ^ President Trump orders all U.S. flags be flown at half-staff. The Jerusalem Post. [October 30, 2018]. 
  83. ^ Bowden, John. Netanyahu condemns 'horrifying anti-Semitic brutality' after Pittsburgh shooting. The Hill. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-28]. 
  84. ^ Israeli prime minister 'heartbroken' by Pittsburgh synagogue attack. Reuters. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-28]. 
  85. ^ Moshtaghian, Artemis; Almasy, Steve. Leaders around the world react to the mass killings at a Pittsburgh synagogue. CNN. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. 
  86. ^ Netanyahu, Benjamin [@netanyahu]. I was heartbroken and appalled by the murderous attack on a Pittsburgh synagogue today: (推文). 2018-10-27 [2018-10-28] –通过Twitter. 
  87. ^ Maltz, Judy. 'Deadliest Attack on Jewish Community in U.S. History': Jewish Leaders Lament Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting需要付费订阅. Haaretz. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-28]. 
  88. ^ O'Grady, Siobhán. Israeli PM Netanyahu condemns ‘horrendous anti-Semitic brutality’ of Pittsburgh shooting. The Independent. [2018-10-28]. 
  89. ^ Wootliff, Raoul. Netanyahu: ‘Heartbroken and appalled’ by Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. The Times of Israel. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-28]. 
  90. ^ Religious Leaders, Others Express Horror at Synagogue Attack. The New York Times. 2018-10-27 [2018-10-28]. 
  91. ^ Israeli cabinet honors victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. Reuters. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. 
  92. ^ Chief rabbi says it doesn't matter if Pittsburgh's Tree of Life is a synagogue. The Times of Israel. 2018-10-29 [2018-10-29]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-29）. 
  93. ^ Chizhik-Goldschmidt, Avital. Israel Chief Rabbi Didn’t Dismiss Progressive Synagogues. Stop Twisting Words To Sow Division.. The Forward. 
  94. ^ Israel Chief Rabbi Won’t Call Pittsburgh Shooting Site ‘Synagogue’ — Because It's Not Orthodox. The Forward. [2018-10-28]. 
  95. ^ Maltz, Judy. Israel's Chief Rabbi Refuses to Call Pittsburgh Massacre Site a Synagogue Because It's non-Orthodox需要付费订阅. Haaretz. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. 
  96. ^ Eglash, Ruth. Pittsburgh shooting was widely reported in Israel, but not all media noted it took place in a synagogue. The Washington Post. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. 
  97. ^ Synagogue shooting suspect Robert Bowers: What we know about alleged Pittsburgh gunman. Sky News. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. 
  98. ^ Julian, Hana. Tel Aviv City Hall Lights Up in Solidarity with Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Victims. JewishPress.com. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. 
  99. ^ Birnbaum, Emily. Projection on wall in Jerusalem’s Old City pays tribute to Pittsburgh synagogue victims. The Hill. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. 
  100. ^ Pope Francis grieves for Jewish victims in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. CBS News. Associated Press. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-29]. 
  101. ^ Iran FM offers prayers for victims of terrorist shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue. Press TV. 2018-10-29 [2018-10-29]. 
  102. ^ Hamas denounces Pittsburgh shooting, claims it’s a ‘victim of Israeli terror’. The Times of Israel. 2018-10-30. 
  103. ^ Trump makes solemn visit to Pittsburgh, even as officials shun his timing. CNN. [October 30, 2018]. 
  104. ^ Green, Emma. The Jews of Pittsburgh Bury Their Dead. The Atlantic. October 30, 2018 [October 30, 2018]. 
  105. ^ Steelers attend funeral for brothers killed in Tree of Life Synagogue shooting. ESPN. October 31, 2018 [November 1, 2018]. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=匹兹堡犹太教堂枪击案&oldid=51864742”