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匹茲堡猶太教堂槍擊案

維基百科，自由的百科全書

這是本頁的一個歷史版本，由Jeffchu2014（留言 | 貢獻）在2018年11月2日 (五) 04:16 （→当地）編輯。這可能和目前版本存在著巨大的差異。

表達式錯誤：預期外的<運算符。

匹茲堡猶太教堂槍擊案
File:PSX 20181027 164107.jpg
位置美國賓夕法尼亞州匹茲堡松鼠山（英語：Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)）
座標40°26′37″N 79°55′17″W / 40.44361°N 79.92139°W / 40.44361; -79.92139
日期2018年10月27日 (2018-10-27)
目標生命之樹–歡樂之光猶太教堂
武器
  • 一支突擊步槍[1]
  • 至少三把手槍[1][2]
死亡11
疑犯羅伯特·鮑爾斯[3][4]
動機反猶太主義[5]
地圖
系列條目
反猶太主義
猶太人歷史及歧視的一部分
定義
表現
反猶主義謠言（英語：Antisemitic canard）
反猶主義出版物
網際網路上的反猶主義
迫害（英語：Persecution of Jews）
反抗
分類 分類

匹茲堡猶太教堂槍擊案是2018年10月27日發生在美國賓夕法尼亞州匹茲堡的一起大規模槍擊事件[6][7][8]。案發地點為生命之樹－歡樂之光猶太教堂（英語：Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation，希伯來語：קהילת עץ החיים – אור לשמחה‎，羅馬化：Ḳehilat ʻEts ha-Ḥayim – ʼOr le-Śimḥah）。當局報告11人死亡，6人受傷，傷者包括4名警察[9]。現年46歲的嫌犯羅伯特·鮑爾斯（Robert G. Bowers）已被逮補，並被控以29項聯邦罪與36項州罪[10][11]。槍擊案發生時，猶太教堂正舉行安息日聚會及嬰兒割禮儀式[1][12]。反誹謗聯盟表示這起槍擊案是美國史上對猶太人最嚴重的一次攻擊事件[13]。

背景

生命之樹－歡樂之光猶太教堂（Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation）是猶太教保守派會堂[14]。會堂位於賓夕法尼亞州匹茲堡松鼠山（英語：Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)）區，卡內基·梅隆大學以東1英里（1.6公里），匹茲堡市中心（英語：Downtown Pittsburgh）以東5英里（8公里），自稱「傳統、進步、平等的猶太教堂」[14][1]。松鼠山是美國最大的猶太人聚居社區，歷史上曾是匹茲堡猶太社區腹地，全市26%的猶太人口都住在該地區[15][16][17]。

生命之樹於1864年在匹茲堡市中心成立，最初是猶太教正統派教堂。2010年歡樂之光猶太教堂併入後，現在的教堂正式成立[18]。如今的現代猶太教堂建築，位於威爾金斯大道（Wilkins Avenue）和陰涼大道（Shady Avenue）交匯處，建於1953年。部分空間由猶太教重建派多哈達什（Dor Hadash）和保守派新光（New Light）租用[19][20][21]。主聖所可容納1250人[22]。

儘管松鼠山治安案件少，沒有種族緊張的跡象，當地還是於1986年發生了反猶太主義仇恨犯罪事件，導致當地的拉比學生尼爾·羅森布魯姆被謀殺（英語：Murder of Neal Rosenblum）[23]。

事件

美國東部時間上午9點50分，一名留著鬍鬚、體形魁梧的白人男子進入教堂。他大喊「猶太人都得死」後開槍，槍聲持續了20分鐘[20][24]。警方介紹，槍手配備一把柯爾特AR-15半自動步槍（英語：Colt AR-15）（官方稱「突擊步槍」[25]）和三把格洛格.357 SIG半自動手槍（英語：Glock），四把槍都被他開過火[11][1][26][27]。匹茲堡猶太人聯合會一名成員告訴記者，教堂當時除了舉行日常的晨間禮拜，還有慶祝新生命的割禮儀式[1][11]以及為一對同性戀夫婦最近收養的一對雙胞胎舉行的新生命命名儀式（英語：Naming ceremony）[28]，有60到100人出席[29][30]。到上午9點54分，警方接到受困於教堂的人士報警[5][31]。

上午9點59分，警方抵達現場[31][32]。槍手從教堂內向警方開槍，打傷了兩名警察。警方還擊，致使槍手撤退到樓內[33]。到10點30分，特勤隊員進入大樓，遭到槍手火力抵抗。警方開火還擊，打傷了槍手，槍手撤退到三樓一個房間[31]。兩名特種武器和戰術部隊隊員在交火中受傷，另有一人傷勢嚴重[33]。11點8分，槍手爬出房間宣布投降[34]。根據阿利根尼縣的刑事訴訟文件，在警方扣押下接受治療時，他還不忘提醒特勤隊員他「希望猶太人都去死」，猶太人「對他的同胞進行種族滅絕」[35]。

遇難者

事件導致11人罹難[36][37][38]，其中3人死在一樓，4人死在地下室[39]。死者中有兩對兄弟和一對夫妻[24][40]。另外至少6人受傷，包括4名警察[5]。大多數受害者被送往匹茲堡大學醫療中心（英語：University of Pittsburgh Medical Center）和匹茲堡大學醫療中心梅西分院（英語：UPMC Mercy）。嫌犯則被送到阿利根尼綜合醫院（英語：Allegheny General Hospital）[5][41][42]。遇難者名單如下[36][37][38][43][44]：

  • 喬伊斯·菲恩伯格（Joyce Fienberg），75歲
  • 里奇·戈特弗里德（Rich Gottfried），65歲
  • 羅斯·馬林格（Rose Mallinger），97歲
  • 傑里·拉比諾維茨（Jerry Rabinowitz），66歲
  • 塞西爾·羅森塔爾（Cecil Rosenthal），59歲
  • 大衛·羅森塔爾（David Rosenthal），54歲
  • 伯尼斯·西蒙（Bernice Simon），84歲
  • 西爾萬·西蒙（Sylvan Simon），86歲
  • 丹尼爾·斯坦恩（Daniel Stein），71歲
  • 梅爾文·瓦斯（Melvin Wax），88歲
  • 歐文·揚格（Irving Younger），69歲

嫌犯

槍手羅伯特·格列高利·鮑爾斯（Robert Gregory Bowers，1972年9月4日 - ）[10][45][46]，46歲，賓夕法尼亞州鮑德溫 (賓夕法尼亞州)（英語：Baldwin, Pennsylvania）居民[47][48][3][49]。鄰居說他是「幽靈」，很少和其他人交流[47]。

Gab被認為是新納粹主義、白人至上主義和另類右翼的「避風港」[50][50]。2018年1月，鮑爾斯在該網站註冊帳號，帳號名「onedingo」。帳號描述寫道：「猶太是撒旦的孩子（約翰 8:44）。主耶穌基督已經成了肉身。」封面圖片是數字1488，這是新納粹主義者和白人至上主義對大衛·萊恩的十四字真言和納粹黨口號希特勒萬歲的回應。鮑爾斯還力挺白人種族大清洗陰謀論（英語：White genocide conspiracy theory）。鮑爾斯還認為QAnon的支持者被「蠱惑」或戲弄[51][52][53]。他還轉發了其他反猶太人、新納粹主義和猶太人大屠殺否定論者的帖子[54][55][56]，並批評總統唐納·川普是全球主義者，不是民族主義者[57]，應該被猶太人包圍控制[58]。在另一篇貼文中，他寫道：「只要猶太佬（英語：Kike）一天泛濫，讓美國再次偉大就不可能實現」[49]。其他貼文則是攻擊非裔美國人的種族辱罵，還有私刑圖片及攻擊和黑人男子發生關係的女性的文字[59]。他還利用網絡帳戶發布針對投資者兼慈善家喬治·索羅斯的陰謀論[60] 。

事發一個月前，鮑爾斯便發布圖片炫耀打靶練習成果，還曬出三把手槍，叫它們格洛克家族[55]。這三把手槍分別是格洛克31、格洛克32和格洛克33.357 SIG手槍[54]。到了事發前數周，鮑爾斯發布反猶太人帖子，矛頭直指生命之樹教會有份參與的希伯來移民援助協會（英語：HIAS）國家難民安息日活動。活動於10月19日到20日舉行[61][62][63][64]。他表示猶太人幫助中美洲移民人龍（英語：Central American migrant caravans）前往美國邊境，稱這些移民是「入侵者」[65]。事發前不久，他在Gab上表示「希伯來移民援助協會想帶點移民過來，殺害我們的人民。我絕不會袖手旁觀，看著我的同胞被凌辱。擦亮雙眼，等著看我的好戲[66][67][49]！」南方貧困法律中心表示：「擦亮雙眼自2017年團結右翼集會以來白人民族主義運動內對如何最好地將信息傳達給大眾的分歧不斷蔓延[68]。」

案發後，Gab聯繫美國聯邦調查局，暫停鮑爾斯的帳號，承諾協助調查[51][56]。之後，PayPal、Stripe、Joyent和Medium取消了對Gab的支持，Gab域名提供商GoDaddy要求Gab將域名託管移到其他服務供應商，以便在短期內關閉Gab[69]。

刑事指控和訴訟

鮑爾斯被美國司法部控以29項聯邦罪名（英語：Federal crime in the United States）[10][11][70]，包括11項阻礙宗教信仰行為致人死亡罪、11項在暴力犯罪期間使用槍枝實行謀殺罪、4項阻礙宗教信仰行為致使公共安全官員身體受傷罪、3項在暴力犯罪期間使用和發射槍枝罪[24][70][71][72]。

暴力犯罪的依據是禁止仇恨犯罪的聯邦民權法[72]。

鮑爾斯還被控36項州刑事罪名、11項刑事謀殺罪、6項嚴重襲擊罪、6項刑事謀殺未遂罪和13項種族恐嚇罪[10][11]。

10月29日，鮑爾斯到美國賓夕法尼亞西區聯邦地區法院出席聽證會。法律給他任命了律師，他在沒有保釋的前提下，被還押到美國法警處，輪候進一步聽證[73]。

各方回應

美國

賓夕法尼亞州州長湯姆·沃爾夫就事件發表聲明。匹茲堡市長比爾·彼杜托（英語：Bill Peduto）陪伴在旁（右七戴條紋領帶者）。
File:BoiseChabadJewishCenterMemorialServiceForTheTreeOfLifeVictims.webm
愛達荷州博伊西的猶太教哈巴德派（英語：Chabad）活動中心為事件受害者舉行追悼儀式，各界民眾到場出席。

總統唐納·川普、賓夕法尼亞州州長湯姆·沃爾夫和他的競選搭檔、布雷多克（英語：Barddock, Pennsylvania）市長約翰·費特曼及匹茲堡市議員（英語：Pittsburgh City Council）科里·奧康納（Corey O' Connor）在Twitter發表事件聲明[74]。川普表示槍擊案是「純粹邪惡」的反猶太主義行為[74]。他認為事件是可以預防的：「如果教堂內有一位武裝警衛，他們本可以阻止他」[75][76][77]。他建議要對此類案件採取死刑的懲罰[77]。

美國公民自由聯盟的塞西莉亞·王（Cecilia Wang）認為事件及最近的其他騷亂，均是受到川普言論的鼓動[78]。副總統邁克·彭斯在當晚接受NBC新聞採訪是，否認事件和川普言論有牽連[79][80]。包括當地猶太社群在內的2000人舉行示威，抗議川普的言論。他們高喊「言出必行」，舉著「我們要建橋，不要建圍牆」等標語[81]。

10月27日到31日，公共和軍事領域為遇難者下半旗致哀[82]。

國際

以色列總理班傑明·納坦雅胡譴責事件是「可怕的反猶太人的暴行」，「所有以色列人都和死者家屬沉浸在悲傷中」[83][84][85][86]。以色列教育和僑民事務部部長納夫特利·本內特（英語：Naftali Bennett）隨即趕往匹茲堡，探訪事發教堂，慰問社群成員，出席遇難者葬禮[87]。他指示僑民事務部「評估並準備協助匹茲堡猶太社區」，其中指揮急救救援及康復小隊前往當地提供心理和社群重建援助[88][89][90]。10月28日，以色列政府為遇難者舉行默哀儀式[91]。

以色列大拉比（英語：Chief Rabbi of Israel）大衛·劉（英語：David Lau）表示：「在世上任何一個地方謀殺猶太人都是不可原諒的」[92]。他認為事發地是「猶太氣息濃厚的寶地」[93]。許多報道聲稱大衛·劉拒絕稱非正統的保守派堂會「猶太教堂」，劉慷慨激昂地說到：「他們（遇難者）去什麼樣的猶太教堂，出席什麼樣的禮拜儀式，又有什麼重要的呢？」然而，著名的非正統以色列宗教領袖和學者都不接受劉的聲明[94][95][96]。

特拉維夫-雅法市（英語：Tel Aviv Municipality）用美國國旗顏色照亮市政廳大樓，表示和襲擊遇難者團結一致[97][98]。耶路撒冷將以色列國旗和美國國旗並排投影到西牆上[99]。

教宗方濟各在10月28日星期日聖伯多祿廣場的禮拜活動上，譴責「不人道的暴力行為」，帶領信眾為死者和傷者及其家屬祈禱[100]。

以色列外交部長穆罕默德·賈瓦德·扎里夫向遇難者表示哀悼，指出「極端主義和恐怖主義不堪種族或宗教，無論如何都要受到譴責[101]。」哈馬斯也表示哀悼並譴責襲擊[102]。

當地

卡內基·梅隆大學下半旗為遇難者致哀。
10月30日，人們再次在第六長老會教堂前的福布斯和默里大道交匯處集會。同一天，唐納德川普總統訪問了匹茲堡，視察現場。[103]

案發後不久，卡內基·梅隆大學封鎖校園，暫停所有活動[21]。同時警方建議居民留在家中，遠離街道[39]。

匹茲堡猶太社群各大教派人士參加了當地的猶太哀悼儀式，人數眾多，非比尋常。按照猶太教傳統，遺體入土前須由別人守衛。在匹茲堡太平間，志願守衛隊每一個小時輪班一次，直至遺體被搬到殯儀館。《大西洋》報道，「大部分志願者似乎是東正教徒，受槍擊事件的直接影響，和自由派社群團結一致[104]。」

10月30日星期二，匹茲堡鋼人球員趁國家橄欖球聯盟常規停賽期，出席羅森塔爾兄弟的葬禮。兄弟倆身患智力障礙，他們的一個姐妹之前是球隊的員工[105]。

守夜儀式和集會

媒體和組織

總統視察

眾籌

參見

參考文獻

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