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自由薯条

维基百科，自由的百科全书

这是本页的一个历史版本，由TSAI,YUN-EN（留言 | 贡献）在2018年12月23日 (日) 11:29编辑。这可能和当前版本存在着巨大的差异。

美国国会自助餐厅的菜单包括自由薯条。

自由薯条是美国对炸薯条的政治委婉说法。以回应法国反对拟议入侵伊拉克的行为。

这个词于2003年诞生，当时共和党众议院行政委员会主席, 鲍勃奈伊，在三个国会自助餐厅改名为菜单项目以回应法国反对拟议入侵伊拉克的行为。虽然原本支持的几家餐馆改变了他们的菜单，但随着对伊拉克战争的支持率下降，该术语不再使用。，但随着对伊拉克战争支持率的下降而逐渐恢复原名。在2006年，随着主席Ney的辞职而全部悄悄地恢复。

背景

法国反对派

在基地组织的九一一袭击事件和乔治·W·布什总统宣布的“反恐战争”之后，入侵伊拉克的行动被提出。直到联合国安全理事会的审议，法国外交部长多明尼克·德维勒班明确表示法国既不支持也不参与入侵。[1]这导致一些美国人指责法国背叛，重新引发美国之前的反法国情绪。[2]

初始命名

最初的命名开创于2003年2月在博福特郡 (北卡罗莱纳州)一个名为“Cubbie's”的餐厅老板尼尔罗兰(Neal Rowland)，罗兰表示他的动机是来自于第一次世界大战时对德国的抗议行动，例如德国酸菜被称为“自由白菜”，而法兰克福肠被改名为热狗。[3][4] 在一次关于名称变更的采访中，罗兰评论说“由于法国正在退出战争，所以法国薯条和法国的一切都需要被禁止”。[5]2007年3月，罗兰获得了“自由薯条”一词的商标注册。[6] 北卡罗莱纳州莫尔黑德市的Cubbie的老板Darius Ballou也支持罗兰做同样的事情。

美国众议院决议

Cubbie's位于琼斯的管区，是自由薯条命名的发源地。

2003年3月11日，美国众议院共和党的鲍勃奈伊和沃尔特·B·琼斯针对三个院的自助餐厅在菜单上更改所有法式炸薯条和法式吐司的用法，并分别用自由薯条（Freedom fries）和自由吐司（Freedom toast）替换它们。琼斯选择遵循Cubbie的例子，在与同事的通讯中不停倡导改名。他表示，"法国人只会隔岸观火"。[4][7]由于奈伊是美国众议院内务管理委员会的主席，该行动不需要任何投票，因为该委员会拥有众议院自助餐厅的权力。根据奈伊发表的声明，重新命名的目的是在表达对法国“继续拒绝与美国盟友站在一起”的不满。该声明进一步宣读：“今天的这一个举动虽小但具有象征意义，这也表明国会山庄上很多人对我们所谓的盟友法国感到非常不满。”[8]当被问及他对这一变化的看法时，琼斯说这是一种“轻松愉快的姿态”。[9]

反应

为了应对这个改变，法国大使馆女发言人Nathalie Loiseau评论说“这完全不是个问题......我们专注于严肃的问题”，[10] 并指出炸薯条起源于比利时。[11] 之后她又说“法国对这一变化的立场是处在一个非常严肃的时刻并处理著非常严重的问题，我们并没有把重点放在（美国人）给马铃薯的名字上”。[12]在名字改变后，一位大使馆女发言人说：“我们的关系绝对比马铃薯更重要......而我们的关系又回到了正轨”。[4]

安东尼·布尔丹的第一集：无预订。在这个时代播出一个美国旅行和美食节目，。

The very first episode of Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations, an American travel and food show, was broadcast during this era. Freedom fries was shown as an example of the then-current frosty relations. It was named "Why the French Don't Suck".[13]

In a 2005 opinion poll by Gallup, participants were asked if they felt the renaming of French fries and toast was "a silly idea or a sincere expression of patriotism"; 66% answered it was silly, 33% answered it was patriotic, and 1% had no opinion.[14] Several restaurants followed the Houses' change,[7][15] and the name is still used by the chain restaurant Toby Keith's I Love This Bar & Grill[16] and Army Navy in the Philippines.[17] Opposing the name change, The Saturn Cafe in Santa Cruz, California changed their menu to "Impeach George W. Bush fries".[18] Meanwhile, Reckitt Benckiser, maker of French's mustard, were sufficiently concerned about the movement to publicly clarify that its brand derived from a family name.[19]

一个小吃店在Knott's Berry Farm广告“美国人”炸薯条，这个标志先期读作“法国”。

Massachusetts Democratic Congressman Barney Frank noted that the change made "Congress look even sillier than it sometimes looks".[20] New York Democratic Congressman José Serrano characterized the renaming as "petty grandstanding", and urged fellow legislators to concentrate on more pressing issues.[21]

In the March 15, 2003 episode of Saturday Night Live, Tina Fey reported this on the satirical Weekend Update: "In a related story, in France, American cheese is now referred to as 'idiot cheese'."[22] The 2006 documentary Freedom Fries: And Other Stupidity We'll Have to Explain to Our Grandchildren directed by Carl Christman took a comedic viewpoint on American consumerism and patriotism. In the episode "Stan Knows Best" of American Dad!, after being asked how his French toast is, the main character Stan remarks: "Smelly and ungrateful! But this American toast is delicious."[23] In the comic strip Doonesbury, the characters Mark Slackmeyer and Zonker Harris criticized the name change in French. Slackmeyer said that, translated, the U.S. liberated France in World War II; and that many French newspaper headlines after 9/11 were "We are all American". At the end, he states that the anti-French were "jingoistic, self-regarding conquer-monkeys!"[24] The French American indie band Freedom Fry chose their name based on the Freedom Fries phenomenon.[25] In 2005, Robert Plant and his band Strange Sensation released the album Mighty ReArranger, which contains the track '"Freedom Fries", an anti-war song whose lyrics contains the words "Freedom fries and burns and scars, the liberator goes too far".[26]

政策逆转

2006年8月2日，众议院自助餐厅的菜单在没有任何通知下被更改。[4]这一变化是由新的众议院管理委员会主席Vern Ehlers所做的，后来他因丑闻而辞职后取代了奈伊。当问及Ehlers的决定时，他回答说：“这没什么大不了的......这不是新闻。”[27]在2005年问沃尔特·B·琼斯对“自由炸薯条”一事的看法时，琼斯回答说：“我希望它从未发生过。”[28]

维基新闻中的相关报导：Capitol Hill fries and toast French again


其他

参考资料

  1. ^ France and Germany unite against Iraq war. The Guardian. January 22, 2003 [April 1, 2013]. 
  2. ^ Max Fisher. Beyond Freedom Fries: The Roots of American Francophobia. The Atlantic. April 23, 2012 [April 2, 2013]. 
  3. ^ French fries back on House menu. BBC News. August 2, 2006 [February 5, 2013]. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Christina Bellantoni. Hill fries free to be French again. The Washington Times. August 2, 2006 [September 12, 2012]. 
  5. ^ Americans Just Say 'Non' to French Products. Fox News Channel. February 19, 2003 [April 2, 2013]. 
  6. ^ Latest Status Info, TM Reg. 3220999. United States Patent and Trademark Office. March 11, 2003 [September 12, 2012]. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Sean Loughlin. House cafeterias change names for 'french' fries and 'french' toast. CNN. March 12, 2003 [March 20, 2008]. 
  8. ^ House Now Serving 'Freedom Fries'. Fox News. March 11, 2003 [February 5, 2013]. 
  9. ^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg. An Order of Fries, Please, but Do Hold the French. The New York Times. March 12, 2003 [March 20, 2013]. 
  10. ^ Greg Wright. French fries? Mais non, Congress calls em freedom fries. Gannett News Service. March 12, 2003 [March 27, 2013]. 
  11. ^ Iacocca, Lee, Where Have All the Leaders Gone?, p. 62. (Scribner Book Company, 2008) ISBN 978-141-653-2491.
  12. ^ Freedom toast, French Fries and French Freedom Fries. CNN. March 11, 2003 [September 13, 2013]. [永久失效链接]
  13. ^ http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/anthony-bourdain-no-reservations-paris-why-the-french-dont-suck/EP008003660131
  14. ^ Gallup, Alec, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 2005, p. 71. (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006) ISBN 978-074-255-2586.
  15. ^ French fries get new name in House. USA Today. March 11, 2003 [February 12, 2013]. 
  16. ^ Menu. tobykeithusa.com. Toby Keith I Love This Bar & Grill. [October 18, 2016]. 
  17. ^ ArmyNavy. ArmyNavy. www.armynavy.com.ph. [20 April 2018]. 
  18. ^ Dan White. Santa Cruz Makes Its Mark On The World. Santa Cruz Sentinel. Cannabis News. September 7, 2003 [February 8, 2013]. 
  19. ^ French's mustard denies French connection. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 27, 2003 [September 9, 2012]. 
  20. ^ Alexandra Silver. French Fries to "Freedom" Fries. Time. March 28, 2011 [February 8, 2013]. 
  21. ^ US Congress opts for "freedom fries". BBC. March 12, 2003 [March 8, 2013]. 
  22. ^ Weekend Update with Jimmy Fallon & Tina Fey. March 15, 2003 [July 22, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-15）. 
  23. ^ American Dad!, Stan Knows Best, May 8, 2005, Fox Broadcasting Company
  24. ^ G.B. Trudeau. Doonesbury Comic Strip, May 04, 2003 on GoComics.com. GoComics.com. March 4, 2003 [January 26, 2012]. 
  25. ^ About Freedom Fry. Freedom Fry. [February 5, 2013]. 
  26. ^ Robert Plant & The Strange Sensation Freedom Fries Lyrics. [February 8, 2013]. 
  27. ^ Michael Viqueira. Fries are French again on Capitol Hill. NBC News. August 2, 2006 [February 5, 2013]. 
  28. ^ Jamie Wilson. French fries protester regrets war jibe. The Guardian (Washington, D.C.). May 25, 2005 [September 11, 2012]. 

更多连结

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：自由薯条

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