岡瓦那獸目
岡瓦那獸目 化石時期: 坎帕期-中新世, (可能在侏羅紀出現) | ||||||||||
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Sudamerica屬物種的下頜骨
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科學分類 | ||||||||||
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科 | ||||||||||
岡瓦那獸目(學名:Gondwanatheria,亦可稱為岡瓦納獸目)是哺乳動物中一個已經滅絕的目,生活在上白堊世至中新世(而且可能更早,如果將Allostaffia劃為該目的成員[3])的南半球,包括南極洲。該類群為人所知的僅有數顆分離的牙齒,幾片下頜骨,兩塊不完整的頭骨和一塊完整的頭骨。[4]正是因為這種零碎的知識,其分類地位不甚清晰。
分類關係
該類群分類關係的不明確持續了幾十年,其最開始被認為是早期的異關節總目動物,一種「無齒」的哺乳動物,接近現代的食蟻獸。隨後的多個不同研究認為它們屬於異獸亞綱,接近多瘤齒獸目,甚至可能真正屬於多瘤齒獸目,比Cimolodonta亞目更接近於Plagiaulacida亞目。[1][5][6][7]然而,一項最近的研究表明,它們與賊獸目有關,並將它們列入非哺乳動物的犬齒獸亞目。[8]
岡瓦那獸目下有3個已知的科,其中Sudamericidae科由Scillato-Yané及Pascual於1984年命名,包含該類群的絕大多數部分。Ferugliotheriidae科由José Bonaparte於1986年命名, 包含Ferugliotherium一個屬,而且可能包括諸如Trapalcotherium等其他類群。Groeberiidae科最開始被認為是Paucituberculate目的有袋類,之後因該科中Groeberia屬經檢驗後被歸入岡瓦那獸目,所以整個科也被歸入岡瓦那獸目。[1]
另有化石在印度、馬達加斯加、南極被發現。一個可能為Ferugliotherium屬物種的化石在墨西哥的馬斯特里赫特期地層中被發現,使得此類群的分布範圍擴展到北美洲。[9]
中新世(Colhuehuapian期)的屬Patagonia是該類群已知年代最近的代表。[1]
生物學
從頭部骨骼化石得知,岡瓦那獸目動物普遍具有深長而強壯有力的口鼻部,這有利於它們營專一的植食性生活。Groeberia和Vintana兩個屬都具有奇特的軛骨凸緣,這與諸如地懶的異關節類相似;但這兩個屬的咀嚼方式與大多數異獸亞綱動物一樣為後移式(由前向後),而這一點與幾乎所有的獸亞綱動物都不同。[10][1]大多數岡瓦那獸目動物是專一的牧食生物,它們是最早專一於食草的哺乳動物,遠早於獸亞綱動物(Groeberiidae科與Ferugliotheriidae科除外,因為它們缺乏高冠齒,其植食性可能更廣泛)。
於梅法拉諾組發現的具關節的樣本,為研究者提供了有關這一類動物的非頭部骨骼的深入信息。其中奇異而獨特的特徵包括:中間外側扁平且前後彎曲的脛骨、具雙滑車的踝骨、發育完全的肱骨滑車,以及異常多的軀椎。這一新類群擁有The new taxon has at least 19 rib-bearing (thoracic) and 11 non-rib-bearing (lumbar) vertebrae. Aside from these derived features, the Malagasy mammal has a mosaic pectoral girdle morphology: the procoracoid is lost, the coracoid is extremely well developed (into an enlarged process that contributes to half of the glenoid fossa), the interclavicle is small, and the sternoclavicular joint appears mobile. A ventrally facing glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal posture for the forelimbs. Remarkable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large obturator foramen similar in size to that of therians, a large parafibula, and the presence of an epipubic bone.[11]
分類學
Order †Gondwanatheria[12][13] McKenna 1971 [Gondwanatheroidea Krause & Bonaparte 1993]
- ?†Allostaffia [14]
- Family †Groeberiidae Patterson, 1952
- †Groeberia minoprioi Ryan Patterson, 1952
- †Groeberia pattersoni G. G. Simpson, 1970
- ?†Klohnia charrieri Flynn & Wyss 1999
- ?†Klohnia major Goin et all 2010
- ?†Epiklohnia verticalis Goin et all 2010
- ?†Praedens aberrans Goin et all 2010
- Family †Ferugliotheriidae Bonaparte 1986
- †Ferugliotherium windhauseni Bonaparte 1986a [Vucetichia Bonaparte 1990; Vucetichia gracilis Bonaparte 1990]
- †Trapalcotherium matuastensis Rougier et al. 2008
- Family †Sudamericidae Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984 [Gondwanatheridae Bonaparte 1986]
- †Greniodon sylvanicum Goin et al. 2012
- †Vintana sertichi Krause et al. 2014
- †Dakshina jederi Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman 2007
- †Gondwanatherium patagonicum Bonaparte 1986
- †Sudamerica ameghinoi Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984
- †Lavanify miolaka Krause et al. 1997
- †Bharattherium bonapartei Prasad et al. 2007
- †Patagonia peregrina Pascual & Carlini 1987
- †TNM 02067
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas. The bizarre ‘metatherians’ Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 2015, 27 (5): 603–623. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.903945.
- ^ Francisco J. Goin, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Laura Chornogubsky, Guillermo M. López, Javier N. Gelfo, Mariano Bond, Michael O. Woodburne, Yamila Gurovich, Marcelo Reguero. Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia. Naturwissenschaften. 2012, 99 (6): 449–463. PMID 22584426. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z.
- ^ Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016
- ^ Kraus, David W. Vintana Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. [Lincoln, NE]: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014: 1–2.
- ^ Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism. Nature (Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited). 2014-11-05, 515: 512–517. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..512K. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383528. doi:10.1038/nature13922.
- ^ Drake, Nadia. Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses. National Geographic Society. November 5, 2014 [November 5, 2014].
- ^ Wilford, John Noble. Fossil’s Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals. New York Times. November 5, 2014 [November 6, 2014].
- ^ Huttenlocker, Adam K.; rossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, Jam,es I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ SVP 2015
- ^ Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. (2014-11-05). O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. "First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism". Nature. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. online. doi:10.1038/nature13922. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016
- ^ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1] Haaramo, Mikko. †Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres. 2007 [30 December 2015].
- ^ Paleofile.com (net, info) Archived copy. [2015-12-30]. (原始內容存檔於2016-01-11).. Taxonomic lists- Mammals. [30 December 2015].
- ^ Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016