皮紋檢測
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皮紋檢測（古希臘語：Dermatoglyphics）是一門透過對手的指紋、線條、凹凸及形狀的科學研究。與此相對的，是在表面上非常近似的伪科学手相（亦作「掌相」）。
皮紋業者在研究中發現皮紋在遺傳上與大腦發展相關，由皮紋的外型可鑑別個體間的人格特質，精神特質與各項優勢領域等大腦功能差異[來源請求]。
Dermatoglyphics also refers to the making of naturally occurring ridges on certain body parts, namely palms, fingers, soles, and toes. These are areas where hair usually does not grow, and these ridges allow for increased leverage when picking up objects or walking barefoot.
In a 2009 report, the scientific basis underlying dermatoglyphics was questioned by the 美国国家科学院, for the discipline's reliance on subjective comparisons instead of conclusions drawn from the 科学方法.[1]
語源
皮紋檢測的學名Dermatoglyphics由古希臘語的兩個字根derma（皮膚）及 "skin", and glyph（刻劃）合組而成。
歷史
1823 marks the beginning of the scientific study of 真皮 of the hands and feet, with the work of Jan Evangelista Purkyně.[2]
By 1858, Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet, while in India, became the first European to realize the value of fingerprints for identification.
Sir 法蘭西斯·高爾頓 conducted extensive research on the importance of skin-ridge patterns, demonstrating their permanence and advancing the science of fingerprint identification with his 1892 book Fingerprints.
In 1893, Sir Edward Henry published the book The classification and uses of fingerprints, which marked the beginning of the modern era of fingerprint identification and is the basis for other classification systems.
In 1929, Harold Cummins and Charles Midlo M.D., together with others, published the influential book Fingerprints, Palms and Soles, a bible in the field of dermatoglyphics.
In 1945, 莱昂内尔·彭罗斯, inspired by the works of Cummins and Midlo, conducted his own dermatoglyphic investigations as a part of his research into 唐氏综合征 and other congenital medical disorders.
In 1976, Schaumann and Alter published the book Dermatoglyphics in Medical Disorders, which summarizes the findings of dermatoglyphic patterns under disease conditions.
In 1982, Seltzer, et al., conducted a study on patients with breast cancer, and concluded that the presence of six or more whorls on a woman's fingertips indicated her being at high risk for breast cancer.
Although the study of dermatoglyphics has some adjunctive value in the diagnosis of genetic syndromes (see examples below), there is insufficient evidence to indicate that there is any value in the examination of dermal ridge patterns for the diagnosis of disease or for identifying disease susceptibility.
Dermatoglyphics and genetic conditions
Dermatoglyphics, when correlated with genetic abnormalities, aids in the diagnosis of 先天性障碍 at birth or soon after.
- 克氏综合征: excess of arches on 指 1, more frequent ulnar loops on digit 2, overall fewer whorls, lower ridge counts for loops and whorls as compared with controls, and significant reduction of the total finger ridge count.[3]
- 貓哭症 (5p-): abnormal dermatoglyphics, including 断掌s and triradii in the t' position on both hands,[4] are associated with 92% of patients, according to a critical review of multiple studies.[5]
- 視力受損: Initial data points to abnormal triradius.[6]
- Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome: patients lack dermatoglyphics of any kind.[7]
- 努南氏症候群: increased frequency of whorls on fingertips; and the axial triradius t, as in 特纳氏综合征, is more often in position t' or t" than in controls.[8] Increased incidence of the 断掌.
- Trisomy 13 (巴陶氏症候群): excess of arches on fingertips and single transverse palmar creases in 60% of patients.[9] Additionally, the hallucal fibular arches tend to form "S" patterns.[10]
- Trisomy 18 (愛德華氏症候群): 6–10 arches on fingertips and single transverse palmar creases in 30% of patients.
- Trisomy 21 (唐氏综合征): people with Down syndrome have a fingerprint pattern with mainly ulnar loops, and a distinct angle between the triradia a, t, and d (the 'adt angle'). Other differences include a 断掌 ("Simian line") (in 50% of patients), patterns in the hypothenar and interdigital areas,[11] and lower ridge counts along digital midlines, especially in little fingers, which corresponds to finger shortening in those with Down syndrome.[12] There is less variation in dermatoglyphic patterns between people with Down syndrome than between controls,[13] and dermatoglyphic patterns can be used to determine correlations with congenital heart defects in individuals with Down syndrome by examining the left hand digit ridge count minus the right hand digit ridge count, and the number of ridges on the fifth digit of the left hand.[14]
- 特纳氏综合征: predominance of whorls, though the pattern frequency depends on the particular 染色体畸变.[15]
- 魯賓斯坦-泰必氏綜合症: preponderance of broad thumbs, low mean ridge count, and fingerprint patterns occurring on interdigital areas.[16]
- 精神分裂症: A-B ridge counts are generally lower than in controls.[17]
參考文獻
- ^ Sciences, National Academy of. Strengthening Forensic Science: A Path Forward. 美国国家科学院. [29 December 2016].
- ^ Grzybowski, Andrzej; Pietrzak, Krzysztof. Jan Evangelista Purkynje (1787-1869): first to describe fingerprints. Clinics in Dermatology. 2015, 33 (1): 117–121. ISSN 1879-1131. PMID 25530005. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.07.011.
- ^ Komatz Y, Yoshida O. Finger patterns and ridge counts of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (47, XXY) among the Japanese. Hum Hered. 1976, 26 (4): 290–7. PMID 976997. doi:10.1159/000152816.
- ^ Kajii, Tadashi; Homma, Takemi; Oikawa, Kiyoshi; Furuyama, Masayuki; Kawarazaki, Takashi. Cri du chat syndrome.. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1 February 1966, 41 (215): 97–101. PMC 2019529
. PMID 5906633. doi:10.1136/adc.41.215.97.
- ^ Rodriguez-Caballero, Ángela; Torres-Lagares, Daniel; Rodriguez-Perez, Antonio; Serrera-Figallo, María-Ángeles; Hernandez-Guisado, José-María; Machuca-Portillo, Guillermo. Cri du chat syndrome: A critical review. Medicina Oral Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2010: e473–e478. doi:10.4317/medoral.15.e473 .
- ^ Viswanathan G, Singh H, Ramanujam P. Dermatoglyphic analysis of palmar print of blind children from Bangalore.. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 2002, 12: 49–52. and excess of arches on fingertips.Viswanathan G, Singh H, Ramanujam P. [Dermatoglyphic analysis of fingertip print patterns of blind children from Bangalore.]. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 2002, 12: 73–75.
- ^ Lugassy, Jennie; Itin, Peter; Ishida-Yamamoto, Akemi; Holland, Kristen; Huson, Susan; Geiger, Dan; Hennies, Hans Christian; Indelman, Margarita; Bercovich, Dani; Uitto, Jouni; Bergman, Reuven; McGrath, John A.; Richard, Gabriele; Sprecher, Eli. Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn Syndrome and Dermatopathia Pigmentosa Reticularis: Two Allelic Ectodermal Dysplasias Caused by Dominant Mutations in KRT14. The American Journal of Human Genetics. October 2006, 79 (4): 724–730. ISSN 0002-9297. OCLC 110008768. PMC 1592572 . PMID 16960809. doi:10.1086/507792.
- ^ Rott H, Schwanitz G, Reither M. [Dermatoglyphics in Noonan's syndrome (author's transl)]. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1975, 24 (1—2): 63–7. PMID 1224924.
- ^ Schaumann, Blanka; Alter, Milton. Dermatoglyphics in Medical Disorders. Berlin, Heidelberg: 施普林格科学+商业媒体. 1976: 166–167. ISBN 9783642516207. OCLC 858928199.
- ^ Hodes, M E; Cole, J; Palmer, C G; Reed, T. Clinical experience with trisomies 18 and 13.. Journal of Medical Genetics. 1 February 1978, 15 (1): 48–60. PMC 1012823 . PMID 637922. doi:10.1136/jmg.15.1.48.
- ^ Rajangam S, Janakiram S, Thomas I. Dermatoglyphics in Down's syndrome. J Indian Med Assoc. 1995, 93 (1): 10–3. PMID 7759898.
- ^ Mglinets V. [Relationship between dermatoglyphic variability and finger length in genetic disorders: Down's syndrome]. Genetika. 1991, 27 (3): 541–7. PMID 1830282.
- ^ Mglinets V, Ivanov V. [Bilateral symmetry of the dermatoglyphic characteristics in Down's syndrome]. Ontogenez. 1993, 24 (3): 98–102. PMID 8355961.
- ^ Durham N, Koehler J. Dermatoglyphic indicators of congenital heart defects in Down's syndrome patients: a preliminary study. J Ment Defic Res. 1989, 33 (4): 343–8. PMID 2527997. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1989.tb01485.x.
- ^ Reed T, Reichmann A, Palmer C. Dermatoglyphic differences between 45,X and other chromosomal abnormalities of Turner syndrome. Hum Genet. 1977, 36 (1): 13–23. PMID 858621. doi:10.1007/BF00390431.
- ^ Padfield, C. J.; Partington, M. W.; Simpson, N. E. The Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1 February 1968, 43 (227): 94–101. ISSN 0003-9888. OCLC 104040715. PMC 2019897 . PMID 5642988. doi:10.1136/adc.43.227.94.
- ^ Fañanás, L; Moral, P; Bertranpetit, J. Quantitative dermatoglyphics in schizophrenia: study of family history subgroups.. Human biology. June 1990, 62 (3): 421–7. ISSN 0018-7143. OCLC 116604541. PMID 2373511.
延伸閱讀
- Galton, Francis. Finger prints. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. 2005 [1892]. ISBN 9780486439303. OCLC 938614032.
- Henry, Edward. The Classification and Uses of Fingerprints. New York: AMS Press. 1974 [1900]. OCLC 6935150.
- Herschel, William J. The origin of finger-printing Illustrated. Fairford, Glos.: Echo Library. 2012 [1916]. ISBN 140687793X. OCLC 820457422.
- Cummins, Harold; Midlo, Charles. Finger prints, palms, and soles : an introduction to dermatoglyphics. South Berlin, Mass.: Research Pub. Co. 1976 [1943]. ISBN 0486207781. OCLC 2816894.
- Schaumann, Blanka; Alter, Milton. Dermatoglyphics in Medical Disorders. Berlin, Heidelberg: 施普林格科学+商业媒体. 1976. ISBN 9783642516207. OCLC 858928199.
- Seltzer, Murray H.; Plato, Chris C.; Engler, Peter E.; Fletcher, H. Stephen. Digital dermatoglyphics and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. September 1982, 2 (3): 261–265. ISSN 0167-6806. OCLC 113016715. PMID 7150782. doi:10.1007/BF01806940.