南方有蹄目
南方有蹄目 化石時期: 古新世至更新世 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
科學分類 | ||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||
亞目及科 | ||||||||||||
南方有蹄目(notoungulates)是居於南美洲已滅絕的有蹄類。其下包括了巨型的箭齒獸。由於南方有蹄目被隔離在南美洲,牠們很多都沿趨同演化而形成像其他大洲的哺乳動物。其中的例子有Pachyrukhos演化成像兔及hares, Homalodotherium則演化成像chalicothere。 During the Pleistocene, Toxodon was the largest common notoungulate. Most of the group (Toxodon being an exception) became extinct after the landbridge between North and South America was formed, allowing North American ungulates to enter South America in the Great American Interchange and out-compete the native fauna. This order is united with other South-American ungulates in the super-order Meridiungulata.
Taxonomy
Following McKenna and Bell (1997)
- Order Notoungulata - notoungulates
- Suborder Notioprogonia
- Family Henricosborniidae
- Family Notostylopidae
- Suborder Toxodonta
- Family Isotemnidae
- Family Leontiniidae
- Family Notohippidae
- Family Toxodontidae
- Family Homalodotheriidae
- Suborder Typotheria
- Family Archaeopithecidae
- Family Oldfieldthomasiidae
- Family Interatheriidae
- Family Campanorcidae
- Family Mesotheriidae
- Suborder Hegetotheria
- Family Archaeohyracidae
- Family Hegetotheriidae
- Suborder Notioprogonia
Cifelli (1993) has argued that Notioprogonia is paraphyletic, as it would include the ancestors of the remaining suborders. Similarly, Cifelli indicated that Typotheria would be paraphyletic if it excluded Hegetotheria and he advocated inclusion of Archaeohyracidae and Hegetotheriidae in Typotheria.
References
- Cifelli, Richard L. 1993. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. pp. 195-216 in F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek and M. C. McKenna (eds.) Mammal Phylogeny, Volume 2, Placentals. Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN 0-387-97853-4
- McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8