欧洲政党
外观
欧洲政党(英語:European political party)[1] 是运行于欧洲各国和欧洲联盟机构内部的一种政党组织。它们受欧盟法律监督并得到欧盟的拨款作为活动经费。它们往往由各国政党共同创建,而非个人。除了受欧盟正式认可的欧洲政党外,还有一些性质类似于欧洲政党的欧洲范围内的国际政党组织存在。[2]
當前歐洲政黨
截至2018年3月,有12個已註冊之歐洲政黨:[3]
歐盟不承認的政黨
歐洲政黨 | 政治 | 席次 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
名稱 | 簡稱 | 黨團 | 立場 | 歐洲統合 | 联盟委员会 | 議會 | 理事会 | ||
歐洲爭取直接民主聯盟 | ADDE | EFDD | Direct democracy, national conservatism, right-wing populism. | 硬歐洲懷疑主義[9] | 0 / 28
|
28 / 751
|
0 / 28
| ||
爭取民主聯合歐洲人-爭取民主歐洲聯盟 | EUD | GUE-NGL, ALDE | Big tent | 硬歐洲懷疑主義[5][13] | 0 / 28
|
2 / 751
|
0 / 28
| ||
民族和自由歐洲 | EAF | ENF | Right-wing populism, national conservatism, social conservatism, souverainism, protectionism, anti-immigration | 硬歐洲懷疑主義[5] | 0 / 28
|
5 / 751
|
0 / 28
| ||
歐洲民族運動聯盟 | AENM | NI | Ultranationalism, nativism, russophilia,[21][22] Third Position. | 硬歐洲懷疑主義[5] | 0 / 28
|
3 / 751
|
0 / 28
| ||
爭取和平與自由聯盟 | APF | NI | Ultranationalism, nativism, neo-fascism,[23] neo-nazism,[24][20] Third Position. | 硬歐洲懷疑主義[5] | 0 / 28
|
2 / 751
|
0 / 28
|
参见
參考資料
- ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. Parties & Elections in Europe. [11 July 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-07).
- ^ Lelieveldt, Herman; Princen, Sebatiaan. The politics of the European Union. Google Books. Cambridge University Press. [25 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-19).
- ^ List of registered European Political Parties and European Political Foundations. www.appf.europa.eu. [4 December 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-16).
- ^ Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck. [2018-04-20]. (原始内容存档于2017-06-08).
- ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 Demetriou, Kyriakos. The European Union in Crisis : Explorations in Representation and Democratic Legitimacy. Springer. 2014: 46. ISBN 9783319087740.
- ^ Baker, David; Schnapper, Pauline. Britain and the Crisis of the European Union. Springer. : 87. ISBN 9781137005205.
- ^ Nunes Silva, Miguel. Europe Turns Against the EU. The American Conservative. [30 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-11) (美国英语).
- ^ Watson, Iain. New German party causes Cameron EU Parliament dilemma. BBC News. 3 June 2014 [3 July 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-01).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 FitzGibbon, John; Leruth, Benjamin; Startin, Nick. Euroscepticism as a Transnational and Pan-European Phenomenon : The Emergence of a New Sphere of Opposition. 2016-08-19: 198 [2018-04-20]. ISBN 9781317422501. (原始内容存档于2018-04-20).
- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram. Parties and Elections in Europe. www.parties-and-elections.eu. [2017-05-28]. (原始内容存档于2017-06-08).
- ^ EL-Parties | European LEFT. www.european-left.org. [2018-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-29) (英语).
- ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2018-04-20]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Kenealy, Daniel; Peterson, John; Corbett, Richard. The European Union: How does it work? 4. OUP Oxford. 2015: 155. ISBN 0199685371.
- ^ Nathalie Brack; Olivier Costa. How the EU Really Works. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2014: 120 [2018-04-20]. ISBN 978-1-4724-1465-6. (原始内容存档于2019-01-07).
- ^ 存档副本. [2018-04-20]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-06).
- ^ A letter to the President of Alliance of European National Movements. en.svoboda.org.ua. [2018-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-25) (英语).
- ^ Orenstein, Mitchell A.; Krekó, Péter. A Russian Spy in Brussels?. Foreign Affairs. 2014-05-29 [2018-03-24]. ISSN 0015-7120. (原始内容存档于2018-03-25) (美国英语).
- ^ Shaffer, Ryan. Pan-European thought in British fascism: the International Third Position and the Alliance for Peace and Freedom. Patterns of Prejudice. 23 Jan 2018, 52.
- ^ Foy, Henry. Neo-Nazi party makes an electoral breakthrough in Slovakia. 金融時報. March 7, 2016 [2018-04-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-25).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 —
- Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Stephen E. Atkins. p. 106 "the oldest of the German neo-Nazi parties"
- Germany transformed: political culture and the new politics (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), by Kendall L. Baker, Russell J. Dalton, Kai Hildebrandt. p. 318 "the neo-Nazi NPD (National Democratic Party of Germany)"
- Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia, Volume 2 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), by Bernard A. Cook. p.903 "possibly deserving of the label "neofascist" .... The NPD was founded in 1964 by survivors of the overtly neo-Nazi SRP"
- The Routledge companion to Nazi Germany (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Roderick Stackelberg. p.287 "a Neo-Nazi party founded in 1964 in West Germany"
- Encyclopaedia of international law (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Vinod K. Lall, Danial Khemchand. p. 180 "frankly fascist NPD", "the Neo-Nazi NPD", "this neo-Nazi organization"
- The beast reawakens (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Martin A. Lee. "neo-Nazi NPD"
- ^ A letter to the President of Alliance of European National Movements. en.svoboda.org.ua. [2018-03-24]. (原始内容存档于25 March 2018) (英语).
- ^ Orenstein, Mitchell A.; Krekó, Péter. A Russian Spy in Brussels?. Foreign Affairs. 2014-05-29 [2018-03-24]. ISSN 0015-7120. (原始内容存档于2018-03-25) (美国英语).
- ^ Shaffer, Ryan. Pan-European thought in British fascism: the International Third Position and the Alliance for Peace and Freedom. Patterns of Prejudice. 23 Jan 2018, 52: 78–99. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2017.1417191.
- ^ Foy, Henry. Neo-Nazi party makes an electoral breakthrough in Slovakia. Financial Times. March 7, 2016 [2018-04-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-25).
外部連結
- Video : Relations between parliamentary groups and political parties (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) European NAvigator
- Parties' contact details
- The European Parliament and Supranational Party System (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Cambridge University Press 2002
- Results of the 2004 European Parliament elections by political party at European level