不動產開發
不動產開發或房地產開發（英語：Real estate development, or property development）是一個業務流程，涵蓋範圍包括將整建和轉租現有建築物，購買原始土地，以及向他人出售已開發土地或地塊。不動產開發商是協調所有這些活動的人和公司，將想法從圖紙變成財產。[1] 開發商通過這個業務流程，以增加土地或房地產的價值，並從開發中獲取利潤，這是不動產開發的主要目標之一；不僅於此，將不動產開發至其最佳的使用價值，才是不動產開發過程的基礎概念。
不動產開發不同於建築或房屋建造，儘管許多開發商同時管理建築過程，或者經營房屋建造業。開發商負責購買土地、為不動產交易融資、建造或讓建築商建造項目、合資開發項目，並從始至終參與創造、設計、控制和協調開發過程。[2] 開發商通常在不動產開發承擔著最大風險，然而也將獲得最大報酬。通常，開發商購買一塊土地，首先確定不動產的市場營銷方式，制定建築方案和設計圖紙，獲得必須的公共批准和融資，建造建築物，然後出租和管理並最終出售。[1]
有些時候，不動產開發商只會承擔部分過程。例如，一些開發商採購不動產並獲得批准計劃和許可證，然後以高價將帶有計劃和許可證的不動產出售給建築商；或者，同時既是建築商的開發商，可以購買帶有規劃和許可的不動產，這樣他們就可以避開無法獲得規劃批准的風險，並且可以立即開始建設開發項目。
開發商在整個過程之中，都與許多不同行業人員進行合作，包括建築師、城市規劃師、工程師、測量師、檢查員、承包商、地產代理、律師、物業管理等。在英國的城鄉規劃背景下，「開發」的定義是根據1990年《城鄉規劃法》第55條所述，指在土地的地上或地下進行建築、工程、採礦或其他作業，或對任何建築物或其他土地的用途，作出任何重大的改變。
組織發展
A development team can be put together in one of several ways. At one extreme, a large company might include many services, from architecture to engineering. At the other end of the spectrum, a development company might consist of one principal and a few staff who hire or contract with other companies and professionals for each service as needed.
Assembling a team of professionals to address the environmental, economic, private, physical and political issues inherent in a complex development project is critical. A developer's success depends on the ability to coordinate and lead the completion of a series of interrelated activities efficiently and at the appropriate time.[3]
Development process requires skills of many professionals: architects, landscape architects, civil engineers and site planners to address project design; market consultants to determine demand and a project's economics; attorneys to handle agreements and government approvals; environmental consultants and soils engineers to analyze a site's physical limitations and environmental impacts; surveyors and title companies to provide legal descriptions of a property; and lenders to provide financing. The general contractor of the project hires subcontractors to put the architectural plans into action.
土地開發
Purchasing unused land for a potential development is sometimes called speculative development.
Subdivision of land is the principal mechanism by which communities are developed. Technically, subdivision describes the legal and physical steps a developer must take to convert raw land into developed land. Subdivision is a vital part of a community's growth, determining its appearance, the mix of its land uses, and its infrastructure, including roads, drainage systems, water, sewerage, and public utilities.
Land development can pose the most risk, but can also be the most profitable technique as it is dependent on the public sector for approvals and infrastructure and because it involves a long investment period with no positive cash flow.
After subdivision is complete, the developer usually markets the land to a home builder or other end user, for such uses as a warehouse or shopping center. In any case, use of spatial intelligence tools mitigate the risk of these developers by modeling the population trends and demographic make-up of the sort of customers a home builder or retailer would like to have surrounding their new development.[4]
另見
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Frej, Anne B; Peiser, Richard B. Professional Real Estate Development: The ULI Guide to the Business 2. Urban Land Institute. 2003: 3. ISBN 0874208947. OCLC 778267123.
- ^ New York Times, March 16, 1963, "Personality Boom is Loud for Louis Lesser"
- ^ Article: What does a property developer do? Sept 2019. [2020-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-08）.
- ^ What is a Lady Bird Deed. [2020-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-27）. Saturday, April 18, 2020
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