草稿:架空歷史
架空历史(英語:alternate history,也称另类历史)是推想虚构作品的一个分支,其中一个或多个历史事件已经发生,但其解决方式与真实历史不同。 [1][2][3][4][5]作为基于历史事实的猜想,架空历史故事对人类历史上的重大事件提出了“如果 ”假设,并呈现出与历史记录截然不同的结果。一些架空历史作品被认为是科幻作品或历史虚构作品的一个分支。
自20世纪50年代以来,作为科幻作品的一个分支,一些架空历史故事的特点是历史之间的时间旅行、特定宇宙中的居民对另一个宇宙存在的精神意识,以及将历史划分为不同时间流的时间旅行。[6]
定义
架空历史通常被描述为科幻作品的一个分支,它是一种虚构作品类型,作者在其中猜想,如果某一特定历史事件的结果与现实生活中的结果不同,历史进程可能会变成什么样子。[7] 架空历史需要三个条件:⑴与历史记录的分歧点早于作者写作之前;⑵可能改变已知历史的变化;⑶研究改变历史的后果。[8] 有时,某些类型的虚构作品会被误认为是架空历史,特别是科幻作品,故事背景设定在作者的未来,但对读者来说现在是过去,如阿瑟·克拉克的1968年小说《2001:太空漫遊》、乔治·奥威尔的1949年小说《一九八四》和2009年电影《2012》,因为作者在写这些故事时并没有改变过去的真实历史。[8]
与架空历史类型类似的还有一种秘史类型——可以是虚构的,也可以是非虚构的——它记录了历史上可能发生的事件,但对记录的历史结果没有影响。[8][9]架空历史在主题上也与反事实历史反事實歷史相关,但又有别于反事实历史。反事实历史是一种史学形式,它以推断的时间轴上探讨历史事件,其中关键的历史事件要么没有发生,要么其结果与历史记录不同,从而了解到底发生了什么。[10][11]
架空历史的文学史
电视
网上
乌有史
在西班牙语、法语、德语、葡萄牙语、意大利语、加泰罗尼亚语和加利西亚语中,单词 uchronie、 ucronia 和 ucronía 是架空历史小说的母语版本,英语借词 uchronia 就来自这些词。 英语术语 uchronia 是一个新词,有时在其原意中被用作架空历史小说的直接同义词。[12][13][14][15] 然而,它现在也可能指的是其他概念,即一种小说类型,包括架空历史小说、小说中的平行宇宙,以及基于未来主义或非时间背景的小说。[16][17][18]
参见
参考文献
- ^ Allohistory. World Wide Words. 4 May 2002 [25 November 2012].
- ^ Alternative history. Collins English Dictionary. [15 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于7 January 2016).
- ^ Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction (Oxford University Press, 2007) notes the preferred usage is "Alternate History", which was coined in 1954; "Alternative History" was first used in 1977, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Morton, Alison. Alternative history (AH/althist) handout (PDF). alison-morton.com/. 2014. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-10-09).
- ^ AH. The Free Dictionary. [2 January 2009]. (原始内容存档于3 February 2013).
- ^ Time Travel, Alternate Histories, & Parallel Universes. Madison Public Library. 21 May 2020 [6 September 2023] (英语).
- ^ Alternative history. Collins English Dictionary. [15 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于7 January 2016).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Steven H Silver. Uchronicle. Helix. 1 July 2006 [26 May 2009].[永久失效連結] 引用错误:带有name属性“SHS”的
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标签用不同内容定义了多次 - ^ Jorge Luis Borges Reviews by Evelyn C. Leeper. Leepers.us. [25 November 2012].
- ^ "It [alternative history] is, at the very root, the idea of conjecturing on what did not happen, or what might have happened, in order to understand what did happen."Black, Jeremy; MacRaild, Donald M. Studying History. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007: 125. ISBN 9780230364929.[永久失效連結]
- ^ Martin Bunzl, "Counterfactual History: A User's Guide", American Historical Review (2004) 109 No. 3, pp. 845–858 in JSTOR
- ^ de Sa, Alexandre F. (2012). From modern utopias to contemporary uchronia. Existential Utopia: New Perspectives on Utopian Thought.
- ^ Loyer, Emmanuelle (2019). Uchronia. Booksandideas.net.
- ^ Paul Di Filippo. Off the Shelf: The Peshawar Lancers. Book Review. SciFi.com. [2008-10-01]. (原始内容存档于July 4, 2008).
- ^ Schmid, Helga (2020). Uchronia: Designing Time. Germany: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 26
- ^ Worth, Aaron (2018). Uchronia. Victorian Literature and Culture, 46(3-4), 928-930.
- ^ Craveiro, Joanna (2016). A live/living museum of small, forgotten and unwanted memories: performing narratives, testimonies and archives of the Portuguese Dictatorship and Revolution (Doctoral dissertation, University of Roehampton), p. 46.
- ^ Schmid, 2020, p. 11, 28.
更多阅读
- Chapman, Edgar L., and Carl B. Yoke (eds.). Classic and Iconoclastic Alternate History Science Fiction. Mellen, 2003.
- Collins, William Joseph. Paths Not Taken: The Development, Structure, and Aesthetics of the Alternative History. University of California, Davis 1990.
- Darius, Julian. "58 Varieties: Watchmen and Revisionism". In Minutes to Midnight: Twelve Essays on Watchmen. Sequart Research & Literacy Organization, 2010. Focuses on Watchmen as alternate history.
- Cowley, Robert, ed., What If? Military Historians Imagine What Might Have Been. Pan Books, 1999.
- Gevers, Nicholas. Mirrors of the Past: Versions of History in Science Fiction and Fantasy. University of Cape Town, 1997
- Hellekson, Karen. The Alternate History: Refiguring Historical Time. Kent State University Press, 2001
- Keen, Antony G. "Alternate Histories of the Roman Empire in Stephen Baxter, Robert Silverberg and Sophia McDougall". Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction 102, Spring 2008.
- McKnight, Edgar Vernon Jr. Alternative History: The Development of a Literary Genre. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1994.
- Morgan, Glyn, and C. Palmer-Patel (eds.). Sideways in Time: Critical Essays on Alternate History Fiction. Liverpool University Press, 2019.
- Nedelkovh, Aleksandar B. British and American Science Fiction Novel 1950–1980 with the Theme of Alternative History (an Axiological Approach). 1994 (塞爾維亞語), 1999 (英語).
- Rosenfeld, Gavriel David. The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism. 2005
- Rosenfeld, Gavriel David. "Why Do We Ask 'What If?' Reflections on the Function of Alternate History." History and Theory 41, Theme Issue 41: Unconventional History (December 2002), 90–103. .
- Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew. "What Almost Was: The Politics of the Contemporary Alternate History Novel". American Studies 30, 3–4 (Summer 2009), 63–83.
- Singles, Kathleen. Alternate History: Playing with Contingency and Necessity. De Gruyter, 2013.