良心犯
良心犯（英语：Prisoner of conscience, POC），是彼得·本南森在1961年5月28日为《伦敦观察家报》撰写的文章（“被遗忘的囚犯”）中创造的一个术语。该词常与人权组织国际特赦组织有关。与政治犯不相同。良心犯可以指因政治见解、性取向、族群、宗教而入狱的任何人，也可以指因非暴力表达其信念而被监禁或迫害的人。
良心犯受到《公民与政治权利国际公约》第18条及《欧洲人权公约》第9条关于思想、良心以及宗教自由的权利保护[1]。
陈卫、[2]当知项欠、[3]艾尔西丁·伊斯莱尔（Ershidin Israil）、[4]高智晟、[5]郭飞雄、[6]郭小军、[7]刘晓波、[8]毛恒凤、[9]师涛[10]等人被国际特赦组织认为是良心犯。美国国会343号决议指引自由之家报导，称中国监狱中一大部分群体是因政治入狱。[11]
国际条约保护
[编辑]- 思想、良心以及宗教自由的权利保护
- 《公民与政治权利国际公约》第18条：
- 人人有权享受思想、良心和宗教自由。此项权利包括维持或改变他的宗教或信仰的自由，以及单独或集体、公开或秘密地以礼拜、戒律、实践和教义来表明他的宗教或信仰的自由。
- 任何人不得遭受足以损害他维持或改变他的宗教或信仰的自由。
- 表示自己的宗教或信仰的自由，仅只受法律所规定的以及为保障公共安全、秩序、卫生或道德、或他人的基本权利和自由所必须的限制。
- 《欧洲人权公约》第9条：
- 规定了思想自由、信仰及宗教自由的权利。其中包含了改变宗教或信仰的自由，以及信奉、传授、实践以及奉行不同宗教或信仰的自由。但这些都必须受到“符合法律规定”以及“为民主社会所需”的限制。
国际特赦组织良心犯名单
[编辑]按国家/地区分类的不完整名单：
柬埔寨
[编辑]香港
[编辑]厄立特里亚
[编辑]- Aster Fissehatsion[14]
- Dawit Isaak[15]
- Mahmoud Ahmed Sheriffo[14]
- Petros Solomon[14]
- Haile Woldetensae[14]
衣索比亚
[编辑]冈比亚
[编辑]中国
[编辑]伊朗
[编辑]- Bahman Ahmadi Amou'i[18]
- Zhila Bani-Yaghoub[19]
- Arzhang Davoodi[20]
- Ghoncheh Ghavami[21]
- Kouhyar Goudarzi[22]
- Zeynab Jalaliyan[23]
- Mohammad Sadigh Kabudvand[24]
- Zhila Karamzadeh-Makvandi[25]
- Habibollah Latifi[26]
- Hossein Ronaghi Maleki[27]
- Narges Mohammadi[28]
- Parvin Mokhtareh[22]
- Abdollah Momeni[29]
- Sayed Ziaoddin (Zia) Nabavi[30]
- Mansour Osanlou[31]
- Jafar Panahi（已在2013年8月被鲁哈尼释放）[32][33]
- Isa Saharkhiz[19]
- Mohammad Seifzadeh[34]
- Reza Shahabi[35]
- Saeed Shirzad[36]
- Abdolfattah Soltani[34]
- Heshmat Tabarzadi[37]
- Majid Tavakoli[38]
- Mohammad Ali Taheri
缅甸
[编辑]朝鲜
[编辑]巴基斯坦
[编辑]叙利亚
[编辑]乌兹别克
[编辑]马来西亚
[编辑]参看
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Burma releases pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi. BBC News. [2012-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2010-11-14）.
- ^ China sentences rights activist Chen Wei to nine years in jail. [2015-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-25）.
- ^ China: Tibetan film-maker may face unfair trial, Dhondup Wangchen. Amnesty International. 2009-07-17 [2011-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-07）.
- ^ Uighur teacher extradited to China on politically motivated 'terror' charges. Amnesty International. 2011-06-15 [2011-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-08）.
- ^ Amnesty International 'Shocked' Following Reports of Chinese Human Rights Lawyer Gao Zhisheng's Return to Prison. Amnesty International. 2011-12-16. （原始内容存档于使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate=(帮助)）. - ^ Human rights defender at risk of torture (PDF). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013年12月10日）.
- ^ Further Information on UA 257/10 (15 December 2010) - Prisoner of Conscience/ Risk of Torture (PDF). Amnesty International. 2011-03-31 [2011-04-18]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）.
- ^ End Repression of Expression: Free Liu Xiaobo. Amnesty International. （原始内容存档于使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate=(帮助)）. - ^ MAO HENGFENG: HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDER. Amnesty International. （原始内容存档于使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate=(帮助)）. - ^ LETTER TO YAHOO RAISING CONCERNS ABOUT THE COMPANY'S INVOLVEMENT IN THE ARREST AND CONVICTION OF CHINESE JOURNALIST SHI TAO. Amnesty International. [2016-07-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-27）.
- ^ H.Res.343 - Expressing concern regarding persistent and credible reports of systematic, state-sanctioned organ harvesting from non-consenting prisoners of conscience in the People's Republic of China, including from large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners and members of other religious and ethnic minority groups. 美国国会. [2016-07-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-22）.
- ^ Convictions of activists in Cambodia demonstrates dire state of justice. Amnesty International. 2012-12-27 [2013-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-01）.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Hong Kong: "Vindictive" jail terms for pro-democracy leaders. Amnesty International. [2017-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-09）.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Eritrea: Prisoners of conscience held for a decade must be released. Amnesty International. 2011-09-15 [2011-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-03）.
- ^ Annual Report 2011. Amnesty International. 2011 [2011-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-07）.
- ^ Amnesty International. Eskinder Nega. [2013-06-16]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-03）.
- ^ Ebrima Manneh. Amnesty International. [2011-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-29）.
- ^ Iran: Further Information: Three Iranian Journalists Sentenced. Amnesty International. 2010-07-08 [2012-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Iran must release prisoner of conscience Zhila Bani-Yaghoub. Amnesty International. 2012-09-03 [2012-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-10）.
- ^ Iran must immediately release prisoner of conscience Arzhang Davoodi. Amnesty International. 2012-08-24 [2012-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-25）.
- ^ Archived copy. Amnesty International. [2014-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-12）.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Urgent Action: Increasing concerns for safety of Goudarzi. Amnesty International. 2011-09-30 [2012-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.
- ^ Iran: female prisoner's conditions after 8 years behind bars - People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK). mojahedin.org. [2020-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-19）.
- ^ Iran: Free prisoner of conscience to visit ailing son. Amnesty International. 2012-02-17 [2012-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-13）.
- ^ Urgent Action: Human rights activist sentenced (PDF). Amnesty International. 2012-04-13 [2012-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-06）.
- ^ Habibollah Latifi's Death Sentence Stopped By Leadership's Pardon. hra-news.org. 2015-09-02 [2020-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-02）.
- ^ Iran: Jailed Blogger Denied Medical Leave. Amnesty International. 2012-05-17 [2012-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-14）.
- ^ Urgent Action: human rights Defender imprisoned. Amnesty International. 2012-04-30 [2012-05-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-26）.
- ^ Prisoner at risk of torture and ill-treatment. Amnesty International. 2009-09-14 [2012-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-01）.
- ^ Urgent Action: Prisoner taken from cell at risk of torture. Amnesty International. 2011-03-11 [2012-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-28）.
- ^ Mansour Ossanlu, Prisoner of Conscience. Amnesty International. [2011-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-22）.
- ^ About the Prometheus Project. American Repertory Theater. 2011-02-15 [2011-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2011-10-07）.
- ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben. Jafar Panahi asks for Golden Bear winner Taxi to be shown in Iran. the Guardian. 2015-02-17 [2020-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-07）.
- ^ 34.0 34.1 Iran must release human rights defender Mohammad Ali Dadkhah. Amnesty International. 2012-10-01 [2012-10-01]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-01）.
- ^ Trade Unionist Given Six-Year Prison Sentence. Amnesty International. 2012-05-09 [2012-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-19）.
- ^ The Iranian - Iran News And Analysis. The Iranian. [2015-09-03]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-05）.
- ^ Heshmatollah Tabarzadi (m), aged 53, journalist (PDF). Amnesty International. 2011-04-06 [2011-04-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-04-29）.
- ^ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Prisoners of Conscience. Amnesty International. [2011-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-15）.
- ^ Phyoe Phyoe Aung, Myanmar. Amnesty International. [2016-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-06）.
- ^ 2.2. Shin Sook Ja and her daughters, North Korea: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns, Amnesty International, 1993 [2012-05-08], （原始内容存档于2013-01-12）
- ^ Pakistan: Authorities must immediately and unconditionally release Junaid Hafeez （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Amnesty International (25 September 2019).
- ^ Release Syrian prisoner of conscience 'Ali al-'Abdullah. Amnesty International. 2011-02-04 [2011-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-03）.
- ^ Syrian Activist Faces Secret Military Court. Amnesty International. 2012-08-10 [2012-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-30）.
- ^ Urgent Action- Health Concerns for Detained Syrian Activist - Shibal Ibrahim. Amnesty International. 2012-01-24 [2012-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-13）.
- ^ Syria: activists forced into hiding by threats. Amnesty International. 2011-05-06 [2011-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-03）.
- ^ US Urged to Press Tashkent on Political Prisoners. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 2012-08-21 [2012-08-31]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-16）.