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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{Use American English|date=February 2024}}
⚫
| name = Spot-tailed Antwren

| image =
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| name = Spot-tailed antwren
| image = Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.37127 1 - Herpsilochmus sticturus sticturus Salvin, 1885 - Formicariidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22701563 |title=''Herpsilochmus sticturus'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2023 |title=Spot-tailed Antwren ''Herpsilochmus sticturus'' |volume=2023 |page=e.T22701563A239288893 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22701563A239288893.en |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| genus = Herpsilochmus
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| species = sticturus
| classis = [[Aves]]
| authority = [[Osbert Salvin|Salvin]], 1885
⚫
| synonyms =
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
⚫
| range_map = Herpsilochmus sticturus map.svg
| familia = [[Thamnophilidae]]
}}
| genus = ''[[Herpsilochmus]]''
| species = '''''H. sticturus'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Herpsilochmus sticturus''
| binomial_authority = [[Osbert Salvin|Salvin]], 1885
⚫
| synonyms = }}
The '''Spot-tailed Antwren''' (''Herpsilochmus sticturus'') is a species of [[bird]] in the [[Thamnophilidae]] family.
It is found in [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], and [[Venezuela]].
Its natural [[habitat]] is subtropical or tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s.


The '''spot-tailed antwren''' ('''''Herpsilochmus sticturus''''') is a species of [[bird]] in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family [[Thamnophilidae]], the "typical antbirds". It is found in [[Brazil]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], and [[Venezuela]].<ref name=IOC14.1>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/antbirds/ |title=Antbirds |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 14.1 | editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |date=January 2024 |access-date=4 January 2024 }}</ref>
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==References==
⚫
{{Reflist}}


==Taxonomy and systematics==
⚫
[[Category:Herpsilochmus]]
⚫
[[Category:Animals described in 1885]]


The spot-tailed antwren and [[Dugand's antwren]] (''H. dugandi'') were previously considered [[conspecific]] and now are treated as a [[superspecies]].<ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 27, 2023</ref> The spot-tailed antwren is [[monotypic]].<ref name=IOC14.1/>

==Description==

The spot-tailed antwren is {{convert|9.5|to|10.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|8|to|9|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Adult males have a black crown and nape, a long pale gray to white [[supercilium]], a black streak through the eye, and pale grayish ear [[coverts]]. Their back and rump are dark gray with black patches, white-edged black [[Birdgloss#scapulars|scapulars]], and a white patch between the scapulars. Their wings are black with white tips on the coverts and white edges on the flight feathers. Their tail is black with white tips and a long white streak on the central feathers. Their throat and underparts are pale gray with a white center to the belly. Adult females have a black crown with rufous-cinnamon streaks, buffy edges on the flight feathers, and paler, buff-tinged, underparts than males.<ref name=STAN-BOW>Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Spot-tailed Antwren (''Herpsilochmus sticturus''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.sptant1.01 retrieved February 29, 2024</ref><ref name=vanPerlo>{{cite book | last =van Perlo | first = Ber| title =A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =2009 | location =New York | pages =246-247 | isbn =978-0-19-530155-7 }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==

The spot-tailed antwren is found from eastern Venezuela's [[Bolívar (state)|Bolívar state]] east through [[the Guianas]] into northeastern Brazil's [[Amapá]] state. It inhabits the mid-level to the canopy of humid [[evergreen forest]]. It favors areas near water such as [[gallery forest]] and seasonally flooded forest and within them frequents vine tangles.<ref name=STAN-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo/>

==Behavior==
===Movement===

The spot-tailed antwren is thought to be a year-round resident throughout its range.<ref name=STAN-BOW/>

===Feeding===

The spot-tailed antwren's diet has not been detailed but is known to be mostly [[arthropod]]s. It forages singly, in pairs, and in family groups, and often as a member of a [[mixed-species feeding flock]]. It typically feeds between {{convert|15|and|30|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} above the ground. It forages actively and usually captures prey by gleaning leaves, stems, and vines by reaching from a perch. It is not known to follow [[army ant]]s.<ref name=STAN-BOW/>

===Breeding===

One spot-tailed antwren brood in French Guiana fledged in October. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.<ref name=STAN-BOW/>

{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Herpsilochmus-sticturus |species=spot-tailed antwren}}
===Vocalization===

The spot-tailed antwren's song is a "short, very high, staccato series changing to a rattle" whose first few notes slightly rise.<ref name=vanPerlo/> Its calls include a repeated "sharply downslurred 'chut' " and an "abrupt...muffled whistle, mostly upslurred".<ref name=STAN-BOW/>

==Status==

The [[IUCN]] has assessed the spot-tailed antwren as being of Least Concern. It has a large range and an unknown population size that is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified.<ref name=IUCN/> It is considered uncommon to fairly common across its range. It occurs in several large protected areas and also "in extensive areas of intact habitat which are not formally protected but appear to be at little risk of development in near future". However, it is believed to be "highly sensitive to human disturbance".<ref name=STAN-BOW/>

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==References==
⚫
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1269294}}


⚫
[[Category:Herpsilochmus|spot-tailed antwren]]
{{Thamnophilidae-stub}}
[[Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield]]
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[[Category:Birds described in 1885|spot-tailed antwren]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Osbert Salvin|spot-tailed antwren]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

Latest revision as of 22:00, 2 May 2024

Spot-tailed antwren
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thamnophilidae
Genus: Herpsilochmus
Species:
H. sticturus
Binomial name
Herpsilochmus sticturus
Salvin, 1885

The spot-tailed antwren (Herpsilochmus sticturus) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.[2]

Taxonomy and systematics

[edit]

The spot-tailed antwren and Dugand's antwren (H. dugandi) were previously considered conspecific and now are treated as a superspecies.[3] The spot-tailed antwren is monotypic.[2]

Description

[edit]

The spot-tailed antwren is 9.5 to 10.5 cm (3.7 to 4.1 in) long and weighs 8 to 9 g (0.28 to 0.32 oz). Adult males have a black crown and nape, a long pale gray to white supercilium, a black streak through the eye, and pale grayish ear coverts. Their back and rump are dark gray with black patches, white-edged black scapulars, and a white patch between the scapulars. Their wings are black with white tips on the coverts and white edges on the flight feathers. Their tail is black with white tips and a long white streak on the central feathers. Their throat and underparts are pale gray with a white center to the belly. Adult females have a black crown with rufous-cinnamon streaks, buffy edges on the flight feathers, and paler, buff-tinged, underparts than males.[4][5]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The spot-tailed antwren is found from eastern Venezuela's Bolívar state east through the Guianas into northeastern Brazil's Amapá state. It inhabits the mid-level to the canopy of humid evergreen forest. It favors areas near water such as gallery forest and seasonally flooded forest and within them frequents vine tangles.[4][5]

Behavior

[edit]

Movement

[edit]

The spot-tailed antwren is thought to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[4]

Feeding

[edit]

The spot-tailed antwren's diet has not been detailed but is known to be mostly arthropods. It forages singly, in pairs, and in family groups, and often as a member of a mixed-species feeding flock. It typically feeds between 15 and 30 m (50 and 100 ft) above the ground. It forages actively and usually captures prey by gleaning leaves, stems, and vines by reaching from a perch. It is not known to follow army ants.[4]

Breeding

[edit]

One spot-tailed antwren brood in French Guiana fledged in October. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.[4]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to spot-tailed antwren on xeno-canto

Vocalization

[edit]

The spot-tailed antwren's song is a "short, very high, staccato series changing to a rattle" whose first few notes slightly rise.[5] Its calls include a repeated "sharply downslurred 'chut' " and an "abrupt...muffled whistle, mostly upslurred".[4]

Status

[edit]

The IUCN has assessed the spot-tailed antwren as being of Least Concern. It has a large range and an unknown population size that is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered uncommon to fairly common across its range. It occurs in several large protected areas and also "in extensive areas of intact habitat which are not formally protected but appear to be at little risk of development in near future". However, it is believed to be "highly sensitive to human disturbance".[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2023). "Spot-tailed Antwren Herpsilochmus sticturus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T22701563A239288893. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22701563A239288893.en. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  2. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  3. ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Spot-tailed Antwren (Herpsilochmus sticturus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.sptant1.01 retrieved February 29, 2024
  5. ^ a b c van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
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