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{{short description|Subfamily of birds}}
{{Short description|Subfamily of birds}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Pheasant.jpg
| image = Pheasant.jpg
| image_caption = Erectile clade: represented by a Mongolian ringneck-type [[common pheasant]] (''Phasianus colchicus'') cock
| image_caption = Erectile clade: represented by a Mongolian ringneck-type [[common pheasant]] (''Phasianus colchicus'') cock
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| taxon = Phasianinae
| taxon = Phasianinae
| authority = [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821
| authority = [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821
| type_species = ''[[Phasianus colchicus]]''
| type_genus = ''[[Phasianus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = See text
| subdivision = See text
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</ref> Although this subfamily was considered [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] and separated from the [[partridge]]s, [[francolin]]s, and [[Old World quail]]s ([[Perdicinae]]) till the early 1990s,<ref name=Johnsgard1986 /><ref name=Johnsgard1988>
</ref> Although this subfamily was considered [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] and separated from the [[partridge]]s, [[francolin]]s, and [[Old World quail]]s ([[Perdicinae]]) till the early 1990s,<ref name=Johnsgard1986 /><ref name=Johnsgard1988>
{{Cite book |title=The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World |year=1988 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
{{Cite book |title=The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World |year=1988 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenies]] have shown that this placement is paraphyletic. For example, some [[partridge]]s ''(''genus ''[[Perdix]]'') are more closely affiliated to [[pheasant]]s, whereas [[Old World quail]]s and [[partridge]]s from the genus ''[[Alectoris]]'' are closer to [[junglefowl]]s.<ref name=Kimball1999>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0562 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic |year=1999 |last1=Kimball |first1=R. T. |last2=Braun |first2=E. L. |last3=Zwartjes |first3=P. W. |last4=Crowe |first4=T. M. |last5=Ligon |first5=J. D. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |pmid=10082609}}</ref><ref name=Kimball2014>{{Cite journal |doi=10.7717/peerj.361 |title=Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix |year=2014 |last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Braun |first2=Edward L. |journal=PeerJ |pages=e361 |volume=2 |pmid=24795852 |pmc=4006227}}</ref> There are two clades in the Phasianinae: the erectile clade and the non-erectile clades. Both clades are believed to have diverged during the early [[Oligocene]], about 30 million years ago.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Galliformes |url=http://www.bird-phylogeny.de/superorders/galloanseres/galliformes/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=bird-phylogeny |language=de-DE}}</ref>
</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenies]] have shown that this placement is paraphyletic. For example, some [[partridge]]s ''(''genus ''[[Perdix]]'') are more closely affiliated to [[pheasant]]s, whereas [[Old World quail]]s and [[partridge]]s from the genus ''[[Alectoris]]'' are closer to [[junglefowl]]s.<ref name=Kimball1999>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0562 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic |year=1999 |last1=Kimball |first1=R. T. |last2=Braun |first2=E. L. |last3=Zwartjes |first3=P. W. |last4=Crowe |first4=T. M. |last5=Ligon |first5=J. D. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |pmid=10082609|bibcode=1999MolPE..11...38K }}</ref><ref name=Kimball2014>{{Cite journal |doi=10.7717/peerj.361 |title=Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix |year=2014 |last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Braun |first2=Edward L. |journal=PeerJ |pages=e361 |volume=2 |pmid=24795852 |pmc=4006227 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There are two clades in the Phasianinae: the erectile clade and the non-erectile clade, referring to erectile tissue in the non-feathered parts of the face. Both clades are believed to have diverged during the early [[Oligocene]], about 30 million years ago.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Galliformes |url=http://www.bird-phylogeny.de/superorders/galloanseres/galliformes/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=bird-phylogeny |language=de-DE}}</ref>


The Phasianinae are characterised by strong [[sexual dimorphism]], males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments, such as [[wattle (anatomy)|wattles]] and long tails. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.
The Phasianinae are characterised by strong [[sexual dimorphism]], males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments, such as [[wattle (anatomy)|wattles]] and long tails. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.


==Genera in taxonomic order==
==Genera in taxonomic order==
This list is ordered to show [[Taxonomic sequence|presumed relationships]] between species. Tribes and subfamily names are based on the 4th edition of the ''[[Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]]''. Genera without a tribe are considered to belong to tribe ''incertae sedis''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=2021-05-01 |title=A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790321000245 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=158 |pages=107091 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091 |issn=1055-7903|last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Hosner |first2=Peter A. |last3=Braun |first3=Edward L. |pmid=33545275 |s2cid=231963063 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics |url=https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=11 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.aviansystematics.org}}</ref>
This list is ordered to show [[Taxonomic sequence|presumed relationships]] between species. Tribes and subfamily names are based on the 4th edition of the ''[[Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]]''. Genera without a tribe are considered to belong to tribe ''incertae sedis''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=2021-05-01 |title=A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790321000245 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=158 |pages=107091 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091 |issn=1055-7903|last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Hosner |first2=Peter A. |last3=Braun |first3=Edward L. |pmid=33545275 |bibcode=2021MolPE.15807091K |s2cid=231963063 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics |url=https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=11 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.aviansystematics.org}}</ref>


=== "Erectile clade" ===
=== "Erectile clade" ===
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|-
|-
|[[File:Polyplectron_malacense_-captive_-male-8a.jpg|220x220px]]
|[[File:Polyplectron_malacense_-captive_-male-8a.jpg|220x220px]]
|''incertae sedis''
|Unnamed [[clade]],<br>incl. tribe<br>[[Polyplectronini]]<br>(only ''[[Polyplectron]]'')
|
|
⚫
* ''[[Tropicoperdix]]''
⚫
* ''[[Haematortyx]]'' (crimson-headed partridge)
⚫
* ''[[Galloperdix]]'' (Asian spurfowl)
* ''[[Peacock-pheasant|Polyplectron]]'' (peacock-pheasants)
* ''[[Peacock-pheasant|Polyplectron]]'' (peacock-pheasants)
|-
|[[File:0A2A4859 Crimson-headed partridge.jpg|220x220px]]
|''incertae sedis''
|
⚫
*''[[Haematortyx]]'' (crimson-headed partridge)
|-
|[[File:Arborophila chloropus - Kaeng Krachan.jpg|220x220px]]
|''incertae sedis''
|
⚫
*''[[Tropicoperdix]]''
|-
|[[File:GalloperdixBicalcarataLegge.jpg|220x220px]]
|''incertae sedis''
|
⚫
*''[[Galloperdix]]'' (Asian spurfowl)
|-
|-
|[[File:Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Ceylon_Junglefowl_(Gallus_lafayetii)_Male.jpg|220x220px]]
|[[File:Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Ceylon_Junglefowl_(Gallus_lafayetii)_Male.jpg|220x220px]]
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


{{Birds}}
{{Birds}}
{{Phasianidae|state=all}}
{{Phasianidae|state=all}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q974811}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q974811}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Phasianinae| ]]
[[Category:Phasianinae| ]]

Latest revision as of 19:49, 14 June 2024

Phasianinae
Erectile clade: represented by a Mongolian ringneck-type common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) cock
Nonerectile clade: represented by an Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) peacock
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Subfamily: Phasianinae
Horsfield, 1821
Type genus
Phasianus
Genera

See text

The Phasianinae (Horsfield, 1821) are a subfamily of the pheasant family (Phasianidae) of landfowl, the order Galliformes. The subfamily includes true pheasants, tragopans, grouse, turkey and similar birds.[1] Although this subfamily was considered monophyletic and separated from the partridges, francolins, and Old World quails (Perdicinae) till the early 1990s,[1][2] molecular phylogenies have shown that this placement is paraphyletic. For example, some partridges (genus Perdix) are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus Alectoris are closer to junglefowls.[3][4] There are two clades in the Phasianinae: the erectile clade and the non-erectile clade, referring to erectile tissue in the non-feathered parts of the face. Both clades are believed to have diverged during the early Oligocene, about 30 million years ago.[5]

The Phasianinae are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments, such as wattles and long tails. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.

Genera in taxonomic order

[edit]

This list is ordered to show presumed relationships between species. Tribes and subfamily names are based on the 4th edition of the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Genera without a tribe are considered to belong to tribe incertae sedis.[6][7]

"Erectile clade"

[edit]
Image Tribe Genera
incertae sedis
incertae sedis
Lophophorini
incertae sedis
Tetraonini
incertae sedis
incertae sedis
Phasianini

"Non-erectile clade"

[edit]
Image Tribe Genera
Pavonini
incertae sedis
incertae sedis
incertae sedis
incertae sedis
Gallini
Coturnicini

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Johnsgard, P. A. (1986). The Pheasants of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ Johnsgard, P. A. (1988). The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  3. ^ Kimball, R. T.; Braun, E. L.; Zwartjes, P. W.; Crowe, T. M.; Ligon, J. D. (1999). "A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 11 (1): 38–54. Bibcode:1999MolPE..11...38K. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0562. PMID 10082609.
  4. ^ Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. (2014). "Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix". PeerJ. 2: e361. doi:10.7717/peerj.361. PMC 4006227. PMID 24795852.
  5. ^ "Galliformes". bird-phylogeny (in German). Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  6. ^ Kimball, Rebecca T.; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Edward L. (2021-05-01). "A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 158: 107091. Bibcode:2021MolPE.15807091K. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 33545275. S2CID 231963063.
  7. ^ "H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics". www.aviansystematics.org. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
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