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{{short description|Subfamily of birds}}
{{Short description|Subfamily of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Merge| Pheasant |date=February 2019 |discuss=Talk:Pheasant#Merge with Phasianinae}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Pheasant.jpg
| image = Pheasant.jpg
| image_caption = Mongolian ringneck-type [[common pheasant]] (''Phasianus colchicus'') cock
| image_caption = Erectile clade: represented by a Mongolian ringneck-type [[common pheasant]] (''Phasianus colchicus'') cock
| image2 = Pavo cristatus side view.jpg
| image2_caption = Nonerectile clade: represented by an [[Indian peafowl]] (''Pavo cristatus'') peacock
| taxon = Phasianinae
| taxon = Phasianinae
| authority = [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821
| authority = [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821
| type_species = ''[[Phasianus colchicus]]''
| type_genus = ''[[Phasianus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
| subdivision = See text
*''[[Afropavo]]''
*''[[Argusianus]]''
*''[[Cheer pheasant|Catreus]]''
*''[[Chrysolophus]]''
*''[[Crossoptilon]]''
*''[[Gallus (biology)|Gallus]]''
*''[[Ithaginis]]''
*''[[Lophophorus]]''
*''[[Lophura]]''
*''[[Pavo (genus)|Pavo]]''
*''[[Phasianus]]''
*''[[Polyplectron]]''
*''[[Pucrasia]]''
*''[[Rheinardia]]''
*''[[Syrmaticus]]''
*''[[Tragopan]]''
}}
}}


The '''Phasianinae''' ([[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821) are a [[subfamily (biology)|subfamily]] of the pheasant family ([[Phasianidae]]) of [[landfowl]], the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Galliformes]]. The subfamily includes [[pheasant]]s, [[tragopan]]s, [[junglefowl]], [[peafowl]], and other similar birds.<ref name=Johnsgard1986>
The '''Phasianinae''' ([[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821) are a [[subfamily (biology)|subfamily]] of the pheasant family ([[Phasianidae]]) of [[landfowl]], the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Galliformes]]. The subfamily includes true [[pheasant]]s, [[tragopan]]s, [[grouse]], [[Turkey (bird)|turkey]] and similar birds.<ref name=Johnsgard1986>
{{Cite book |title=The Pheasants of the World |year=1986 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
{{Cite book |title=The Pheasants of the World |year=1986 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
</ref> Although this subfamily was considered [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] and separated from the [[partridge]]s, [[francolin]]s, and [[Old World quail]]s ([[Perdicinae]]) till the early 1990s,<ref name=Johnsgard1986 /><ref name=Johnsgard1988>
</ref> Although this subfamily was considered [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] and separated from the [[partridge]]s, [[francolin]]s, and [[Old World quail]]s ([[Perdicinae]]) till the early 1990s,<ref name=Johnsgard1986 /><ref name=Johnsgard1988>
{{Cite book |title=The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World |year=1988 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
{{Cite book |title=The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World |year=1988 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenies]] have shown that the two Phasianidae subfamilies actually constitute only one lineage. For example, some [[partridge]]s ''(''genus ''[[Perdix]]'') are more closely affiliated to [[pheasant]]s, whereas [[Old World quail]]s and [[partridge]]s from the genus ''[[Alectoris]]'' are closer to [[junglefowl]]s.<ref name=Kimball1999>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0562 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic |year=1999 |last1=Kimball |first1=R. T. |last2=Braun |first2=E. L. |last3=Zwartjes |first3=P. W. |last4=Crowe |first4=T. M. |last5=Ligon |first5=J. D. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |pmid=10082609}}</ref><ref name=Kimball2014>{{Cite journal |doi=10.7717/peerj.361 |title=Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix |year=2014 |last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Braun |first2=Edward L. |journal=PeerJ |pages=e361 |volume=2 |pmid=24795852 |pmc=4006227}}</ref>
</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenies]] have shown that this placement is paraphyletic. For example, some [[partridge]]s ''(''genus ''[[Perdix]]'') are more closely affiliated to [[pheasant]]s, whereas [[Old World quail]]s and [[partridge]]s from the genus ''[[Alectoris]]'' are closer to [[junglefowl]]s.<ref name=Kimball1999>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0562 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic |year=1999 |last1=Kimball |first1=R. T. |last2=Braun |first2=E. L. |last3=Zwartjes |first3=P. W. |last4=Crowe |first4=T. M. |last5=Ligon |first5=J. D. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |pmid=10082609|bibcode=1999MolPE..11...38K }}</ref><ref name=Kimball2014>{{Cite journal |doi=10.7717/peerj.361 |title=Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix |year=2014 |last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Braun |first2=Edward L. |journal=PeerJ |pages=e361 |volume=2 |pmid=24795852 |pmc=4006227 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There are two clades in the Phasianinae: the erectile clade and the non-erectile clade, referring to erectile tissue in the non-feathered parts of the face. Both clades are believed to have diverged during the early [[Oligocene]], about 30 million years ago.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Galliformes |url=http://www.bird-phylogeny.de/superorders/galloanseres/galliformes/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=bird-phylogeny |language=de-DE}}</ref>


Phasianinae are characterised by strong [[sexual dimorphism]], males being highly ornate with bright [[colour]]s and adornments such as [[wattle (anatomy)|wattles]] and long [[tail]]s. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.
The Phasianinae are characterised by strong [[sexual dimorphism]], males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments, such as [[wattle (anatomy)|wattles]] and long tails. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.


==Species in taxonomic order==
==Genera in taxonomic order==
This list is ordered to show [[Taxonomic sequence|presumed relationships]] between species. Tribes and subfamily names are based on the 4th edition of the ''[[Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]]''. Genera without a tribe are considered to belong to tribe ''incertae sedis''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=2021-05-01 |title=A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790321000245 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=158 |pages=107091 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091 |issn=1055-7903|last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Hosner |first2=Peter A. |last3=Braun |first3=Edward L. |pmid=33545275 |bibcode=2021MolPE.15807091K |s2cid=231963063 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics |url=https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=11 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.aviansystematics.org}}</ref>
This list is ordered to show [[Taxonomic sequence|presumed relationships]] between species.

=== "Erectile clade" ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Image !! Genus !! Living species
! Image !! Tribe !! Genera
|-
|-
|[[File:SnowPartridgeAtTungnathUttarakhandIndia.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[File:Blood Pheasant (26935101897).jpg|120px]]||''Ithaginis'' ||
|''[[incertae sedis]]''
* [[Blood pheasant]], ''Ithaginis cruentus''
|
* ''[[Snow partridge|Lerwa]]'' (snow partridge)
|-
|-
|[[File:Temminck Tragopan.jpg|120px]]||''[[Tragopan]]'' ||
|[[File:Ithaginis cruentus geoffroyi, Garzê Tibetan AP, Sichuan 9S3A1928.jpg|220x220px]]||''incertae sedis''||
* ''[[Blood pheasant|Ithaginis]]'' (blood pheasant)
* [[Western tragopan]], ''Tragopan melanocephalus''
* [[Satyr tragopan]], ''Tragopan satyra''
* [[Blyth's tragopan]], ''Tragopan blythii''
* [[Temminck's tragopan]], ''Tragopan temminckii''
* [[Cabot's tragopan]], ''Tragopan caboti''
|-
|-
|[[File:勺鸡.jpg|120px]]||''Pucrasia'' ||
|[[File:Temminck Tragopan.jpg|220x220px]]||[[Lophophorini]]||
* ''[[Tragopan]]'' (tragopans)
*[[Koklass pheasant]], ''Pucrasia macrolopha''
* ''[[Tetraophasis]]'' (monal-partridges)
* ''[[Monal|Lophophorus]]'' (monals)
|-
|-
|[[File:Koklass Pheasant Manila3.jpg|220x220px]]||''incertae sedis''||
|[[File:Himalayan Monal Adult Male East Sikkim Sikkim India.png|120px]]||''[[Lophophorus]],'' monals ||
* ''[[Pucrasia]]'' (koklass pheasant)
* [[Himalayan monal]], ''Lophophorus impejanus''
* [[Sclater's monal]], ''Lophophorus sclateri''
* [[Chinese monal]], ''Lophophorus lhuysii''
|-
|-
|[[File:Tetrao urogallus Richard Bartz.jpg|frameless|300x300px]]
|[[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Ceylon Junglefowl (Gallus lafayetii) Male.jpg|120px]]||''[[Junglefowl|Gallus]]'', junglefowl and chickens ||
|[[Grouse|Tetraonini]]
* [[Red junglefowl]], ''Gallus gallus''
|
** [[Chicken|Domestic chicken]], ''G. g. domesticus''
* ''[[Meleagris]]'' (turkeys)
* [[Grey junglefowl]], ''Gallus sonneratii''
* ''[[Bonasa]]'' (ruffed grouse)
* [[Sri Lanka junglefowl]], ''Gallus lafayetii''
* ''[[Tetrastes]]'' (hazel grouse)
* [[Green junglefowl]], ''Gallus varius''
* ''[[Centrocercus]]'' (sage-grouse)
* ''[[Dendragapus]]'' (blue grouse)
* ''[[Tympanuchus]]'' (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse)
* ''[[Lagopus]]'' (ptarmigans)
* ''[[Falcipennis]]'' (Siberian grouse)
* ''[[Spruce grouse|Canachites]]'' (spruce grouse)
* ''[[Tetrao]]'' (capercaillies)
* ''[[Lyrurus]]'' (black grouse)
|-
|-
|[[File:Rhizothera longirostris.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[File:Swinhoe's Pheasant 0673.jpg|120px]]||''[[Lophura]]'', gallopheasants ||
|''incertae sedis''
* [[Kalij pheasant]], (''L. leucomelanos'')
|
**White-crested kalij pheasant, (''L. l. hamiltoni'')
* ''[[Rhizothera]]'' (long-billed partridges)
**Nepal kalij pheasant, (''L. l. leucomelanos'')
**Black-backed kalij pheasant, (''L. l. melanota'')
**Black kalij pheasant, (''L. l. moffitti'')
**Black-breasted kalij pheasant, (''L. l. lathami'')
**William's kalij pheasant, (''L. l. williamsi'')
**Oates' kalij pheasant, (''L. l. oatesi'')
**Crawfurd's kalij pheasant, (''L. l. crawfurdi'')
**Lineated kalij pheasant, (''L. l. lineata'')
* [[Silver pheasant]], (''L. nycthemera'')
**(''L. n. lewisi'')
**(''L. n. annamensis'')
**(''L. n. engelbachi'')
**(''L. n. beli'')
**(''L. n. berliozi'')
**(''L. n. rufripes'')
**(''L. n. ripponi'')
**(''L. n. occidentalis'')
**(''L. n. beaulieui'')
**(''L. n. fokiensis'')
**(''L. n. whiteheadi'')
**(''L. n. omeiensis'')
* [[Imperial pheasant]], ''Lophura imperialis''
* [[Edward's pheasant]], ''Lophura edwardsi''
** [[Vietnamese pheasant]], Lophura edwardsi var. formerly ''Lophura hatinhensis''
* [[Swinhoe's pheasant]], ''Lophura swinhoii''
* [[Hoogerwerf's pheasant]], ''Lophura hoogerwerfi''
* [[Salvadori's pheasant]], ''Lophura inornata''
* [[Crestless fireback]], ''Lophura erythrophthalma''
**Malayan crestless fireback, (''L. e. erythrophthalma'')
**Bornean crestless fireback, (''L. e. pyronota'')
* [[Crested fireback]], ''Lophura ignita''
**Lesser Bornean crested fireback, (''L. i. ignita'')
**Greater Bornean crested fireback, (''L. i. nobilis'')
**Vieilott's crested fireback, (''L. i. rufa'')
**Delacour's crested fireback, (''L. i. macartneyi'')
* [[Siamese fireback]], ''Lophura diardi''
* [[Bulwer's pheasant]], ''Lophura bulweri''
|-
|-
|[[File:Perdix perdix (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[File:Crossoptilon mantchuricum -USA -captive-8a.jpg|120px]]||''[[Crossoptilon]]'', eared pheasants ||
|''incertae sedis''
* [[White eared pheasant]], ''Crossoptilon crossoptilon''
|
* [[Tibetan eared pheasant]], ''Crossoptilon harmani''
* ''[[Perdix]]'' (true partridges)
* [[Brown eared pheasant]], ''Crossoptilon mantchuricum''
* [[Blue eared pheasant]], ''Crossoptilon auritum''
|-
|-
|[[File:Cheer Pheasant.jpg|120px]]||''Catreus'' ||
|[[File:Swinhoe's Pheasant 0673.jpg|220x220px]]
|[[Phasianini]]
* [[Cheer pheasant]], ''Catreus wallichii''
|
* ''[[Syrmaticus]]'' (long-tailed pheasants)
* ''[[Chrysolophus]]'' (ruffed pheasants)
* ''[[Phasianus]]'' (true pheasants)
* ''[[Cheer pheasant|Catreus]]'' (cheer pheasant)
* ''[[Crossoptilon]]'' (eared pheasants)
* ''[[Lophura]]'' (gallopheasants)
|-
|-
|}
|[[File:Mikado Pheasant 398.jpg|120px]]||''[[Syrmaticus]]'', long-tailed pheasants ||

* [[Reeve's pheasant]], ''Syrmaticus reevesi''
=== "Non-erectile clade" ===
* [[Elliot's pheasant]], ''Syrmaticus ellioti''
{| class="wikitable"
* [[Mrs. Hume's pheasant]], ''Syrmaticus humiae''
!Image
* [[Mikado pheasant]], ''Syrmaticus mikado''
!Tribe
* [[Copper pheasant]], ''Syrmaticus soemmerringi''
!Genera
|-
|[[File:A beutifull feazant in full glory searching food along the Rhine river - panoramio.jpg|120px]]||''[[Phasianus]]'', typical pheasants ||
*[[Green pheasant]] ''Phasianus versicolor''
*[[Common pheasant]], ''Phasianus colchicus''
** Caucasus pheasants, ''Phasianus colchicus colchicus'' group
** White-winged pheasants, ''Phasianus colchicus chrysomelas/principalis'' group
*** Prince of Wales pheasant, ''Phasianus colchicus principalis''
** Mongolian ring-necked pheasants or white-winged ring-necked pheasants, ''Phasianus colchicus mongolicus'' group
** Tarim pheasants, ''Phasianus colchicus tarimensis'' group
** Chinese ring-necked pheasants, ''Phasianus colchicus torquatus'' group
*** Taiwan pheasant, ''Phasianus colchicus formosanus''
|-
|-
|[[File:Paonroue.JPG|220x220px]]
|[[File:Golden Pheasant male RWD4.jpg|120px]]||''[[Chrysolophus]]'', ruffed pheasants ||
|[[Pavonini]]
* [[Golden pheasant]], ''Chrysolophus pictus''
|
* [[Lady Amherst's pheasant]], ''Chrysolophus amherstiae''
* ''[[Crested argus|Rheinardia]]'' (crested arguses)
* ''[[Great argus|Argusianus]]'' (great argus)
* ''[[Congo peafowl|Afropavo]]'' (African peafowl)
* ''[[Pavo (genus)|Pavo]]'' (Asiatic peafowl)
|-
|-
|[[File:Polyplectron malacense -captive -male-8a.jpg|120px]]||''[[Polyplectron]]'', peacock-pheasants ||
|[[File:Polyplectron_malacense_-captive_-male-8a.jpg|220x220px]]
|''incertae sedis''
* [[Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron chalcurum''
|
* [[Mountain peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron inopinatum''
* [[Germain's peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron germaini''
* ''[[Peacock-pheasant|Polyplectron]]'' (peacock-pheasants)
* [[Grey peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron bicalcaratum''
* [[Hainan peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron katsumatae''
* [[Malayan peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron malacense''
* [[Bornean peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron schleiermacheri''
* [[Palawan peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron emphanum''
|-
|-
|[[File:0A2A4859 Crimson-headed partridge.jpg|220x220px]]
|[[File:Argo de Rheinard (Rheinardia ocellata), Zoo de Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 01.JPG|120px]]||''Rheinardia'' ||
|''incertae sedis''
* [[Crested argus]], ''Rheinardia ocellata''
|
*''[[Haematortyx]]'' (crimson-headed partridge)
|-
|-
|[[File:Argusianus argus, Khao Sok, Thailand 3.jpg|120px]]||''Argusianus'' ||
|[[File:Arborophila chloropus - Kaeng Krachan.jpg|220x220px]]
|''incertae sedis''
* [[Great argus]], ''Argusianus argus''
|
*''[[Tropicoperdix]]''
|-
|-
|[[File:GalloperdixBicalcarataLegge.jpg|220x220px]]
|[[File:Paonroue.JPG|120px]]||''[[Pavo (genus)|Pavo]]'' Peacock ||
|''incertae sedis''
* [[Indian peafowl]] ''Pavo cristatus''
|
* [[Green peafowl]], ''Pavo muticus''
*''[[Galloperdix]]'' (Asian spurfowl)
|-
|-
|[[File:Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Ceylon_Junglefowl_(Gallus_lafayetii)_Male.jpg|220x220px]]
|[[File:Afropavo congensis -Artis Zoo -Netherlands -male-8a.jpg|120px]]||''Afropavo'' ||
|[[Gallini (bird)|Gallini]]
* [[Congo peafowl]], ''Afropavo congensis''
|
* ''[[Bambusicola]]'' (bamboo partridges)
* ''[[Gallus (genus)|Gallus]]'' (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken)
* ''[[Peliperdix]]'' (Latham's francolin)
* ''[[Ortygornis]]''
* ''[[Francolinus]]''
* ''[[Campocolinus]]''
* ''[[Scleroptila]]''
|-
|-
|[[File:Excalfactoria_chinensis_(aka).jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[Coturnicini]]
|
* ''[[Tetraogallus]]'' (snowcocks)
* ''[[Ammoperdix]]'' (see-see and sand partridges)
* ''[[Synoicus]]''
* ''[[Margaroperdix]]'' (Madagascar partridge)
* ''[[Coturnix]]'' (typical Old World quails)
* ''[[Alectoris]]'' (rock partridges)
* ''[[Perdicula]]'' (bush-quails)
* ''[[Ophrysia]]'' (Himalayan quail)
* ''[[Pternistis]]'' (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)
|}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


{{Birds}}
{{Birds}}
{{Phasianidae|state=all}}
{{Phasianidae|state=all}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q974811}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q974811}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Phasianinae| ]]
[[Category:Phasianinae| ]]
[[Category:Phasianidae]]
[[Category:Bird subfamilies]]

Latest revision as of 19:49, 14 June 2024

Phasianinae
Erectile clade: represented by a Mongolian ringneck-type common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) cock
Nonerectile clade: represented by an Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) peacock
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Subfamily: Phasianinae
Horsfield, 1821
Type genus
Phasianus
Genera

See text

The Phasianinae (Horsfield, 1821) are a subfamily of the pheasant family (Phasianidae) of landfowl, the order Galliformes. The subfamily includes true pheasants, tragopans, grouse, turkey and similar birds.[1] Although this subfamily was considered monophyletic and separated from the partridges, francolins, and Old World quails (Perdicinae) till the early 1990s,[1][2] molecular phylogenies have shown that this placement is paraphyletic. For example, some partridges (genus Perdix) are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus Alectoris are closer to junglefowls.[3][4] There are two clades in the Phasianinae: the erectile clade and the non-erectile clade, referring to erectile tissue in the non-feathered parts of the face. Both clades are believed to have diverged during the early Oligocene, about 30 million years ago.[5]

The Phasianinae are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments, such as wattles and long tails. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.

Genera in taxonomic order

[edit]

This list is ordered to show presumed relationships between species. Tribes and subfamily names are based on the 4th edition of the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Genera without a tribe are considered to belong to tribe incertae sedis.[6][7]

"Erectile clade"

[edit]
Image Tribe Genera
incertae sedis
incertae sedis
Lophophorini
incertae sedis
Tetraonini
incertae sedis
incertae sedis
Phasianini

"Non-erectile clade"

[edit]
Image Tribe Genera
Pavonini
incertae sedis
incertae sedis
incertae sedis
incertae sedis
Gallini
Coturnicini

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Johnsgard, P. A. (1986). The Pheasants of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ Johnsgard, P. A. (1988). The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  3. ^ Kimball, R. T.; Braun, E. L.; Zwartjes, P. W.; Crowe, T. M.; Ligon, J. D. (1999). "A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 11 (1): 38–54. Bibcode:1999MolPE..11...38K. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0562. PMID 10082609.
  4. ^ Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. (2014). "Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix". PeerJ. 2: e361. doi:10.7717/peerj.361. PMC 4006227. PMID 24795852.
  5. ^ "Galliformes". bird-phylogeny (in German). Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  6. ^ Kimball, Rebecca T.; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Edward L. (2021-05-01). "A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 158: 107091. Bibcode:2021MolPE.15807091K. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 33545275. S2CID 231963063.
  7. ^ "H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics". www.aviansystematics.org. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
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