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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{speciesbox
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|id=22724744 |title=''Sarkidiornis sylvicola'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2016.3 |year=2016 |accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Sarkidiornis sylvicola'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22724744A94877265 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724744A94877265.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Amerikanische Höckerglanzgans Sarcidiornis sylvicolor 05 (1).jpg
| image = Amerikanische Höckerglanzgans Sarkidiornis sylvicola 05 (1).jpg
| image_caption = male
| image_caption = male
| image2 = Amerikanische Höckerglanzgans Sarcidiornis sylvicolor 050807.jpg
| image2 = Amerikanische Höckerglanzgans Sarkidiornis sylvicola 050807.jpg
| image2_caption = female
| image2_caption = female
⚫
| genus = Sarkidiornis
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| species = sylvicola
| authority = [[Hermann von Ihering|Ihering, HFA]] & [[Rodolpho von Ihering|Ihering, R]], 1907
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Anseriformes]]
| familia = [[Anatidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Anatinae]]
⚫
| genus = [[Sarkidiornis]]
| species = '''''S. sylvicola'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Sarkidiornis sylvicola''
| binomial_authority = (von Ihering, H. & von Ihering, R., 1907)
| synonyms = ''Sarkidiornis melanotos sylvicola''
| synonyms = ''Sarkidiornis melanotos sylvicola''

⚫
| range_map = Sarkidiornis sylvicola map.svg

}}
}}


The '''comb duck''' or '''American comb duck''' (''Sarkidiornis sylvicola''), is an unusual [[duck]], found in tropical wetlands in continental [[South America]] south to the [[Paraguay River]] region in eastern [[Paraguay]], southeastern [[Brazil]] and the extreme northeast of [[Argentina]],<ref name=Bencke/> and as a [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] on [[Trinidad]].
The '''comb duck''' or '''American comb duck''' ('''''Sarkidiornis sylvicola'''''), is an unusual [[duck]], found in tropical wetlands in continental [[South America]] south to the [[Paraguay River]] region in eastern [[Paraguay]], southeastern [[Brazil]] and extreme northeastern [[Argentina]],<ref name=Bencke/> and as a [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] on [[Trinidad]].


Most taxonomic authorities split this species and the [[knob-billed duck]] from each other. Some authorities, including the [[The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World|Clements checklist]] and the [[American Ornithological Society]] keep the cosmopolitan duck intact, in which case the species name ''melanotos'' is valid since it is older. The comb duck is generally smaller in size when compared to the knob-billed duck, and flanks are darker (black in males, medium grey in females).
Most taxonomic authorities split this species and the [[knob-billed duck]] from each other. The comb duck is generally smaller in size when compared to the knob-billed duck, and flanks are darker (black in males, medium grey in females).
{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Sarkidiornis-sylvicola |species=Comb Duck}}


==Systematics==
⚫
==Description and systematics==
⚫
Uncertainty surrounds the correct [[Systematics|systematic]] placement of this species. Initially, it was placed in the [[dabbling duck]] [[subfamily]] [[Anatinae]]. Later, it was assigned to the "[[perching duck]]s", a [[paraphyletic]] assemblage of waterfowl most of which are intermediate between dabbling ducks and [[shelduck]]s. As the "perching ducks" were split up, the comb duck was moved to the [[Tadorninae]] or shelduck [[subfamily]].<ref name = mb1987 />
⚫
This common species is unmistakable. It is one of the largest species of duck. Length can range from {{convert|56|to|76|cm|in|abbr=on}}, wingspan ranges from {{convert|116|to|145|cm|in|abbr=on}} and weight from {{convert|1.03|to|2.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>Ogilvie & Young, ''Wildfowl of the World''. New Holland Publishers (2004), {{ISBN|978-1-84330-328-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hilty, Steven L. |title=Birds of Venezuela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40mFwoALUFUC&pg=PA197|year= 2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3409-9|pages=197–}}</ref><ref>[http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/birds/anatidae/sarkidiornis_melanotos.htm ''Sarkidiornis melanotos'' (Comb duck, Knob-billed duck)]. biodiversityexplorer.org</ref> Adults have a white head freckled with dark spots, and a pure white neck and underparts. The upperparts are glossy blue-black upperparts, with bluish and greenish [[iridescence]] especially prominent on the secondaries (lower arm feathers). The male is much larger than the female, and has a large black knob on the [[beak|bill]].


⚫
Analysis of [[mtDNA]] [[DNA sequence|sequence]]s of the [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and [[NADH dehydrogenase]] [[Protein subunit|subunit]] 2 [[gene]]s, however, suggests that it is a quite [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member of the Anatidae, vindicating the earliest placement, but its closest living relatives cannot be resolved to satisfaction without further study.<ref name=Johnson/>
⚫
If seen at a distance, immature comb ducks can also be mistaken for a [[fulvous whistling duck]] (''Dendrocygna bicolor''). However, knob-billed ducks in immature [[plumage]] are rarely seen without adults nearby and thus they are usually easily identified too.<ref name = mb1987/>


⚫
==Description==
⚫
Uncertainty surrounds the correct [[systematics|systematic]] placement of this species. Initially, it was placed in the [[dabbling duck]] [[subfamily]] [[Anatinae]]. Later, it was assigned to the "[[perching duck]]s", a [[paraphyletic]] assemblage of waterfowl most of which are intermediate between dabbling ducks and [[shelduck]]s. As the "perching ducks" were split up, the comb duck was moved to the [[Tadorninae]] or shelduck [[subfamily]].<ref name = mb1987 />
⚫
This common species is unmistakable. It is one of the largest species of duck. Length can range from {{convert|56|to|76|cm|in|abbr=on}}, wingspan ranges from {{convert|116|to|145|cm|in|abbr=on}} and weight from {{convert|1.03|to|2.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>Ogilvie & Young, ''Wildfowl of the World''. New Holland Publishers (2004), {{ISBN|978-1-84330-328-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hilty, Steven L. |title=Birds of Venezuela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40mFwoALUFUC&pg=PA197|year= 2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3409-9|pages=197–}}</ref><ref>[http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/birds/anatidae/sarkidiornis_melanotos.htm ''Sarkidiornis melanotos'' (Comb duck, Knob-billed duck)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414193101/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/birds/anatidae/sarkidiornis_melanotos.htm |date=2012-04-14 }}. biodiversityexplorer.org</ref> Adults have a white head freckled with dark spots, and a pure white neck and underparts. The upperparts are glossy blue-black upperparts, with bluish and greenish [[iridescence]] especially prominent on the secondaries (lower arm feathers). The male is much larger than the female, and has a large black knob on the [[beak|bill]].


⚫
If seen at a distance, immature comb ducks can also be mistaken for a [[fulvous whistling duck]] (''Dendrocygna bicolor''). However, knob-billed ducks in immature [[plumage]] are rarely seen without adults nearby and thus they are usually easily identified, too.<ref name = mb1987/>
⚫
Analysis of [[mtDNA]] [[DNA sequence|sequence]]s of the [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and [[NADH dehydrogenase]] [[Protein subunit|subunit]] 2 [[gene]]s, however, suggests that it is a quite [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member of the Anatidae, vindicating the earliest placement. But its closest living relatives cannot be resolved to satisfaction without further study.<ref name=Johnson/>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Line 42: Line 40:
Comb ducks nest mainly in tree holes,<ref name = mb1987 /> also in tall grass. They line their nests with reeds, grass, or feathers, but not down.<ref name = honoluluzoo/>
Comb ducks nest mainly in tree holes,<ref name = mb1987 /> also in tall grass. They line their nests with reeds, grass, or feathers, but not down.<ref name = honoluluzoo/>


Males may have two mates at once or up to five in succession. They defend the females and young but not the nest sites. Unmated males perch in trees and wait for opportunities to mate.<ref name = honoluluzoo />
Males may have two mates at once or up to five in succession. They defend the females and young, but not the nest sites. Unmated males perch in trees and wait for opportunities to mate.<ref name = honoluluzoo />


Females lay 7 to 15<ref name = mb1987 /> yellowish-white eggs. Several females may lay in a single "dump nest" containing up to 50 eggs.<ref name = honoluluzoo />
Females lay seven to 15<ref name = mb1987 /> yellowish-white eggs. Several females may lay in a single "dump nest" containing up to 50 eggs.<ref name = honoluluzoo />


==References==
==References==
{{Commons category|Sarkidiornis sylvicola}}
{{reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Bencke>Bencke, Glayson Ariel (2007): Avifauna atual do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: aspectos biogeográficos e distribucionais ["The Recent avifauna of Rio Grande do Sul: Biogeographical and distributional aspects"]. Talk held on 22 June 2007 at ''Quaternário do RS: integrando conhecimento'', Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. [http://www6.ufrgs.br/alpp/Resumos_Quaternario_RS.pdf PDF abstract]</ref>
<ref name=Bencke>Bencke, Glayson Ariel (2007): Avifauna atual do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: aspectos biogeográficos e distribucionais ["The Recent avifauna of Rio Grande do Sul: Biogeographical and distributional aspects"]. Talk held on 22 June 2007 at ''Quaternário do RS: integrando conhecimento'', Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. [http://www6.ufrgs.br/alpp/Resumos_Quaternario_RS.pdf PDF abstract]</ref>
<ref name = honoluluzoo>[[Honolulu Zoo]] (2007): [http://www.honoluluzoo.org/comb_duck.htm Comb Duck]. Retrieved 2007-06-08.</ref>
<ref name = honoluluzoo>[[Honolulu Zoo]] (2007): [http://www.honoluluzoo.org/comb_duck.htm Comb Duck] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125123239/http://www.honoluluzoo.org/comb_duck.htm |date=2005-11-25 }}. Retrieved 2007-06-08.</ref>
<ref name=Johnson>{{cite journal|author1=Johnson, Kevin P. |author2=Sorenson, Michael D. |year=1999|title= Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus: ''Anas''): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume=116|issue=3|pages= 792–805|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf PDF|doi=10.2307/4089339}}</ref>
<ref name=Johnson>{{cite journal|author1=Johnson, Kevin P. |author2=Sorenson, Michael D. |year=1999|title= Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus: ''Anas''): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume=116|issue=3|pages= 792–805|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf |doi=10.2307/4089339|jstor=4089339 }}</ref>
<ref name = mb1987>Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1987): ''Wildfowl: an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1</ref>
<ref name = mb1987>Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1987): ''Wildfowl: an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. {{ISBN|0-7470-2201-1}}</ref>
}}
}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q3473539}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:duck, comb}}

[[Category:Sarkidiornis]]
[[Category:Sarkidiornis]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Hermann von Ihering]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Rodolpho von Ihering]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1907]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1907]]

Latest revision as of 02:03, 10 September 2024

Comb duck
male
female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Genus: Sarkidiornis
Species:
S. sylvicola
Binomial name
Sarkidiornis sylvicola
Synonyms

Sarkidiornis melanotos sylvicola

The comb duck or American comb duck (Sarkidiornis sylvicola), is an unusual duck, found in tropical wetlands in continental South America south to the Paraguay River region in eastern Paraguay, southeastern Brazil and extreme northeastern Argentina,[2] and as a vagrant on Trinidad.

Most taxonomic authorities split this species and the knob-billed duck from each other. The comb duck is generally smaller in size when compared to the knob-billed duck, and flanks are darker (black in males, medium grey in females).

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to Comb Duck on xeno-canto

Systematics

[edit]

Uncertainty surrounds the correct systematic placement of this species. Initially, it was placed in the dabbling duck subfamily Anatinae. Later, it was assigned to the "perching ducks", a paraphyletic assemblage of waterfowl most of which are intermediate between dabbling ducks and shelducks. As the "perching ducks" were split up, the comb duck was moved to the Tadorninae or shelduck subfamily.[3]

Analysis of mtDNA sequences of the cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes, however, suggests that it is a quite basal member of the Anatidae, vindicating the earliest placement, but its closest living relatives cannot be resolved to satisfaction without further study.[4]

Description

[edit]

This common species is unmistakable. It is one of the largest species of duck. Length can range from 56 to 76 cm (22 to 30 in), wingspan ranges from 116 to 145 cm (46 to 57 in) and weight from 1.03 to 2.9 kg (2.3 to 6.4 lb).[5][6][7] Adults have a white head freckled with dark spots, and a pure white neck and underparts. The upperparts are glossy blue-black upperparts, with bluish and greenish iridescence especially prominent on the secondaries (lower arm feathers). The male is much larger than the female, and has a large black knob on the bill.

If seen at a distance, immature comb ducks can also be mistaken for a fulvous whistling duck (Dendrocygna bicolor). However, knob-billed ducks in immature plumage are rarely seen without adults nearby and thus they are usually easily identified, too.[3]

Ecology

[edit]

It breeds in still freshwater swamps and lakes in the tropics. It is largely resident, apart from dispersion in the wet season.[3]

This duck feeds on vegetation by grazing or dabbling[3] and to a lesser extent on small fish, invertebrates, and seeds. It can become a problem to rice farmers. Knob-billed ducks often perch in trees. They are typically seen in flocks, small in the wet season, up to 100 in the dry season. Sometimes they separate according to sex.[8]

Reproduction

[edit]

Comb ducks nest mainly in tree holes,[3] also in tall grass. They line their nests with reeds, grass, or feathers, but not down.[8]

Males may have two mates at once or up to five in succession. They defend the females and young, but not the nest sites. Unmated males perch in trees and wait for opportunities to mate.[8]

Females lay seven to 15[3] yellowish-white eggs. Several females may lay in a single "dump nest" containing up to 50 eggs.[8]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarkidiornis sylvicola.
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Sarkidiornis sylvicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22724744A94877265. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724744A94877265.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Bencke, Glayson Ariel (2007): Avifauna atual do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: aspectos biogeográficos e distribucionais ["The Recent avifauna of Rio Grande do Sul: Biogeographical and distributional aspects"]. Talk held on 22 June 2007 at Quaternário do RS: integrando conhecimento, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. PDF abstract
  3. ^ a b c d e f Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1987): Wildfowl: an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1
  4. ^ Johnson, Kevin P.; Sorenson, Michael D. (1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus: Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence" (PDF). Auk. 116 (3): 792–805. doi:10.2307/4089339. JSTOR 4089339.
  5. ^ Ogilvie & Young, Wildfowl of the World. New Holland Publishers (2004), ISBN 978-1-84330-328-2
  6. ^ Hilty, Steven L. (2002). Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press. pp. 197–. ISBN 978-1-4008-3409-9.
  7. ^ Sarkidiornis melanotos (Comb duck, Knob-billed duck) Archived 2012-04-14 at the Wayback Machine. biodiversityexplorer.org
  8. ^ a b c d Honolulu Zoo (2007): Comb Duck Archived 2005-11-25 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
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