Escravos River: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Escravos River to Sapele 1979.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Escravos River to Sapele 1979]] |
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The '''Escravos River''' is a river in southern [[Nigeria]]. "Escravos" is a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word meaning "slaves" and the area was one of the main conduits for slave trade between Nigeria and the USA in the 18th century. The Escravos is a [[distributary]] of the [[Niger River]], it flows for 56 kilometers, ending at the Bight of Benin of the [[Gulf of Guinea]] where it flows into the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], a major US oil company, has its main Nigerian oil production facility located at the mouth of the Escravos River. This oil terminal pumps approximately 350 000 bopd. |
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The '''Escravos River''' is a river in southern [[Nigeria]], close to the city of Warri.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Escravos-River {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> "Escravos" is a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word meaning "slaves" and the area was one of the main conduits for slave trade between [[Nigeria]] and the [[United States]] in the 18th century.{{cn|date=February 2017}} The Escravos is a [[distributary]] of the [[Niger River]], it flows for {{convert|57|km|mi}}, ending at the [[Bight of Benin]] of the [[Gulf of Guinea]] where it flows into the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>[http://nodc-benin.org/images/Documents/PROPAO/Stage_M2/2008_2009/Presentations_Orales/Ibitola_M2oceano_2008-2009_OralDefence.pdf THE HYDRODYNAMIC FLUXES OF THE ESCRAVOS AND FORCADOS RIVERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT AND CIRCULATION PATTERNS OFF THE WESTERN NIGER DELTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201204/http://nodc-benin.org/images/Documents/PROPAO/Stage_M2/2008_2009/Presentations_Orales/Ibitola_M2oceano_2008-2009_OralDefence.pdf |date=2021-06-24 }}, BY IBITOLA MAYOWA PHILIPS, NOVEMBER 2009</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AGuri9TP5kgC&dq=Escravos+River+-wikipedia&pg=PA60 The Escravos Bar Project], By Reuben K. Udo, Geographical Regions of Nigeria, Page 60</ref> [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], a major US oil company, has its main Nigerian oil production facility at the mouth of the Escravos River.<ref>[http://sweetcrudereports.com/2016/10/13/delta-communities-decry-fresh-oil-spills-from-nnpc-trunkline/ Delta communities decry fresh oil spills from NNPC trunkline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207192622/http://sweetcrudereports.com/2016/10/13/delta-communities-decry-fresh-oil-spills-from-nnpc-trunkline/ |date=2017-02-07 }}, 2016/10/13, SweetCrudeReports, ''...An oil spill had occurred in these same communities on August 17, this year from a pipeline belonging to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC,...Gama-Zion community and into the Escravos River...''</ref> This oil terminal pumps approximately.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Study-area-Escravos-River-and-Chanomi-Creek_fig1_360062222 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> |
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The Escravos is linked by a maze of interconnected waterways to the Forcados, Warri, Benin, and Ethiope rivers.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-11-01 |title=Dredging Escravos channel to boost Nigeria's economy |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/dredging-escravos-channel-to-boost-nigerias-economy/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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The [[Nigerian Ports Authority|Nigerian Ports Authority (N.P.A.)]] granted dredging of Escravos River primarily to expand the waterways so as to make way for bigger vessals which will eventually boost the economic activity of the region and benefit the country at large.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganic |first=Eldin |date=2022-05-11 |title=Escravos dredging contract awarded |url=https://www.dredgingtoday.com/2022/05/11/escravos-dredging-contract-awarded/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Dredging Today |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== Water Pollution == |
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When chemicals contaminate water sources, the water becomes unsafe for use in drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Chemicals, waste, microorganisms, and parasites are examples of pollutants. All types of pollutants eventually end up in water. On lakes and oceans, air pollution settles. An subterranean stream, a river, and finally the ocean can all be contaminated by land. Waste placed in a vacant lot can therefore eventually contaminate a water source.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tozer |first=Lilly |date=2023-07-18 |title=Water pollution 'timebomb' threatens global health |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02337-7 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-02337-7|pmid=37463998 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogundepo |first=Janet |date=2022-11-04 |title=Stench from Lagos abattoir pollutes air, water, threatens residents' health |url=https://punchng.com/stench-from-lagos-abattoir-pollutes-air-water-threatens-residents-health/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== Causes of Water Pollution == |
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Given that water is a universal solvent and a necessity for life, water contamination is a serious problem. Industrial waste, marine dumping, sewage and wastewater, oil spills and leaks, agriculture, climate change, radioactive waste, and nuclear energy facilities are the seven main causes of water pollution. Industrial waste, which is generated by businesses, can contaminate freshwater systems with hazardous chemicals and other pollutants, rendering the water unsuitable for human consumption and changing the temperature of the freshwater systems. When waste is dumped into ocean waters, it can take anywhere between two and 200 years for it to entirely degrade. Even after treatment, hazardous chemicals, germs, and pathogens can still be present in sewage and wastewater, posing health risks to both people and animals. oil drilling operations or ships transporting oil are both responsible for oil leaks and spills.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=onlineecu |date=2019-09-09 |title=What are the Causes of Water Pollution? |url=https://online.ecok.edu/articles/causes-of-water-pollution/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=ECU Online |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Water Pollution Definition - Types, Causes, Effects |url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> |
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=== Control === |
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Water pollution is a major problem that disrupts ecosystems and harms human health and the economy. To keep a clean water supply, proper water treatment policies and administration are essential. People can pick up pet waste, avoid flushing non-biodegradable items, and keep their cars in good condition to prevent pollution. Regular maintenance and proper pet waste disposal can lower pollution levels and improve vehicle efficiency. We can work towards a cleaner and healthier water supply by doing these actions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Niger River}} |
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[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] |
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] |
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[[Category:Distributaries of the Niger River]] |
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[[de:Escravos (Fluss)]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:35, 22 September 2024
The Escravos River is a river in southern Nigeria, close to the city of Warri.[1] "Escravos" is a Portuguese word meaning "slaves" and the area was one of the main conduits for slave trade between Nigeria and the United States in the 18th century.[citation needed] The Escravos is a distributary of the Niger River, it flows for 57 kilometres (35 mi), ending at the Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea where it flows into the Atlantic Ocean.[2][3] Chevron, a major US oil company, has its main Nigerian oil production facility at the mouth of the Escravos River.[4] This oil terminal pumps approximately.[5]
The Escravos is linked by a maze of interconnected waterways to the Forcados, Warri, Benin, and Ethiope rivers.[6]
The Nigerian Ports Authority (N.P.A.) granted dredging of Escravos River primarily to expand the waterways so as to make way for bigger vessals which will eventually boost the economic activity of the region and benefit the country at large.[7]
Water Pollution
[edit]When chemicals contaminate water sources, the water becomes unsafe for use in drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Chemicals, waste, microorganisms, and parasites are examples of pollutants. All types of pollutants eventually end up in water. On lakes and oceans, air pollution settles. An subterranean stream, a river, and finally the ocean can all be contaminated by land. Waste placed in a vacant lot can therefore eventually contaminate a water source.[8][9]
Causes of Water Pollution
[edit]Given that water is a universal solvent and a necessity for life, water contamination is a serious problem. Industrial waste, marine dumping, sewage and wastewater, oil spills and leaks, agriculture, climate change, radioactive waste, and nuclear energy facilities are the seven main causes of water pollution. Industrial waste, which is generated by businesses, can contaminate freshwater systems with hazardous chemicals and other pollutants, rendering the water unsuitable for human consumption and changing the temperature of the freshwater systems. When waste is dumped into ocean waters, it can take anywhere between two and 200 years for it to entirely degrade. Even after treatment, hazardous chemicals, germs, and pathogens can still be present in sewage and wastewater, posing health risks to both people and animals. oil drilling operations or ships transporting oil are both responsible for oil leaks and spills.[10][11]
Control
[edit]Water pollution is a major problem that disrupts ecosystems and harms human health and the economy. To keep a clean water supply, proper water treatment policies and administration are essential. People can pick up pet waste, avoid flushing non-biodegradable items, and keep their cars in good condition to prevent pollution. Regular maintenance and proper pet waste disposal can lower pollution levels and improve vehicle efficiency. We can work towards a cleaner and healthier water supply by doing these actions.[10][11]
References
[edit]- ^ https://www.britannica.com/place/Escravos-River [bare URL]
- ^ THE HYDRODYNAMIC FLUXES OF THE ESCRAVOS AND FORCADOS RIVERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT AND CIRCULATION PATTERNS OFF THE WESTERN NIGER DELTA Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine, BY IBITOLA MAYOWA PHILIPS, NOVEMBER 2009
- ^ The Escravos Bar Project, By Reuben K. Udo, Geographical Regions of Nigeria, Page 60
- ^ Delta communities decry fresh oil spills from NNPC trunkline Archived 2017-02-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2016/10/13, SweetCrudeReports, ...An oil spill had occurred in these same communities on August 17, this year from a pipeline belonging to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC,...Gama-Zion community and into the Escravos River...
- ^ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Study-area-Escravos-River-and-Chanomi-Creek_fig1_360062222 [bare URL]
- ^ "Dredging Escravos channel to boost Nigeria's economy". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
- ^ Ganic, Eldin (2022-05-11). "Escravos dredging contract awarded". Dredging Today. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
- ^ Tozer, Lilly (2023-07-18). "Water pollution 'timebomb' threatens global health". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-02337-7. PMID 37463998.
- ^ Ogundepo, Janet (2022-11-04). "Stench from Lagos abattoir pollutes air, water, threatens residents' health". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b onlineecu (2019-09-09). "What are the Causes of Water Pollution?". ECU Online. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ^ a b "Water Pollution Definition - Types, Causes, Effects". www.nrdc.org. 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
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