Black-headed antbird: Difference between revisions

Black-headed antbird
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Thamnophilidae
Genus:	Percnostola
Species:	P. rufifrons
Binomial name
	Percnostola rufifrons; (Gmelin, JF, 1789)

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The black-headed antbird (Percnostola rufifrons) is a species of passerine bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.^[2]

Taxonomy and systematics

The black-headed antbird was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the thrushes in the genus Turdus and coined the binomial name Turdus rufifrons.^[3] The specific epithet rufifrons combines the Latin rufus meaning "red" or "rufous" with frons meaning "forehead" or "front".^[4] Gmelin based his description on "Le merle roux de Cayenne" that had been described and illustrated in 1775 by the French polymath the Comte de Buffon in his book Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux.^[5]^[6]

The black-headed antbird is now placed together with the Allpahuayo antbird (P. arenarum) in genus Percnostola that was introduced in 1860 by Jean Cabanis and Ferdinand Heine.^[7]^[2] The white-lined antbird (Myrmoborus lophotes) was originally placed in Percnostola but following a 2013 study was moved to its present genus.^[8]

The black-headed antbird has these four subspecies:^[2]

P. r. rufifrons (Gmelin, JF, 1789)
P. r. subcristata Hellmayr, 1908
P. r. minor Pelzeln, 1868
P. r. jensoni Capparella, Rosenberg, GH, & Cardiff, 1997

Capparella et al. suggested that P. r. minor (with P. r. jensoni) should be treated as a species but this view has not gained worldwide support.^[9]^[10] The Clements taxonomy does group the two pairs of subspecies within the single species.^[11]

Description

The black-headed antbird is 13 to 15.5 cm (5.1 to 6.1 in) long and weighs 21 to 32 g (0.74 to 1.1 oz). Adult males of the nominate subspecies P. r. rufifrons are mostly gray, with black crown, short crest, and throat. Their wings and tail are blackish gray with white tips on their wing coverts and gray underwing coverts. Adult females have a black crown and grayish olive-brown upperparts, wings, and tail. Their flight feathers have thin rufous edges and their wing coverts are black with pale cinnamon-rufous tips. Their forehead, face, throat, and underparts are mostly cinnamon-rufous with an olive tinge on their flanks and crissum. Both sexes have a red iris. Subadult males have patches of cinnamon-rufous on their wings and belly but are otherwise like adults.^[12]^[13]

Males of subspecies P. r. subcristata are like the nominate. Females have a dark chestnut crown with dark grayish brown edges on the feathers. Subspecies P. r. minor is smaller than the nominate. Males do not have a crest and their crown feathers have gray edges. Females have a rufous-brown crest with dark grayish brown feather edges, gray-brown edges on their flight feathers, and paler underparts than the nominate with a yellow-ochre center to their belly and dark olive flanks. Both sexes have a gray iris. Subspecies P. r. jensoni also has a gray iris. Males are like minor males but with wider and paler gray edges on their crown feathers. Females have a black crest with gray feather edges, a dark olive-gray face, a whitish throat, and paler and more uniform underparts than minor.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^{[excessive citations]}

Distribution and habitat

The black-headed antbird has a disjunct distribution within the Amazon Basin. Subspecies P. r. rufifrons is found from eastern and southern Guyana east through Suriname and French Guiana, in northern Brazil from the Trombetas River to the Atlantic in Amapá, and south into northeastern Roraima. P. r. subcristata is found in Brazil north of the Amazon from the lower Negro River to the Trombetas. P. r. minor is found separately, in eastern Colombia, Amazonas state in southwestern Venezuela, and northwestern Brazil east to the middle Negro River and south to the north bank of the Içá River. P. r. jensoni is widely separated from the other subspecies, found in northeastern Peru's Department of Loreto.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^{[excessive citations]}

The subspecies of the black-headed antbird differ somewhat in their habitats, but in general they occur in lowland and foothill terra firme evergreen forest and mature secondary woodland. In all areas they favor dense thickets, shrubby forest edges, and densely vegetated forest openings like those caused by fallen trees. Subspecies P. r. rufifrons also occurs in savanna forest on the coastal plain of the Guianas, in mangroves in French Guiana, and locally in seasonally flooded forest in Brazil. In addition to evergreen forest, P. r. subcristata also occurs in forest on laterite and sandy soils. P. r. minor and P. r. jensoni also include sandy-soil forest as part of their habitats. In elevation the species reaches 350 m (1,100 ft) in Venezuela and 300 m (1,000 ft) in Colombia.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^{[excessive citations]}

Behavior

Movement

The black-headed antbird is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.^[12]

Feeding

The black-headed antbird feeds on a wide variety of insects and other arthropods and occasionally also on small reptiles and fruit. It typically forages singly, in pairs, or in family groups in dense vegetation, mostly on the ground and within about 2 m (7 ft) above it. It hops between short feeding stops, pumping its tail. It captures prey by gleaning, reaching, jumping (upward and to the ground), lunging from a perch, and by searching leaf litter. Less frequently it makes short sallies to glean. It regularly follows army ant swarms to capture prey fleeing the ants; at the swarms it is subordinate to obligate ant-followers. It seldom joins mixed-species feeding flocks.^[12]^[14]^[15]^[16]^{[excessive citations]}

Breeding

The black-headed antbird's breeding season varies geographically, spanning August to March in French Guiana and October to August in northwestern Brazil. In northeastern Brazil it includes June. Its nest varies somewhat across its range but in general is a ball or dome made mostly of dead leaves on the ground or only slightly above it. The usual clutch size appears to be two eggs though single eggs are known. Eggs of the nominate subspecies are creamy white with many dark brown speckles and blotches. Both parents brood and feed young, though each appears to separately tend one of the typical two. The incubation period, time to fledging, and other details of parental care are not known.^[12]

Songs and calls

Listen to the black-headed antbird on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The black-headed antbird's song in Brazil is a "high, calm, decelerating series of loud sharp 'tieew' notes".^[13] It is described as "a loud, whistled pa, peer-peer-peer-peer-peer-pear-pear" in Venezuela^[15] and in Peru as "a moderate-paced series of monotone whistles with a stuttered, higher-pitched introductory whistle: hee'hee hew hew hew hew".^[16] Its calls include a "short, somewhat screeching note", a "longer (e.g. 0·35 seconds) complaining, downslurred note", and a "short rattle".^[12]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the black-headed antbird as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified.^[1] Except for subspecies P. r. jensoni it is considered uncommon in Colombia, fairly common in Venezuela, and locally uncommon to fairly common elsewhere. The ranges of those three subspecies include substantial protected areas.^[12]^[14]^[15] In Peru P. r. jensoni is considered very local^[16] which "suggests that it is patchily distributed within its small range, placing it at greater potential risk from habitat destruction than are other races".^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2016). "Black-headed Antbird Percnostola rufifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22701752A93847880. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22701752A93847880.en. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 825.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1775). "Le merle roux de Cayenne". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 402–403.
^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Merle roux, de Cayenne". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 7. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 644.
^ Cabanis, Jean; Heine, Ferdinand (1860). Museum Heineanum : Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt (in German and Latin). Vol. 2. Halberstadt: R. Frantz. p. 10.
^ Isler, M.L.; Bravo, G.A.; Brumfield, R.T. (2013). "Taxonomic revision of Myrmeciza (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3717 (4): 469–497. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.3. PMID 26176119.
^ Capparella, A.P., Rosenberg, G.H. and Cardiff, S.W. (1997). A new subspecies of Percnostola rufifrons (Formicariidae) from northeastern Amazonian Peru, with a revision of the rufifrons complex. Orn. Monogr. 46: 165–170.
^ Isler, M.L., Álvarez Alonso, J., Isler, P.R. and Whitney, B.M. (2001). A new species of Percnostola antbird (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) from Amazonian Peru, and an analysis of species limits within Percnostola rufifrons. Wilson Bull. 113(2): 164–176.
^ Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2023. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2023. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved 28 October 2023
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Black-headed Antbird (Percnostola rufifrons), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blhant3.01 retrieved 18 August 2024
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela (second ed.). Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate 41.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Schulenberg, T.S., D.F. Stotz, D.F. Lane, J.P. O’Neill, and T.A. Parker III. 2010. Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Plate 158.

[IUCN-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Black-headed Antbird Percnostola rufifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22701752A93847880. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22701752A93847880.en. Retrieved 18 August 2024.

[IOC14.1-2] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.

[3] Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 825.

[4] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[5] Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1775). "Le merle roux de Cayenne". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 402–403.

[6] Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Merle roux, de Cayenne". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 7. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 644.

[7] Cabanis, Jean; Heine, Ferdinand (1860). Museum Heineanum : Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt (in German and Latin). Vol. 2. Halberstadt: R. Frantz. p. 10.

[8] Isler, M.L.; Bravo, G.A.; Brumfield, R.T. (2013). "Taxonomic revision of Myrmeciza (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3717 (4): 469–497. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.3. PMID 26176119.

[9] Capparella, A.P., Rosenberg, G.H. and Cardiff, S.W. (1997). A new subspecies of Percnostola rufifrons (Formicariidae) from northeastern Amazonian Peru, with a revision of the rufifrons complex. Orn. Monogr. 46: 165–170.

[10] Isler, M.L., Álvarez Alonso, J., Isler, P.R. and Whitney, B.M. (2001). A new species of Percnostola antbird (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) from Amazonian Peru, and an analysis of species limits within Percnostola rufifrons. Wilson Bull. 113(2): 164–176.

[Clements2023-11] Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2023. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2023. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved 28 October 2023

[BHAB-BOW-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Black-headed Antbird (Percnostola rufifrons), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blhant3.01 retrieved 18 August 2024

[vanPerlo-13] van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.

[McMullan-14] McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.

[Hilty-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela (second ed.). Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate 41.

[Schulenberg-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Schulenberg, T.S., D.F. Stotz, D.F. Lane, J.P. O’Neill, and T.A. Parker III. 2010. Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Plate 158.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
-| name = Black-headed Antbird
+{{Use American English|date=August 2024}}
-| image = PercnostolaFunebrisSmit.jpg
+{{Distinguish|black-headed antthrush}}
+{{Speciesbox
+| name = Black-headed antbird
+| image = Percnostola rufifrons Black-headed Antbird (male); Serra do Navio, Amapá, Brazil (cropped).jpg
+| image_caption =
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=106004730 |title=''Percnostola rufifrons'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2012.1 |year=2012 |accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=Black-headed Antbird ''Percnostola rufifrons'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22701752A93847880 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22701752A93847880.en |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>
-| regnum = [[Animalia]]
+| genus = Percnostola
-| phylum = [[Chordata]]
+| species = rufifrons
+| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1789)
-| classis = [[Aves]]
+| synonyms =
-| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
+| range_map = Percnostola rufifrons map.svg
-| familia = [[Thamnophilidae]]
+}}
-| genus = ''[[Percnostola]]''
-| species = '''''P. rufifrons'''''
-| binomial = ''Percnostola rufifrons''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789)
-| synonyms = }}
-The '''Black-headed Antbird''' (''Percnostola rufifrons'') is a species of [[bird]] in the [[Thamnophilidae]] family.
-It is found in [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guyana]], [[Peru]], [[Suriname]], and [[Venezuela]].
-Its natural [[habitat]] is subtropical or tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s.
+The '''black-headed antbird''' ('''''Percnostola rufifrons''''') is a species of [[passerine]] bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family [[Thamnophilidae]], the "typical antbirds". It is found in [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guyana]], [[Peru]], [[Suriname]], and [[Venezuela]].<ref name=IOC14.1>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/antbirds/ |title=Antbirds |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 14.1 | editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |date=January 2024 |access-date=4 January 2024 }}</ref>
-Some authorities now regard the subspecies "minor" as a separate species with the English name Amazonas Antbird.
+==Taxonomy and systematics==
-It was described as a separate species by A. P. Capparella, Gary H. Rosenberg & Steven W. Cardiff in Ornithological Monographs 48, Studies in Neotropical Ornithology honoring Ted Parker, 1997, p.&nbsp;165-170 but most authorities still maintain it as a sub-species of Black-headed Antbird P. rufifrons on the grounds that the voices and plumage are practically identical.
+The black-headed antbird was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1789 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the thrushes in the [[genus]] ''[[Turdus]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Turdus rufifrons''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1789 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 2 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=825 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656320 }}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] ''rufifrons'' combines the [[Latin]] ''rufus'' meaning "red" or "rufous" with ''frons'' meaning "forehead" or "front".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=341–342 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n341/mode/1up }}</ref> Gmelin based his description on "Le merle roux de Cayenne" that had been described and illustrated in 1775 by the French polymath the [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte de Buffon]] in his book ''Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1775 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=3 | location=Paris | publisher=De l'Imprimerie Royale | pages=402–403 | chapter=Le merle roux de Cayenne | language=French | chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10697127/f478.item }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last1=Buffon | first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | last2=Martinet | first2=François-Nicolas | author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet | last3=Daubenton | first3=Edme-Louis  | author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton | last4=Daubenton | first4=Louis-Jean-Marie | author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton | year=1765–1783 | chapter=Merle roux, de Cayenne | title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle | volume=7 | location=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | at=Plate 644 | chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35219113 }}</ref>
-This putative species is found in Amazonian Brazil and adjacent areas of Venezuela, Colombia and Peru. It is found in humid forests and secondary woodland often on sandy soil.
+The black-headed antbird is now placed together with the [[Allpahuayo antbird]] (''P. arenarum'') in genus ''[[Percnostola]]'' that was introduced in 1860 by [[Jean Cabanis]] and [[Ferdinand Heine]].<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Cabanis | first1=Jean | author1-link=Jean Cabanis | last2=Heine | first2=Ferdinand  | author2-link=Ferdinand Heine  | year=1860 | title=Museum Heineanum : Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt | volume=2 | language=German, Latin | place=Halberstadt | publisher=R. Frantz | page=10 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49587863 }}</ref><ref name=IOC14.1/> The [[white-lined antbird]] (''Myrmoborus lophotes'') was originally placed in ''Percnostola'' but following a 2013 study was moved to its present genus.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Isler | first1=M.L. | last2=Bravo | first2=G.A. | last3= Brumfield | first3=R.T. | year=2013 | title=Taxonomic revision of ''Myrmeciza'' (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data | journal=Zootaxa | volume=3717 | issue=4 | pages=469–497 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.3 | url= http://www.museum.lsu.edu/Bravo/Publications_files/Zootaxa%202013%20Isler.pdf | pmid=26176119 }}</ref>
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}
+The black-headed antbird has these four [[subspecies]]:<ref name=IOC14.1/>
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Black-Headed Antbird}}
-[[Category:Percnostola]]
+* ''P. r. rufifrons'' <small>([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1789)</small>
+* ''P. r. subcristata'' <small>[[Carl Eduard Hellmayr|Hellmayr]], 1908</small>
+* ''P. r. minor'' <small>[[August von Pelzeln|Pelzeln]], 1868</small>
+* ''P. r. jensoni'' <small>Capparella, Rosenberg, GH, & Cardiff, 1997</small>
+Capparella et al. suggested that ''P. r. minor'' (with ''P. r. jensoni'') should be treated as a species but this view has not gained worldwide support.<ref>Capparella, A.P., Rosenberg, G.H. and Cardiff, S.W. (1997). A new subspecies of ''Percnostola rufifrons'' (Formicariidae) from northeastern Amazonian Peru, with a revision of the ''rufifrons'' complex. Orn. Monogr. 46: 165–170.</ref><ref>Isler, M.L., Álvarez Alonso, J., Isler, P.R. and Whitney, B.M. (2001). A new species of ''Percnostola'' antbird (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) from Amazonian Peru, and an analysis of species limits within ''Percnostola rufifrons''. Wilson Bull. 113(2): 164–176.</ref> The [[Clements taxonomy]] does group the two pairs of subspecies within the single species.<ref name=Clements2023>Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2023. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2023. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved 28 October 2023</ref>
-{{Thamnophilidae-stub}}
+==Description==
-[[es:Percnostola rufifrons]]
-[[eu:Percnostola rufifrons]]
+The black-headed antbird is {{convert|13|to|15.5|cm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|21|to|32|g|oz|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}. Adult males of the [[nominate subspecies]] ''P. r. rufifrons'' are mostly gray, with black crown, short crest, and throat. Their wings and tail are blackish gray with white tips on their wing [[coverts]] and gray underwing coverts. Adult females have a black crown and grayish olive-brown upperparts, wings, and tail. Their flight feathers have thin rufous edges and their wing coverts are black with pale cinnamon-rufous tips. Their forehead, face, throat, and underparts are mostly cinnamon-rufous with an olive tinge on their flanks and [[crissum]]. Both sexes have a red iris. Subadult males have patches of cinnamon-rufous on their wings and belly but are otherwise like adults.<ref name=BHAB-BOW>Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Black-headed Antbird (''Percnostola rufifrons''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blhant3.01 retrieved 18 August 2024</ref><ref name=vanPerlo>{{cite book | last =van Perlo | first = Ber| title =A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =2009 | location =New York | pages =257–258 | isbn =978-0-19-530155-7 }}</ref>
-[[pt:Formigueiro-de-cabeça-preta]]
-[[sv:Svarthuvad myrfågel]]
+Males of subspecies ''P. r. subcristata'' are like the nominate. Females have a dark chestnut crown with dark grayish brown edges on the feathers. Subspecies ''P. r. minor'' is smaller than the nominate. Males do not have a crest and their crown feathers have gray edges. Females have a rufous-brown crest with dark grayish brown feather edges, gray-brown edges on their flight feathers, and paler underparts than the nominate with a yellow-ochre center to their belly and dark olive flanks. Both sexes have a gray iris. Subspecies ''P. r. jensoni'' also has a gray iris. Males are like ''minor'' males but with wider and paler gray edges on their crown feathers. Females have a black crest with gray feather edges, a dark olive-gray face, a whitish throat, and paler and more uniform underparts than ''minor''.<ref name=BHAB-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo/><ref name=McMullan>{{cite book | last1 =McMullan | first1 =Miles | last2 =Donegan | first2 =Thomas M. | last3 =Quevedo | first3 =Alonso |  title = Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia | publisher = Fundación ProAves| date =2010 | location =Bogotá | pages =137  |isbn =978-0-9827615-0-2 }}</ref><ref name=Hilty>{{cite book | last =Hilty | first =Steven L. | title =Birds of Venezuela | publisher =Princeton University Press | edition =second | date =2003 | location =Princeton NJ | pages =Plate 41 | language =English }}</ref><ref name=Schulenberg>Schulenberg, T.S., D.F. Stotz, D.F. Lane, J.P. O’Neill, and T.A. Parker III. 2010. ''Birds of Peru''. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Plate 158.</ref>{{overcite|date=October 2024}}
+==Distribution and habitat==
+The black-headed antbird has a [[disjunct distribution]] within the [[Amazon Basin]]. Subspecies ''P. r. rufifrons'' is found from eastern and southern Guyana east through Suriname and French Guiana, in northern Brazil from the [[Trombetas River]] to the Atlantic in [[Amapá]], and south into northeastern [[Roraima]]. ''P. r. subcristata'' is found in Brazil north of the Amazon from the lower [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Negro River]] to the Trombetas. ''P. r. minor'' is found separately, in eastern Colombia, [[Amazonas (Venezuelan state)|Amazonas state]] in southwestern Venezuela, and northwestern Brazil east to the middle Negro River and south to the north bank of the [[Içá River]]. ''P. r. jensoni'' is widely separated from the other subspecies, found in northeastern Peru's [[Department of Loreto]].<ref name=BHAB-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo/><ref name=McMullan/><ref name=Hilty/><ref name=Schulenberg/>{{overcite|date=October 2024}}
+The subspecies of the black-headed antbird differ somewhat in their habitats, but in general they occur in lowland and foothill ''[[Forest#Tropical moist|terra firme]]'' [[evergreen forest]] and mature [[secondary woodland]]. In all areas they favor dense thickets, shrubby forest edges, and densely vegetated forest openings like those caused by fallen trees. Subspecies ''P. r. rufifrons'' also occurs in savanna forest on the coastal plain of the Guianas, in mangroves in French Guiana, and locally in seasonally flooded forest in Brazil. In addition to evergreen forest, ''P. r. subcristata'' also occurs in forest on [[laterite]] and sandy soils. ''P. r. minor'' and ''P. r. jensoni'' also include sandy-soil forest as part of their habitats. In elevation the species reaches {{convert|350|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} in Venezuela and {{convert|300|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} in Colombia.<ref name=BHAB-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo/><ref name=McMullan/><ref name=Hilty/><ref name=Schulenberg/>{{overcite|date=October 2024}}
+==Behavior==
+===Movement===
+The black-headed antbird is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.<ref name=BHAB-BOW/>
+===Feeding===
+The black-headed antbird feeds on a wide variety of insects and other [[arthropod]]s and occasionally also on small reptiles and fruit. It typically forages singly, in pairs, or in family groups in dense vegetation, mostly on the ground and within about {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above it. It hops between short feeding stops, pumping its tail. It captures prey by gleaning, reaching, jumping (upward and to the ground), lunging from a perch, and by searching leaf litter. Less frequently it makes short sallies to glean. It regularly follows [[army ant]] swarms to capture prey fleeing the ants; at the swarms it is subordinate to [[obligate]] ant-followers. It seldom joins [[mixed-species feeding flock]]s.<ref name=BHAB-BOW/><ref name=McMullan/><ref name=Hilty/><ref name=Schulenberg/>{{overcite|date=October 2024}}
+===Breeding===
+The black-headed antbird's breeding season varies geographically, spanning August to March in French Guiana and October to August in northwestern Brazil. In northeastern Brazil it includes June. Its nest varies somewhat across its range but in general is a ball or dome made mostly of dead leaves on the ground or only slightly above it. The usual clutch size appears to be two eggs though single eggs are known. Eggs of the nominate subspecies are creamy white with many dark brown speckles and blotches. Both parents brood and feed young, though each appears to separately tend one of the typical two. The incubation period, time to fledging, and other details of parental care are not known.<ref name=BHAB-BOW/>
+{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Percnostola-rufifrons |species=the black-headed antbird}}
+===Vocalization===
+The black-headed antbird's song in Brazil is a "high, calm, decelerating series of loud sharp 'tieew' notes".<ref name=vanPerlo/> It is described as "a loud, whistled ''pa, peer-peer-peer-peer-peer-pear-pear''" in Venezuela<ref name=Hilty/> and in Peru as "a moderate-paced series of monotone whistles with a stuttered, higher-pitched introductory whistle: ''hee'hee hew hew hew hew''".<ref name=Schulenberg/> Its calls include a "short, somewhat screeching note", a "longer (e.g. 0·35 seconds) complaining, downslurred note", and a "short rattle".<ref name=BHAB-BOW/>
+==Status==
+The [[IUCN]] has assessed the black-headed antbird as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified.<ref name=IUCN/> Except for subspecies ''P. r. jensoni'' it is considered uncommon in Colombia, fairly common in Venezuela, and locally uncommon to fairly common elsewhere. The ranges of those three subspecies include substantial protected areas.<ref name=BHAB-BOW/><ref name=McMullan/><ref name=Hilty/> In Peru ''P. r. jensoni'' is considered very local<ref name=Schulenberg/> which "suggests that it is patchily distributed within its small range, placing it at greater potential risk from habitat destruction than are other races".<ref name=BHAB-BOW/>
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q1263668}}
+[[Category:Percnostola]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Venezuelan Amazon]]
+[[Category:Birds described in 1789]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin]]
+[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

Taxon identifiers
Percnostola rufifrons	Wikidata: Q1263668 Wikispecies: Percnostola rufifrons Avibase: E9FBE71FD1E9E90D BirdLife: 22701752 BOLD: 115950 BOW: blhant3 CoL: 773SX eBird: blhant3 GBIF: 2490116 iNaturalist: 15930 IRMNG: 11118466 ITIS: 561911 IUCN: 22701752 NCBI: 468509 Neotropical: blhant3 Observation.org: 74413 Open Tree of Life: 515423 Xeno-canto: Percnostola-rufifrons
Turdus rufifrons	Wikidata: Q109563599 GBIF: 10949058