Dioscorea polystachya: Difference between revisions

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Chinese yam

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+#REDIRECT [[Chinese yam]]
-{{italic title}}
-{{mergefrom|Dioscorea opposita|discuss=Talk:Dioscorea polystachya#Merger proposal|date=December 2015}}
-{{taxobox
-|image = Dioscorea polystachya UGA2307129.jpg
-|regnum = [[Plantae]]
-|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
-|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
-|ordo = [[Dioscoreales]]
-|familia = [[Dioscoreaceae]]
-|genus = ''[[Dioscorea]]''
-|species = '''''D. polystachya'''''
-|name=Chinese yam<br>cinnamon vine
-|binomial = ''Dioscorea polystachya''
-|binomial_authority = Turcz.
-|synonyms_ref=<ref name=i/>
-|synonyms = *''Dioscorea batatas'' <small>Decne.</small>
-*''Dioscorea decaisneana'' <small>Carrière</small>
-*''Dioscorea doryphora'' <small>Hance</small>
-*''Dioscorea swinhoei'' <small>Rolfe</small>
-*''Dioscorea rosthornii'' <small>Diels</small>
-*''Dioscorea potaninii'' <small>Prain & Burkill</small>
-*''Dioscorea pseudobatatas'' <small>(Hauman) Herter</small>
-}}
-'''''Dioscorea polystachya''''' is a species of flowering plant in the [[Dioscoreaceae|yam family]] known by the common names '''[[Chinese yam|Chinese yam,]]'''<ref name=GRIN/> '''Korean yam,''' '''cinnamon vine,'''<ref name="GRIN" /> and '''nagaimo.''' It is native to east [[Asia]] ([[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Kuril Islands]]), and it is naturalized in the central and eastern [[United States]].<ref name=i>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=240732 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, entry for ''Dioscorea polystachya'']</ref><ref name=feis>Gucker, Corey L. 2009. [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/diospp/all.html ''Dioscorea'' spp.] In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.</ref> It is also cultivated in Asia for the [[tuber]]s, which are edible and can be eaten raw.<ref name=fna>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=240001195 ''Dioscorea polystachya''.] Flora of North America.</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=240001195 Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 292, <big>薯蓣</big> shu yu, ''Dioscorea polystachya'' Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou. 10(7): 158. 1837]</ref>
+{{redirect category shell|{{R from scientific name|plant}}{{R from merge}}}}
-== Taxonomy ==
-{{see also|Dioscorea oppositifolia}}
-The plant correctly called ''Dioscorea polystachya'' is often misidentified as ''Dioscorea opposita'' or ''[[Dioscorea oppositifolia]]'', which are both now classified as one species, ''D. oppositifolia.''<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=240599 |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, entry for ''Dioscorea oppositifolia'' |accessdate=12 August 2014}}</ref> Botanical works that point out that error may list, e.g., ''Dioscorea opposita'' auct. non Thunb. as a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''D. polystachya''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14241|title = USDA GRIN Taxonomy|accessdate = 12 August 2014}}</ref>
-== Names ==
-In Chinese it is known as ''huáishān'' ([[wikt:怀(淮)|怀(淮)]][[wikt:山|山]]),<ref>Originated from Jiaozuo (焦作), previously known as "Huai Qing Fu (怀庆俯)" {{cite web|url = http://www.shanyao.com/a-22995-1/|title = 四大怀药的历史文化渊源}}</ref> ''shānyào'' ([[wikt:山药|山药]], [[wikt:山藥|山藥]])  (lit. "mountain medicine."), or ''huáishānyào'' ([[wikt:怀(淮)|怀(淮)]][[wikt:山药|山药]], [[wikt:怀(淮)|怀(淮)]][[wikt:山藥|山藥]])(lit. "mountain medicine from Huai", i.e. Huai Qing Fu (怀庆俯) region).  Rarely, also referred to as ''shǔyù''  ([[wikt:薯蕷|薯蕷]]).
-In Japanese, it is known as ''nagaimo'' (lit. 'long yam'; kanji: [[wikt:長芋|長芋]]). Furthermore, ''nagaimo'' is classified into ''ichōimo'' (lit. 'ginkgo-leaf yam'; kanji: 銀杏芋), or ''yamatoimo'' (lit. Yamato yam; kanji: [[wikt:大和芋|大和芋]]), depending on root shapes.
-In Korea it is called ''ma'' (hangul: [[wikt:마|마]]), "sanwu ([[wikt:山芋|山芋]], [[wikt:산우|산우]])", seoyeo ([[wikt:薯蕷|薯蕷]], [[wikt:서여|서여]]), or sanyak ([[wikt:山藥|山藥]], [[wikt:산약)|산약)]] and in Sri Lanka in Sinhala it is called ''wal ala'' (වැල් අල).
-In Vietnam, the yam is called ''củ mài'' or ''khoai mài''. When this yam is processed to become a medicine, the yam is called ''hoài sơn'' or ''tỳ giải''.
-In the [[Ilokano language|Ilocano]] of the northern Philippines it is called ''tuge''.
-== Taxonomy ==
-The plant correctly called ''Dioscorea polystachya'' is often misidentified as ''[[Dioscorea opposita]]''. Botanical works that point out the confusion may list, e.g., ''Dioscorea opposita'' auct. non Thunb. as a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''D. polystachya''.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14241 |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy |accessdate=12 August 2014}}</ref> The plant correctly called ''D. opposita'' is now considered to be the same species as ''[[Dioscorea oppositifolia|D. oppositifolia]]''.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=240599 |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, entry for ''Dioscorea oppositifolia'' |accessdate=12 August 2014}}</ref>
-[[Image:Tororo (grated Dioscorea opposita).jpg|thumb|Grated ''Dioscorea opposita'' (Japanese ''tororo'')]]
-== In alternative medicine ==
-Creams and dietary supplements made from the related ''[[Dioscorea villosa]]'' are claimed to contain human hormones and promoted as a medicine for a variety of purposes, including [[cancer prevention]] and the treatment of [[Crohn's disease]] and [[whooping cough]]. However, according to the [[American Cancer Society]], the claims are false and there is no evidence to support these substances being either safe or effective.<ref>{{cite web
-|url = http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/wild-yam|title = Wild Yam|date = November 2008|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|accessdate = 21 September 2013}}</ref> Nagaimo has also been used in traditional Chinese medicine.<ref>Xu, Dermatology in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2004</ref>
-==Description==
-''Dioscorea polystachya''  is a vine up to 5 meters long or longer. It twines clockwise. The leaves are up to 11 centimeters long and wide. They are lobed at the base and larger ones may have lobed edges. The arrangement is variable; they may be alternately or oppositely arranged or borne in whorls. In the leaf axils appear warty rounded [[bulbil]]s under 2 centimeters long. New plants sprout from the bulbils or parts of them. The flowers are [[cinnamon]]-scented. The plant produces one or more spindle-shaped<ref name=fna/> or cylindrical<ref name=feis/> tubers. The largest may weigh 10 pounds and grow one meter underground.<ref name=feis/>
-[[Image:TororoUdon.jpg|thumb|Tororo blackbean udon from [[Tamba, Hyōgo|Tamba]] (丹波の黒豆とろろうどん)]]
-==As an invasive species==
-''Dioscorea polystachya'' was introduced to the United States in the 1800s when it was planted as an [[ornamental plant|ornamental]] or food crop. It and other introduced yam species now grow wild there. It is troublesome in [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]], where its range is "rapidly expanding".<ref name=feis/> It is most prevalent in moist habitat types. It is more tolerant of frost than other yams and can occur in temperate climates as far north as [[New York]].<ref name=feis/><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Dioscorea%20polystachya.png Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map]</ref>
-==Uses==
-The tubers of ''D. polystachya'' can be eaten raw, while other yams must be cooked before consumption (due to harmful substances in the raw state). In [[Japanese cuisine]], it is eaten raw and grated, after only a relatively minimal preparation: the whole [[Tuber|tubers]] are briefly soaked in a vinegar-water solution, to neutralize irritant [[oxalate]] crystals found in their skin. The raw vegetable is starchy and bland, [[mucilaginous]] when grated, and may be eaten plain as a side dish, or added to noodles.
-It is used in the Japanese noodle dish ''tororo [[udon]]/[[soba]]'' and as a binding agent in the batter of [[okonomiyaki]]. The grated ''nagaimo'' is known as ''tororo'' (in Japanese). In ''tororo udon/soba'', the ''tororo'' is mixed with other ingredients that typically include ''tsuyu'' broth ([[dashi]]), [[wasabi]], and [[Scallion|green onions]].
-== Growing Chinese yam ==
-The Nagaimo growing cycle spans approximately one year, and should be planted between winter and spring. The traditional methods growing it are: using smaller tubers, top cut of bigger tubers or through cuttings of branches. The first two methods can produce 20&nbsp;cm (7.8&nbsp;in) long tubers and above. The latter produces smaller tubers (10&nbsp;cm or 4 in) that are usually replanted for the next year.
-Between 7 and 9 months of replanting Nagaimo seedlings, their leaves start to get dry (a common fact in plants that grow tubers): that indicates that it's time to harvest. In home gardens generally only what will be consumed is harvested, with the rest left in the pot in moist soil.<ref>{{cite web|last = Takeguma|first = Massahiro|url = http://cultivozen.massahiro.com/2013/07/o-cultivo-do-inhame-tororo-growing.html?lang=en|title = Growing Nagaimo|accessdate = 26 July 2013}}</ref>
-== See also ==
-* [[Yam (vegetable)]]
-* [[Dioscorea villosa]]
-* [[Diosgenin]]
-* [[List of ineffective cancer treatments]]
-* [[Tremella fuciformis]]
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==External links==
-*Walck, J. L., et al. (2010). [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/106/6/945 Understanding the germination of bulbils from an ecological perspective: a case study on Chinese yam (''Dioscorea polystachya'').] ''Ann Bot'' 106 (6): 945-955.
-*Plants for a Future. ''[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+batatas Dioscorea batatas]''
-*[http://www.eattheweeds.com/yam-c-the-chinese/ Eat the Weeds and Other Things Too, Yam C, The Chinese]
-*[https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/dioscorea/polystachya/ Go Botany, New England Wild Flower Society,  ''Dioscorea polystachya'' Turcz.  Chinese yam]
-*[http://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=4527 Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, Chinese yam ''Dioscorea polystachya'' Turcz.]
-[[Category:Yams (vegetable)]]
 [[Category:Dioscorea|polystachya]]
-[[Category:Flora of Eastern Asia]]
-[[Category:Flora of China]]
-[[Category:Flora of Korea]]
-[[Invasive plant species in the United States]]
-[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
-[[Category:Invasive plant species]]
-[[Category:Plants described in 1837]]
-[[Category:Edible plants]]