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Coordinates: 31°29′44″N 9°47′11″W / 31.49556°N 9.78639°W / 31.49556; -9.78639
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{{Short description|Island in Morocco}}
[[File:Mogador island.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Mogador island from [[Essaouira]] harbour.]]
{{Infobox islands
[[File:Map of Mogador by Theodore Cornut 1767.jpg|thumb|Map of Mogador island (upper left) in [[Essaouira]] bay, by [[Théodore Cornut]], 1767.]]
| name = Mogador Island
[[File:Mogador island from Essaouira beach.jpg|thumb|Mogador island, seen from Essaouira beach.]]
| native_name = جزيرة موغادور ([[Arabic]]), ⴰⵎⴳⴷⵓⵍ ([[Berber languages|Berber]])
[[File:Iles Purpuraires with Mogador island in the background seen from the Essaouira citadel.jpg|thumb|[[Iles Purpuraires]], with Mogador island in the background seen from the [[Essaouira]] citadel.]]
| native_name_link =
'''Mogador island''' (French: Ile Mogador) is the main island of the [[Iles Purpuraires]] in front of [[Essaouira]]. It is about 3 kilometers long and 1.5 kilometers wide, and lies about 1.5 kilometers from the opposite beach of Essaouira.<ref name="Lipiński 466">[http://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA466 ''Itineraria Phoenicia'' Edward Lipiński p.466''ff'']</ref>
| native_name_lang = Tamazight (Berber)
| image_name = Mogador island.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = The island as viewed from the mainland
| image_alt =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Morocco
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|29|44|N|9|47|11|W|display=inline,title|region:MA_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| etymology =
| location = [[North Atlantic Ocean]]
| archipelago = [[Iles Purpuraires]]
| area_km2 = <!-- or |area_m2= or |area_ha= -->
| area_footnotes =
| rank =
| length_km = <!-- or |length_m= -->
| length_footnotes =
| width_km = <!-- or |width_m= -->
| width_footnotes =
| coastline_km = <!-- or |coastline_m= -->
| coastline_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| highest_mount =
| country = [[Morocco]]
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[Regions of Morocco|Region]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Marrakesh-Safi]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Administrative divisions of Morocco|Province]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Essaouira Province]]
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| website =
| additional_info =
| footnotes =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Archipel et dunes d'Essawira
| designation1_date = 15 January 2005
| designation1_number = 1469<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Archipel et dunes d'Essawira|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1469|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>}}
}}
[[File:Mogador island from Essaouira beach.jpg|thumb|Mogador Island, seen from Essaouira beach.]]
[[File:Iles Purpuraires with Mogador island in the background seen from the Essaouira citadel.jpg|thumb|[[Iles Purpuraires]], with Mogador Island in the background seen from the [[Essaouira]] citadel.]]
'''Mogador Island''' ({{Langx|ar|جزيرة موكادور|translit=Jazīra Mūkādūr}}; {{Langx|zgh|ⴰⵎⴳⴷⵓⵍ|translit=Amegdul}}; {{Langx|fr|Ile Mogador}}) is the main island of the [[Iles Purpuraires]] near [[Essaouira]] in [[Morocco]]. It is about {{convert|3|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} long and {{convert|1.5|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} wide, and lies about {{convert|1.5|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} from Essaouira.<ref name="Lipiński 466">[https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA466 ''Itineraria Phoenicia'' Edward Lipiński p 466]</ref>


==History==
The [[Carthaginian]] navigator [[Hanno the Navigator|Hanno]] visited and established a trading post there in the area in the 5th century BCE, and Phoenician artifacts have been found on the island.<ref name="Lipiński 466"/>


The [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] navigator [[Hanno the Navigator|Hanno]] visited and established a trading post in the area in the 5th century BC, and [[Phoenicia]]n [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] have been found on the island.<ref name="Lipiński 466"/>
[[File:Phenician plate with red slip 7th century BCE excavated in Mogador island.jpg|thumb|left|[[Phoenicia]]n plate with red [[slip]], 7th century BCE, excavated in Mogador island, Essaouira. [[Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum]].]]
[[File:Map of Mogador by Theodore Cornut 1767.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Mogador Island (upper left) in [[Essaouira]] bay, by [[Théodore Cornut]], 1767.]]
Around the end of the 1st century BC or early 1st century [[AD]], [[Juba II]] established a [[Tyrian purple]] factory, processing the [[murex]] and purpura shells found in the [[intertidal]] rocks at Essaouira and the [[Iles Purpuraires]]. This [[dye]] colored the purple stripe in [[Roman Empire|Imperial Roman]] [[Roman Senate|Senatorial]] [[toga]]s.


Around the end of the 1st century BC or early 1st century AD, [[Juba II]] established a [[Tyrian purple]] factory, processing the [[murex]] and [[Purpura (gastropod)|purpura shells]] found in the [[intertidal]] rocks at [[Essaouira]] and the [[Iles Purpuraires]]. This [[dye]] colored the purple stripe in [[Roman Empire|Imperial Roman]] [[Roman Senate|Senatorial]] [[toga]]s.
A Roman house with foundations, artifacts and coins was also found on the island.


Roman merchants settled in the island under [[Augustus]] creating a small village: a Roman house with foundations, and also artifacts and coins, were also found on the island. Mogador and the nearby Iles Purpuraires were tied<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://institucional.us.es/revistas/spal/6/art_13.pdf |title=UNA ETAPA EN LA RUTA MOGADOR-CANARIAS: CERÁMICA ROMANA EN LANZAROTE Y SU RELACIÓN CON HALLAZGOS SUBMARINOS (in Spanish) |access-date=2019-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604020534/http://institucional.us.es/revistas/spal/6/art_13.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to [[Mauretania Tingitana]] by merchant ships in the first and second centuries of the [[Roman Empire]].
In 1844, the [[French Navy]] invested and captured the island in the [[Bombardment of Mogador]].<ref name="Houtsma 550">[http://books.google.com/books?id=iJQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA550 ''E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 9'' Martijn Theodoor Houtsma p.550]</ref>


Some historians think that from Mogador Island the Roman merchants reached the [[Cape Verde islands]] and possibly went south until the [[Gulf of Guinea]]. Indeed, according to Roman [[Pliny the Elder]], an expedition of Mauretanians sent by [[Juba II]] to the Canary archipelago visited the Cape Verde islands: when King Juba II dispatched a contingent to re-open the dye production facility at [[Mogador]] (historical name of Essaouira, [[Morocco]]) in the early 1st century AD, Juba's naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the [[Canary Islands]], [[Madeira]] and probably the Cape Verde islands, using Mogador as their mission base.
It has now been designated as a [[natural reserve]], and it cannot be visited without an official authorization.


After the fall of the Roman empire the commerce from Mogador Island practically disappeared and the island lost most of its importance during the [[Middle Ages]].
==Notes==

In 1844, the [[French Navy]] besieged the island, and it fell to the French in France's brutal [[Bombardment of Mogador]].<ref name="Houtsma 550">[https://books.google.com/books?id=iJQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA550 ''E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 9'' Martijn Theodoor Houtsma p 550]</ref>

In 1866, the Moroccan Sultan [[Muhammad IV of Morocco|Mohammed IV]] agreed, and issued a ''[[Moroccan Dahir|Dahir]]'' on 18 November, to use the island as a [[Lazaretto]], for pilgrims who were returning from the [[Hajj]] and might be carrying any number of diseases prevalent in the world at that time.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martinez|first=Francisco Javier|title=Mediterranean Quarantines, 1750-1914: Space, Identity and Power|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5261-1554-6|editor-last=Chircop|editor-first=John|pages=66, 75–76|language=en|editor-last2=Martinez|editor-first2=Francisco Javier}}</ref>

It has now been designated as a [[nature reserve]], and it cannot be visited without an official authorization. The island has been designated as a protected [[Ramsar site]] since 2005.<ref name="RSIS"/>

==Flora and fauna==
A survey of falcons on the island in 2014 found evidence of [[Eleonora's falcon]] (''Falco eleonorae'') crippling and imprisoning live prey for later use. Abdeljebbar Qninba of [[Mohammed V University]], [[Rabat]], and colleagues, found small birds with missing flight and tail feathers trapped, or hiding in small holes or cavities. It is thought either the falcons plucked feathers to keep the birds as a food source for later, or alternatively, the prey are escaping from the falcons by finding refuge in nearby holes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Falcons imprison birds to eat later|journal=New Scientist|date=9 January 2016|volume=229|issue=3055|page=17}}</ref>

==See also==
[[Image:Phenician plate with red slip 7th century BCE excavated in Mogador island.jpg|thumb|right|[[Phoenicia]]n plate with red [[Slip (ceramics)|slip]], 7th century BCE, excavated in Mogador Island, Essaouira. [[Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum]]]]

* [[Mauretania Tingitana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
{{coord missing|Morocco}}
* Lipiński, Edward. ''Itineraria Phoenicia'' Peeters Publishers. Paris, 2004. {{ISBN|9042913444}}. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC])


{{Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa}}{{Phoenician cities|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Geography of Morocco]]
[[Category:History of Morocco]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Morocco]]
[[Category:Essaouira]]
[[Category:Geography of Marrakesh-Safi]]
[[Category:Islands of Morocco]]
[[Category:Islands of Morocco]]
[[Category:Mauretania Tingitana]]

[[Category:Phoenician colonies in Morocco]]
[[es:Isla de Mogador]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in Morocco]]
[[Category:Islands of the North Atlantic Ocean]]

Latest revision as of 14:34, 11 October 2024

Mogador Island
Native name:
جزيرة موغادور (Arabic), ⴰⵎⴳⴷⵓⵍ (Berber)
The island as viewed from the mainland
Mogador Island is located in Morocco
Mogador Island
Mogador Island
Geography
LocationNorth Atlantic Ocean
Coordinates31°29′44″N 9°47′11″W / 31.49556°N 9.78639°W / 31.49556; -9.78639
ArchipelagoIles Purpuraires
Administration
RegionMarrakesh-Safi
ProvinceEssaouira Province
Official nameArchipel et dunes d'Essawira
Designated15 January 2005
Reference no.1469[1]
Mogador Island, seen from Essaouira beach.
Iles Purpuraires, with Mogador Island in the background seen from the Essaouira citadel.

Mogador Island (Arabic: جزيرة موكادور, romanized: Jazīra Mūkādūr; Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴳⴷⵓⵍ, romanized: Amegdul; French: Ile Mogador) is the main island of the Iles Purpuraires near Essaouira in Morocco. It is about 3 kilometres (2 miles) long and 1.5 kilometres (1 mile) wide, and lies about 1.5 kilometres (1 mile) from Essaouira.[2]

History

[edit]

The Carthaginian navigator Hanno visited and established a trading post in the area in the 5th century BC, and Phoenician artifacts have been found on the island.[2]

Map of Mogador Island (upper left) in Essaouira bay, by Théodore Cornut, 1767.

Around the end of the 1st century BC or early 1st century AD, Juba II established a Tyrian purple factory, processing the murex and purpura shells found in the intertidal rocks at Essaouira and the Iles Purpuraires. This dye colored the purple stripe in Imperial Roman Senatorial togas.

Roman merchants settled in the island under Augustus creating a small village: a Roman house with foundations, and also artifacts and coins, were also found on the island. Mogador and the nearby Iles Purpuraires were tied[3] to Mauretania Tingitana by merchant ships in the first and second centuries of the Roman Empire.

Some historians think that from Mogador Island the Roman merchants reached the Cape Verde islands and possibly went south until the Gulf of Guinea. Indeed, according to Roman Pliny the Elder, an expedition of Mauretanians sent by Juba II to the Canary archipelago visited the Cape Verde islands: when King Juba II dispatched a contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador (historical name of Essaouira, Morocco) in the early 1st century AD, Juba's naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, Madeira and probably the Cape Verde islands, using Mogador as their mission base.

After the fall of the Roman empire the commerce from Mogador Island practically disappeared and the island lost most of its importance during the Middle Ages.

In 1844, the French Navy besieged the island, and it fell to the French in France's brutal Bombardment of Mogador.[4]

In 1866, the Moroccan Sultan Mohammed IV agreed, and issued a Dahir on 18 November, to use the island as a Lazaretto, for pilgrims who were returning from the Hajj and might be carrying any number of diseases prevalent in the world at that time.[5]

It has now been designated as a nature reserve, and it cannot be visited without an official authorization. The island has been designated as a protected Ramsar site since 2005.[1]

Flora and fauna

[edit]

A survey of falcons on the island in 2014 found evidence of Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae) crippling and imprisoning live prey for later use. Abdeljebbar Qninba of Mohammed V University, Rabat, and colleagues, found small birds with missing flight and tail feathers trapped, or hiding in small holes or cavities. It is thought either the falcons plucked feathers to keep the birds as a food source for later, or alternatively, the prey are escaping from the falcons by finding refuge in nearby holes.[6]

See also

[edit]
Phoenician plate with red slip, 7th century BCE, excavated in Mogador Island, Essaouira. Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Archipel et dunes d'Essawira". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  2. ^ a b Itineraria Phoenicia Edward Lipiński p 466
  3. ^ "UNA ETAPA EN LA RUTA MOGADOR-CANARIAS: CERÁMICA ROMANA EN LANZAROTE Y SU RELACIÓN CON HALLAZGOS SUBMARINOS (in Spanish)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  4. ^ E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 9 Martijn Theodoor Houtsma p 550
  5. ^ Martinez, Francisco Javier (2018). Chircop, John; Martinez, Francisco Javier (eds.). Mediterranean Quarantines, 1750-1914: Space, Identity and Power. Manchester University Press. pp. 66, 75–76. ISBN 978-1-5261-1554-6.
  6. ^ "Falcons imprison birds to eat later". New Scientist. 229 (3055): 17. 9 January 2016.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Lipiński, Edward. Itineraria Phoenicia Peeters Publishers. Paris, 2004. ISBN 9042913444. ([1])
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