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{{Short description|Japanese cyberpunk media franchise}}
{{split}}
{{About|the media franchise in general|specific works and entries in that franchise}}
{{otheruses}}
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[[Image:Motoko.JPG|right|thumb|[[Motoko Kusanagi]] from the manga Ghost in the Shell.]]
{{Infobox media franchise
'''''Ghost in the Shell''''' ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 攻殻機動隊, Kōkaku Kidōtai, i.e. ''Mobile Armoured Riot Police''), is a [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[science fiction]] [[manga]] created by [[Masamune Shirow]]. A [[sequel]], ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Man/Machine Interface]]'' appeared in [[2002]].
| title = ''Ghost in the Shell''
| image = Ghost in the Shell logo (1995 film).svg
| imagesize = 280
| caption = Logo used in the 1995 film adaptation of the series.
| creator = [[Masamune Shirow]]
| origin = ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|Ghost in the Shell]]''
| owner = [[Masamune Shirow]]<br>[[Kodansha]]
| comics =
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|The Ghost in the Shell]]''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor]]''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface]]''
* ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex''
* ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - The Laughing Man''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Arise#Manga|Ghost in the Shell: Arise ~Sleepless Eye~]]''
* ''Ghost in the Shell: Comic Tribute''
* ''Ghost in the Shell: Global Neural Network''
* ''Ghost in the Shell: The Human Algorithm''
| films = Animated:
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society]]''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie]]''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045|Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 - Sustainable War]]''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045|Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045: The Last Human]]''
Live-action:
* [[Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)|''Ghost in the Shell'']]
| vgs =
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell (video game)|Ghost in the Shell]]''
* [[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2004 video game)|''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' (2004 video game)]]
* [[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2005 video game)|''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' (2005 video game)]]
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online]]''
| atv =
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]]''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Arise]]''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045]]''
| direct-to-video =
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex#OVA|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - The Laughing Man]]''
* ''[[Tachikoma#Tachikomatic Days|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Tachikoma no Hibi (Tachikomatic Days / animated shorts)]]''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex#OVA|Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG - Individual Eleven]]''
* ''[[Tachikoma#Tachikomatic Days|Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG - Tachikoma no Hibi (Tachikomatic Days / animated shorts)]]''
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Arise]]''
}}


'''''Ghost in the Shell'''''{{Efn|Known in Japan as {{nihongo||攻殻機動隊|Kōkaku Kidōtai|{{lit}} "Mobile Armored Riot Police"|lead=yes}}}} is a [[Japanese cyberpunk]] media franchise based on the [[seinen manga]] series [[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|of the same name]] written and illustrated by [[Masamune Shirow]]. The manga, first serialized in 1989 under the subtitle of ''The Ghost in the Shell'', and later published as its own [[tankōbon]] volumes by [[Kodansha]], is set in mid-21st century Japan and tells the story of the fictional counter-cyberterrorist organization [[Public Security Section 9]], led by protagonist Major [[Motoko Kusanagi]].
Two [[anime]] films have been adapted from it, as well as two seasons of an anime TV series.


Animation studio [[Production I.G]] has produced several anime adaptations of the series. These include the [[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|1995 film of the same name]] and its 2004 sequel, ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]''; the 2002 television series ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]]'', and its 2020 follow-up, ''[[Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045]]''; and the ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Arise]]'' [[original video animation|original video animation (OVA)]] series. In addition, an American-produced [[Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)|live-action film]] was released on March 31, 2017.
== Setting ==
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}
{{spoiler}}
[[Image:Gs026.jpg|thumb|left|Cyborg shell]]
''Ghost in the Shell'' is an [[Existentialism|existentialist]] search for meaning set in the [[21st century]]. Superficially, it is a futuristic [[spy thriller]] dealing with the exploits of [[Motoko Kusanagi]], a member of the covert operations section of the [[National Public Safety Commission (Japan)|Japanese National Public Safety Commission]], [[Section 9]], which specializes in fighting technology-related crime. Although supposedly equal to all other members, Kusanagi fills the leadership role in the team, and is usually referred to as "[[Major]]" due to her past rank in the armed forces. She is capable of superhuman feats, and cybernetically specialized for her job; her body is almost completely mechanized, save her brain and a single spinal cord segment.
[[Image:Ghostintheshell.jpg|thumb|right||[[Batou]] from the movie ''Ghost in the Shell'' (1995)]]


==Overview==
The setting of ''Ghost in the Shell'' is [[cyberpunk]] or [[postcyberpunk]], similar to that of [[William Gibson (novelist)|William Gibson]]'s [[Sprawl trilogy]] and other post/cyberpunk works. However, Shirow's work is focused more tightly on the ethical and philosophical ramifications of the widespread merging of humanity and technology. The development of [[artificial intelligence]] and an omnipresent computer network set the stage for a reevaluation of human identity and uniqueness. More so than the films, the manga tackles these questions head on: Kusanagi and her colleagues face external threats and also suffer internal conflict over their own natures.
===Title===
The original editor Koichi Yuri says: At first, ''Ghost in the Shell'' came from Shirow, but when Yuri asked "something more flashy", Shirow came up with "攻殻機動隊 ''Koukaku Kidou Tai (Shell Squad)''" for Yuri. But Shirow was attached to including "Ghost in the Shell" as well even if in smaller type.<ref>{{cite magazine|year=2003|title=''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' Official Log 1|magazine=[[Young Magazine]] Pirate Edition|page=9}}</ref>


===Setting===
The overarching story of the manga is of the hunt for a cyber-criminal, the Puppeteer (known as the Puppet Master in the film), whose real identity is unknown. The Puppeteer commits a large number of crimes through a single modus operandi: "ghost hacking", that is, breaking into and taking control of human minds. As the agents of Section 9 start to unravel the mystery of the Puppeteer, it becomes clear that it is no ordinary criminal, but a unique autonomous artificial intelligence project (Top Secret Project 2501) created by another government agency, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), also known as Section 6. The Puppeteer escapes Section 6 servers in pursuit of his evolution through merging with Kusanagi. Kusanagi, although initially skeptical, finally agrees to allow the Puppeteer to merge with her own consciousness, sharing her body, in what is no doubt intended to raise even more questions about the nature of human identity in a world where human consciousness is no longer unique.
{{Main|List of Ghost in the Shell characters|l1 = List of ''Ghost in the Shell'' characters}}


Primarily set in the mid-twenty-first century in the fictional Japanese city of {{nihongo|Niihama, Niihama Prefecture|新浜県新浜市|Niihama-ken Niihama-shi}},{{efn|There is a real-world [[Niihama, Ehime|Niihama]], located in [[Ehime Prefecture]], but its name is written differently in [[kanji]]: {{nihongo2|新居浜市}}.}} otherwise known as {{nihongo|New Port City|ニューポートシティ|Nyū Pōto Shiti}}, the manga and the many anime adaptations follow the members of [[Public Security Section 9]], a task-force consisting of various professionals skilled at solving and preventing crime, mostly with some sort of police background. Political intrigue and counter-terrorism operations are standard fare for Section 9, but the various actions of corrupt officials, companies, and cyber-criminals in each scenario are unique and require the diverse skills of Section 9's staff to prevent a series of incidents from escalating.
The manga is notable for the proliferance of footnotes and commentary by Shirow himself on both the technology and the socio-political background of the setting (in the complete, [[English language]] [[graphic novel]] edition, these take up more than 30 pages).
In this [[post-cyberpunk]] iteration of a possible future, computer technology has advanced to the point that many members of the public possess cyberbrains, technology that allows them to interface their biological brain with various networks. The level of cyberization varies from simple minimal interfaces to almost complete replacement of the brain with cybernetic parts, in cases of severe trauma. This can also be combined with various levels of [[prostheses]], with a fully prosthetic body enabling a person to become a [[cyborg]]. The main character of ''Ghost in the Shell'', Major [[Motoko Kusanagi]], is such a cyborg, having had a terrible accident befall her as a child that ultimately required her to use a full-body prosthesis to house her cyberbrain. This high level of cyberization, however, opens the brain up to attacks from highly skilled hackers, with the most dangerous being those who will hack a person to bend to their whims.


==Media==
==The philosophy of ''Ghost in the Shell''==
===Literature===
Ghost In The Shell Summary:
====Original manga====
In the year 2029, the world has become interconnected by a vast electronic network that permeates every aspect of life. That same network also becomes a battlefield for Tokyo's Section Nine security force, which has been charged with apprehending the master hacker known only as the Puppet Master. Spearheading the investigation is Major Motoko Kusanagi, who -- like many in her department -- is a cyborg officer, far more powerful than her human appearance would suggest. And yet as the Puppet Master, who is even capable of hacking human minds, leaves a trail of victims robbed of their memories, Kusanagi ponders the very nature of her existence: is she purely an artificial construct, or is there more? What exactly is the definition of human in a society where a persons mind can be copied and the body replaced with a fully synthetic body? What, exactly, is the "ghost" -- her essence -- in her cybernetic "shell"? Where is the boundry between human and machine when the differences between the two become more philosophical then physical? When Section Six gets involved in the case, she is forced to confront these and other questions as she confronts the "Puppet Master", a being that trancends humanity and ultimately challenges Kusanagi to transend her own self understanding and limitations as well.
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell (manga)|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell'' (manga)}}


The original ''Ghost in the Shell'' manga ran in Japan from April 1989 to November 1990 in [[Kodansha]]'s manga anthology ''[[Young Magazine]]'', and was released in a ''[[tankōbon]]'' volume on October 2, 1991.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:攻殻機動隊（１）|url=http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product/top.php/1234577897|language=ja|trans-title=Ghost in the Shell (1)|publisher=[[Kodansha]]|access-date=2012-10-13|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112045718/http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product/top.php/1234577897|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface'' followed in 1997 for 9 issues in ''Young Magazine'', and was collected in the ''Ghost in the Shell: Solid Box'' on December 1, 2000.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:攻殻機動隊ＳＯＬＩＤ ＢＯＸ|url=http://www.7netshopping.jp/books/detail/-/accd/1101992033/subno/1|language=ja|trans-title=Ghost in the Shell SOLID BOX|website=[[Seven & I Holdings|Seven Net Shopping Co., Ltd.]]|access-date=2012-10-13|archive-date=2013-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301020444/http://www.7netshopping.jp/books/detail/-/accd/1101992033/subno/1|url-status=live}}</ref> Then a standard version with modifications and new pages was published on June 26, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=『攻殻機動隊２』（士郎 正宗） 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス |url=https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000008029 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=講談社コミックプラス |language=ja}}</ref> Four stories from ''Man-Machine Interface'' that were not released in tankobon format from previous releases were later collected in ''Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor'', and published by Kodansha on July 17, 2003.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:攻殻機動隊 １．５|url=http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product/top.php/1234588254|language=ja|trans-title=Ghost in the Shell 1.5|publisher=[[Kodansha]]|access-date=2012-10-13|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112042614/http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product/top.php/1234588254|url-status=live}}</ref> Several art books have also been published for the manga.
==Ghosts==
In ''Ghost in the Shell'', the word ''ghost'' is colloquial slang for an individual's mind or essence of being. In the manga's futuristic society, science has redefined the "[[soul]]" or "ghost", as the thing that differentiates a human being from a biological robot. Regardless of how much biological material is replaced with electronic or mechanical substitutes, as long as an individual retains their ''ghost,'' they retain their humanity and individuality.


===Films===
The concept of the ghost was borrowed by [[Masamune Shirow]] from an essay on [[structuralism]], "[[The Ghost in the Machine]]" by [[Arthur Koestler]]. The title ''The Ghost in the Machine'' itself was originally used by a [[British]] [[philosopher]], [[Gilbert Ryle]] to mock the [[paradox]] of conventional [[Cartesian dualism]] and [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|Dualism]] in general. Koestler, like Ryle, denies Cartesian dualism and locates the origin of human mind in the physical condition of the brain. He argues that the human [[brain]] has grown and built upon earlier, more primitive brain structures, the "ghost in the machine", which at times overpower higher logical functions, and are responsible for hate, anger and other such destructive impulses.
====Animated films====
Shirow denies dualism similarly in his work, but defines the "ghost" more broadly, not only as a physical trait, but as a phase or phenomenon that appears in a [[system]] at a certain level of complexity. The brain itself is only part of the whole [[neural network]]; if, for example, an organ is removed from a body, the autonomic nerve of the organ and consequently its "ghost" will vanish unless the stimulus of the existence of the organ is perfectly re-produced by a mechanical substitution (this isn't necessarily true, think of pain in [[phantom limb]]s). This can be compared, by analogy, to a person with innate hearing disability being unable to understand the concept of "hearing" unless taught.
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell'' (1995 film)|l2 = ''Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence''}}


Two animated films based on the original manga have been released, both directed by [[Mamoru Oshii]] and animated by Production I.G. ''[[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' was released in 1995 and follows the "Puppet Master" storyline from the manga. It was re-released in 2008 as ''Ghost in the Shell 2.0'' with new audio and updated 3D computer graphics in certain scenes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-06-08/ghost-in-the-shell-to-return-to-japanese-theaters|title=Ghost in the Shell to Return to Japanese Theaters|work=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date =November 9, 2011|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023142228/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-06-08/ghost-in-the-shell-to-return-to-japanese-theaters|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Innocence'', otherwise known as ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]'', was released in 2004, with its story based on a chapter from the first manga.
In ''Ghost in the Shell'', Kusanagi completely reproduces the stimulus of all of her organs in order to maintain her "ghost". If a technical error arises during the transfer of a "ghost" from one body to another, the transfer normally results in failure, since the "ghost" tends to deteriorate due to either the difference of system at the material level or the deficiency of the transferring protocol. The Puppeteer manages not to deteriorate its "ghost" when merging with Kusanagi because his system is the body of information itself, thereby avoiding a deterioration due to the deficiency at material level.


====Live-action film====
The [[Ancient Greeks]] had a similar paradox, called the [[Ship of Theseus]]. [[Hegel]]'s concept of ''[[Geist (philosophy)|Geist]]'' may also be related.
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell'' (2017 film)}}


In 2008, [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] and producer [[Steven Spielberg]] acquired the rights to a [[live-action]] film adaptation of the original ''Ghost in the Shell'' manga.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/dreamworks-to-make-ghost-in-3-d-1117984029/|title=DreamWorks to make 'Ghost' in 3-D|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=November 9, 2011|first1=Tatiana|last1=Siegel|first2=Michael|last2=Fleming|date=April 14, 2008|archive-date=August 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818221658/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117984029?refCatId=13|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 24, 2014, [[Rupert Sanders]] was announced as director, with a screenplay by William Wheeler.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/25/5343472/live-action-ghost-in-the-shell-movie-signs-the-director-of-snow-white|title=Live-action 'Ghost in the Shell' movie signs the director of 'Snow White and the Huntsman'|last=Bishop|first=Bryan|date=January 25, 2014|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=March 3, 2014|archive-date=March 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303193520/http://www.theverge.com/2014/1/25/5343472/live-action-ghost-in-the-shell-movie-signs-the-director-of-snow-white|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2016, the full cast was announced, which included [[Juliette Binoche]], [[Ng Chin Han|Chin Han]], [[Lasarus Ratuere]] and [[Kaori Momoi]], and [[Scarlett Johansson]] in the lead role;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/676453-ghost-in-the-shell-photo-released-as-production-begins|title=Ghost in the Shell Photo Released as Production Begins|date=April 14, 2016|publisher=[[Mandatory (company)|ComingSoon.net]]|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=May 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526221853/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/676453-ghost-in-the-shell-photo-released-as-production-begins|url-status=live}}</ref> the casting of Johansson drew accusations of [[Whitewashing in film|whitewashing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/ghost-in-the-shell-scarlett-johansson-casting-a-blow-to-diversity/|title='Ghost in the Shell': Scarlett Johansson casting called 'whitewashing'|last=Brown|first=Tracey|date=January 10, 2015|work=[[Los Angeles Times|HERO COMPLEX]]|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418204925/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/ghost-in-the-shell-scarlett-johansson-casting-a-blow-to-diversity/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Child|first=Ben|date=January 16, 2015|title=DreamWorks accused of 'whitewashing' Ghost in the Shell by casting Scarlett Johansson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/16/dreamworks-scarlett-johansson-ghost-in-the-shell-whitewashing|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=April 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36083113|title=Is Scarlett Johansson casting Hollywood 'whitewashing'?|date=April 19, 2016|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=June 22, 2018|archive-date=July 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719024930/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36083113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/ghost-in-the-shell-fans-not-happy-about-whitewashed-american-remake/|title='Ghost In The Shell' Fans Not Happy About 'Whitewashed' American Remake|last=Fuster|first=Jeremy|date=April 14, 2016|website=[[TheWrap]]|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417145613/http://www.thewrap.com/ghost-in-the-shell-fans-not-happy-about-whitewashed-american-remake/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] on the film began on location in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]], on February 1, 2016. Filming wrapped in June 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/hk-magazine/article/2037972/ghost-shell-will-film-hong-kong-and-theres-still-no-asian-lead|title="Ghost in the Shell" Will Film in Hong Kong—and There's Still No Asian Lead|last=Tsui|first=Stephanie|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 4, 2016|magazine=[[HK Magazine]]|publisher=[[South China Morning Post]]|archive-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114001930/http://www.scmp.com/magazines/hk-magazine/article/2037972/ghost-shell-will-film-hong-kong-and-theres-still-no-asian-lead|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Ghost in the Shell'' premiered in Tokyo on March 16, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 31, 2017, in 2D, [[3D film|3D]] and [[IMAX|IMAX 3D]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4VmJcZR0Yg|title=Ghost in the Shell Official Trailer 1 (2017) - Scarlett Johansson Movie|date=2016-11-13|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2017-03-31|archive-date=2020-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909202657/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4VmJcZR0Yg|url-status=live}}</ref> It received mixed reviews, with praise for its visuals and Johansson's performance but criticism for its script.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ghost_in_the_shell_2017|title=Ghost in the Shell (2017)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date=April 1, 2017|archive-date=December 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230090249/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ghost_in_the_shell_2017/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/ghost-in-the-shell-2017|title=Ghost in the Shell reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive|CBS Interactive Inc.]]|access-date=March 31, 2017|archive-date=March 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331035752/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/ghost-in-the-shell-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Birth===
Another interpretation of the fusion of Kusanagi and the Puppeteer is analogous to the concept of birth whereby two separate entities create a third entity which is not the same as either of the originating ghosts or [[DNA]] sets but shares common traits. The Puppeteer does not wish to merely save himself from termination: to do so, he could simply ask Kusanagi to give him shared space in her memory cores that she could offload later into another robotic receptacle. He quite specifically asks her to fuse her "ghost" or "soul" with his own, a form of marriage/birth in which the resultant being is neither the Puppeteer nor Kusanagi but a new being entirely. Notice the symbolism in the movie when Kusanagi/Puppeteer gets a new body - that of a child. This touches upon concepts of birth, immortality through progeny, and the union of two ghosts/people in the creation of progeny.


===Humanity===
===Television===
====''Stand Alone Complex'' TV series, film and ONA====
Throughout the story the cyborg characters, being more or less a human brain with a manufactured body, contemplate individually and together what being human really is, and how a soul or ghost is truly defined. The Puppeteer is an AI, yet they recognize traits and personality within his mind structure that are clearly analogous to a human soul or ghost image. They cannot discount this similarity as it is very clearly analyzed by their medical scanning tools when they first captured the Puppeteer. The members of Section 9 must re-evaluate their own tenuous hold on the idea of humanity and "self", when faced with a being who clearly is self directed and has a ghost but was originated as a complex program not a DNA organism.
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex''|l2 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society''}}


In 2002, ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' premiered on [[Animax]], presenting a new telling of ''Ghost in the Shell'' independent from the original manga, focusing on Section 9's investigation of the [[Laughing Man (Ghost in the Shell)|Laughing Man]] hacker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animax.co.jp/feature/index.php?code=NN00015576|title=Animax's official GitS:SAC webpage|access-date=2011-09-02|publisher=[[Animax]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019005947/http://animax.co.jp/feature/index.php?code=NN00015576|archive-date=2010-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was followed in 2004 by a second season titled ''Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG'', which focused on the [[Individual Eleven]] terrorist group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/39_/s08_/index.html|title=Into the Network: The Ghost in the Shell Universe|work=[[Production I.G]]|access-date=2011-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517181546/http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/39_/s08_/index.html|archive-date=2011-05-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> The primary storylines of both seasons were compressed into OVAs broadcast as ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex The Laughing Man'' in 2005 and ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Individual Eleven'' in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/38_/index.html|title=Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex The Laughing Man|publisher=Production I.G|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115015005/http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/38_/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/39_/index.html|title=Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Individual Eleven|publisher=Production I.G|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-date=25 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125202252/http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/39_/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2006, ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society]]'', featuring Section 9's confrontation with a hacker known as the Puppeteer, was broadcast, serving as a finale to the anime series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/47_/index.html| title=Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Solid State Society|publisher=Production I.G|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-date=19 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119072322/http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/47_/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Music of Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex|The extensive score]] for the series and its films was composed by [[Yoko Kanno]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/lapsed-historian/yoko-kanno-the-greatest-composer-youve-never-heard-of-b452f64acc72|title=Yoko Kanno: The Greatest Composer You've Never Heard Of|last=Bull|first=John|date=2018-03-08|website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]|access-date=2019-02-22|archive-date=2019-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222151852/https://medium.com/lapsed-historian/yoko-kanno-the-greatest-composer-youve-never-heard-of-b452f64acc72|url-status=live}}</ref>
===AI as a step in evolution===
A very important concept within ''Ghost in the Shell'' is that evolution is the process of merging two sets of data (DNA) in order to create a third set of data which contains the most vital elements of the original organisms along with some element of chance. The Puppeteer has evolved beyond DNA as a data set and thus to procreate (his true desire and purpose for leaving the net in the first place) this new organism (a soul not born of DNA) a new paradigm of data merging needs to be contemplated for which he has sought Kusanagi out. This is a merger of two operating "souls" or "ghosts" into one mind, which is specifically different than birth while being analogous to it at the same time.


On April 7, 2017, Kodansha and Production I.G announced that [[Kenji Kamiyama]] and [[Shinji Aramaki]] would be co-directing a new ''Kōkaku Kidōtai'' anime production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-04-06/ghost-in-the-shell-gets-new-anime-from-kenji-kamiyama-shinji-aramaki/.114481|title=Ghost in the Shell Gets New Anime From Kenji Kamiyama, Shinji Aramaki|website=Anime News Network|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=2017-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408012856/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-04-06/ghost-in-the-shell-gets-new-anime-from-kenji-kamiyama-shinji-aramaki/.114481|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 7, 2018, it was reported by [[Netflix]] that they had acquired the worldwide streaming rights to the [[original net animation]] (ONA) anime series, titled ''[[Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045]]'', and that it would premiere on April 23, 2020. The series is in 3DCG and Sola Digital Arts collaborated with Production I.G on the project. [[Ilya Kuvshinov]] handled character designs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-06-11/ghost-in-the-shell-sac_2045-3dcg-anime-characters-designed-by-birthday-wonderland-ilya-kuvshinov/.147749|title=Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 3DCG Anime's Characters Designed by Birthday Wonderland's Ilya Kuvshinov|website=Anime News Network|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=2019-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613195015/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-06-11/ghost-in-the-shell-sac_2045-3dcg-anime-characters-designed-by-birthday-wonderland-ilya-kuvshinov/.147749|url-status=live}}</ref> The series had two seasons of 12 episodes each.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-12-07/new-ghost-in-the-shell-3dcg-anime-project-to-premiere-on-netflix-in-2020/.140540|title=New Ghost in the Shell 3DCG Anime Project to Premiere on Netflix in 2020|website=Anime News Network|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=2019-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108072126/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-12-07/new-ghost-in-the-shell-3dcg-anime-project-to-premiere-on-netflix-in-2020/.140540|url-status=live}}</ref>
===De-Ghosting===
One of the consequences of this revelation is a final resolution of the [[nature versus nurture]] debate in sociology. When a criminal is convicted of a crime in [[Masamune Shirow]]'s future world, a detailed technical analysis is done of the subject. If it is discovered that the crime was committed due to a material defect in either the biological or electronic components of the convict's brain, the defect is repaired and the convict is released. If, instead, the crime is determined to have been the result of an individual's ''ghost,'' then there is only one cure: the removal of the portion of the brain that communicates with the soul, thereby ''de-ghosting'' the criminal and preventing any possibility of future criminal behavior.


In addition to the anime, a series of published books, two separate manga adaptations, and several video games for consoles and mobile phones have been released for ''Stand Alone Complex''.
===Tachikoma/Fuchikoma (タチコマ / フチコマ)===
Tachikoma (they are called [[Tachikoma]] in Stand Alone Complex, but called [[Fuchikoma]] in the original manga. Note that Fuchikomas are the next generation of Tachikomas after the Tachikomas are destroyed in Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig) are artificially intelligent mini-tanks ([[walker (machine)|walker]]s) employed by Section 9. Because of the demands of field duty, these robots are constructed with extremely flexible, adaptable AIs that lack many of the safeguards present in other artificially intelligent robots. While this enables them to behave unpredictably and flexibly, it also presents difficulties for the members of Section 9, who must monitor the Fuchikoma closely for signs of undesirable emotional development.


====''Arise'' OVA, TV series and film====
The underlying statement here is that predictable behavior results in inherent weakness. Section 9, as an organization, needs heterogeneity and even organic weakness if it is to survive. "A machine where all the parts respond the same way is a brittle tool."
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell: Arise|Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Arise''|l2 = ''Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie''}}


In 2013, a new iteration of the series titled ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Arise]]'' premiered, taking an original look at the ''Ghost in the Shell'' world, set before the original manga. It was released as a series of four [[original video animation]] (OVA) episodes (with limited theatrical releases) from 2013 to 2014, then recompiled as a 10-episode television series under the title of ''Kōkaku Kidōtai: Arise - Alternative Architecture''. An additional fifth OVA titled ''Pyrophoric Cult'', originally premiering in the ''Alternative Architecture'' broadcast as two original episodes, was released on August 26, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghost in the Shell Arise Pyrophoric Cult Episode Slated for August on Home Video in Japan|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-04-06/ghost-in-the-shell-arise-pyrophoric-cult-episode-slated-for-august-on-home-video-in-japan/.86809|website=Anime News Network|access-date=10 May 2015|archive-date=2015-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509162128/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-04-06/ghost-in-the-shell-arise-pyrophoric-cult-episode-slated-for-august-on-home-video-in-japan/.86809|url-status=live}}</ref> Kazuchika Kise served as the chief director of the series, with [[Tow Ubukata]] as head writer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-01-15/ghost-in-the-shell-arise-anime-to-launch-in-2013|title=Ghost in the Shell Arise Anime to Launch in 2013|work=Anime News Network|date=January 15, 2013|access-date=2013-01-15|archive-date=2013-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116133325/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-01-15/ghost-in-the-shell-arise-anime-to-launch-in-2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cornelius (musician)|Cornelius]] was brought onto the project to compose the score for the series, with the Major's new voice actress [[Maaya Sakamoto]] also providing vocals for certain tracks.
Tachikoma ask questions that otherwise would not have been brought to mind. Like children that are trying to understand the world, yet with superior thinking capabilities. There are Tachikoma short clips that involve them discussing complex philosophical issues and how they relate to existence. They provide more of an innocent look on the world that surrounds them.


''Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie'', also known as ''Ghost in the Shell: Arise − The Movie'' or ''New Ghost in the Shell'', is a 2015 film directed by Kazuya Nomura that serves as a finale to the ''Ghost in the Shell: Arise'' story arc. The film is a continuation to the plot of the ''Pyrophoric Cult'' episode of ''Arise'', and ties up loose ends from that arc.
===Cyberbrain warfare/Ghost hacking===
Cyberbrain warfare is the practice of employing ''ghost hacking'' as a means of gaining access to an opponent's cyberbrain, and ultimately, their ''ghost.'' A successful cyberhacker can intercept, censor, or augment the sensory information being received by a victim, or even go so far as to destroy or rewrite complete memories. Furthermore, cyberbrain can be directly injured, by making the cyberbrain undergo unaffordable computation and thus overheat. (See [[Cordwainer Smith]]'s "The Burning of the Brain")


A manga adaptation was serialized in Kodansha's ''Young Magazine'', which started on March 13 and ended on August 26, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 12, 2013|url=http://gigazine.net/news/20130212-koukaku-arise/|script-title=ja:6月22日から映画「攻殻機動隊ARISE GHOST IN THE SHELL」全4部作公開|language=ja|trans-title=From June 22, the movie "Ghost in the Shell ARISE GHOST IN THE SHELL" will be released in four parts|publisher=Gigazine|access-date=2013-03-13|archive-date=2013-02-13|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130213080638/http://gigazine.net/news/20130212%2Dkoukaku%2Darise/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=March 13, 2013|url=http://animeanime.jp/article/2013/03/13/13284.html|script-title=ja:「攻殻機動隊ＡＲＩＳＥ」コミカライズ 月刊ヤングマガジンで連載開始 公安9課以前を描く - アニメ！アニメ！|language=ja|trans-title="Ghost in the Shell ARISE" comicalization Starts serialization in monthly Young Magazine Drawing before Public Security Section 9 - Anime! animation|publisher=AnimeAnime.jp|access-date=2013-03-13|archive-date=2013-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316234046/http://animeanime.jp/article/2013/03/13/13284.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Cyberbrain warfare is portrayed as a natural consequence of the integration of cybernetic and wireless communication technology directly into the human brain. Despite the apparent risks, even the most paranoid characters in the story find the benefits of directly networking their brains to be indispensable.


===2026 anime===
Apparently, any conduit by which information is absorbed by the brain can be exploited for ''ghost hacking.'' Shirow envisions the use of [[Firewall (networking)|firewalls]] for protecting the ''ghost'' against attack, and multiple layers of [[encryption]].
On May 25, 2024, it was announced that a new anime television series adaptation will be produced by [[Science Saru]] for a 2026 premiere.<ref name="CB">{{cite web | url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/ghost-in-the-shell-new-anime/ | title=New Ghost in the Shell Anime Announced }}</ref> Saru will be in a production committee with Bandai Namco Filmworks, Kodansha and Production I.G.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://screenrant.com/ghost-in-the-shell-anime-announced-science-saru/ | title=Ghost in the Shell Announces New TV Anime | website=[[Screen Rant]] | date=25 May 2024 }}</ref>


===External Memory===
===Video games===
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell (video game)|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2004 video game)|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2005 video game)|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell'' (video game)|l2 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' (2004 video game)|l3 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' (2005 video game)|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online|l4 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online''}}
Like information stored in the hard-drive of a modern computer the memories of a ghost can become fragmented and unreliable. This is the result of ghost-hacking, psychological treatment, trauma experienced while ghost-diving, corrupted transferrence from one cyber-brain to another, and the degradation of memories as they are collected and cross-referenced over the course of a lifetime.


''[[Ghost in the Shell (video game)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' was developed by Exact and released for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] on July 17, 1997, in Japan by [[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:攻殻機動隊 GHOST IN THE SHELL|language=ja|url=http://www.jp.playstation.com/software/title/scps10043.html|work=[[PlayStation]]|publisher=[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]|access-date=2012-12-19|archive-date=2013-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616041314/http://www.jp.playstation.com/software/title/scps10043.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a [[third-person shooter]] featuring an original storyline where the character plays a rookie member of Section 9. The video game's soundtrack ''Megatech Body'' features various techno artists, such as Takkyu Ishino, Scan X and Mijk Van Dijk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/Info/SonyTechno/feature/9707/cd.html|script-title=ja:世界中で絶賛されている近未来SFコミックス「攻殻機動隊」のプレイステーション・ゲームのSound [Techno] Trax。|language=ja|trans-title=Sound [Techno] Trax of the PlayStation game of the near future SF comic "Ghost in the Shell" acclaimed all over the world.|publisher=[[Sony Music Entertainment Japan]]|access-date=January 4, 2013|archive-date=November 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112024645/http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/Info/SonyTechno/feature/9707/cd.html|url-status=live |title=Ghost in the Shell - Soundtrack- }}</ref>
The response that humans have developed to cope with the confusion of memories is to reinforce them with external reminders. Artwork, books, clothing, personal electronics, places of employment, and even companions are carefully chosen to familiarize the landscape of one's existence. In a sense we are partly motivated in our actions by the desire to look back on them with fondness and clarity.


Several video games were also developed to tie into the ''Stand Alone Complex'' television series, in addition to a [[first-person shooter]] by [[Nexon]] and Neople titled ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online]]'', released in 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Prescott|first=Shaun|date=September 17, 2015|title=First Assault is a free-to-play Ghost in the Shell FPS coming soon|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/first-assault-is-a-free-to-play-ghost-in-the-shell-fps-coming-soon/|magazine=[[PC Gamer]]|access-date=2015-09-17|archive-date=2017-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610145101/http://www.pcgamer.com/first-assault-is-a-free-to-play-ghost-in-the-shell-fps-coming-soon/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The need for external memory is also a philosophical hurdle for the members of Section 9. They are, after all, a watchdog group mandated with rooting out cases of cyber-brain crime. Kusanagi shuns the accumulation of trinkets (beyond the watch she wears in Stand Alone Complex). Being an expert in ghost-hacking and the workings of the cyber-brain, she considers these to be a sign of weakness that can be easily read by enemies. In an age when a detective can reconstruct a person's psyche based on study of their external memory Kusanagi has a sound position.


==Legacy==
Batou, on the other hand, is sentimental. He keeps a pet dog, has safe houses full of books and art, and even has a favorite Fuchikoma/Tachikoma to work with. Though they may be a fatal tell of one's living habits in his line of work he still clings to such comforts.
''Ghost in the Shell'' influenced some prominent filmmakers. [[The Wachowskis]], creators of ''[[The Matrix]]'' and its sequels, showed it to producer [[Joel Silver]], saying, "We wanna do that for real."<ref>[[Joel Silver]], interviewed in "Making ''The Matrix''" featurette on ''The Matrix'' DVD.</ref> ''The Matrix'' series took several concepts from the film, including the [[Matrix digital rain]], which was inspired by the opening credits of ''Ghost in the Shell'', and the way characters access the Matrix through holes in the back of their necks. Other parallels have been drawn to [[James Cameron]]'s ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'', [[Steven Spielberg]]'s ''[[A.I. Artificial Intelligence]]'' and [[Jonathan Mostow]]'s ''[[Surrogates]]''. James Cameron cited ''Ghost in the Shell'' as a source of inspiration,<ref>{{cite news|last=Rose|first=Steve|date=19 October 2009|title=Hollywood is haunted by Ghost in the Shell|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/oct/19/hollywood-ghost-in-the-shell|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=26 July 2013}}</ref> citing it as an influence on ''Avatar''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schrodt|first=Paul|date=1 April 2017|title=How the original 'Ghost in the Shell' changed sci-fi and the way we think about the future|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/original-ghost-in-the-shell-movie-influence-2017-3|access-date=14 June 2019|website=[[Business Insider]]|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826142138/https://www.businessinsider.com/original-ghost-in-the-shell-movie-influence-2017-3|url-status=live}}</ref>


[[Bungie]]'s 2001 [[Third-person view|third-person]] action game ''[[Oni (video game)|Oni]]'' draws substantial inspiration from ''Ghost in the Shell''{{'s}} setting and characters.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kushner|first=David|date=June 2000|title=Ghost in the Machine|url={{GBUrl|6N0JSkTI3j4C|pg=PA86}}|magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|SPIN]]|volume=16|issue=6|pages=86|issn=0886-3032|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Al-Shakarchi|first=Harry|title=Interview with lead engineer Brent Pease|url=http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/brent.html|publisher=[[Bungie]] West|access-date=2013-12-22|archive-date=2017-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095440/http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/brent.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Ghost in the Shell'' also influenced video games such as the ''[[Metal Gear|Metal Gear Solid]]'' series,<ref>{{cite web|last=Kojima|first=Hideo|date=8 April 2017|title=Hideo Kojima on the Philosophy Behind 'Ghost in the Shell'|url=http://www.glixel.com/news/hideo-kojima-on-the-philosophy-behind-ghost-in-the-shell-w475805|website=[[Glixel]]|access-date=April 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410032850/http://www.glixel.com/news/hideo-kojima-on-the-philosophy-behind-ghost-in-the-shell-w475805|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref> ''[[Deus Ex]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine|date=August 7, 2017|title=Ghost in the Shell (2017) – Blu-ray review|url=https://www.whathifi.com/features/ghost-in-shell-2017-blu-ray-review|magazine=[[What Hi-Fi?]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group]]|access-date=June 15, 2019|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215725/https://www.whathifi.com/features/ghost-in-shell-2017-blu-ray-review|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 January 2019|title=Cyberpunk 2077 Devs Looked at Blade Runner and Ghost in the Shell for Inspiration|url=https://gamingbolt.com/cyberpunk-2077-devs-looked-at-blade-runner-and-ghost-in-the-shell-for-inspiration|work=GamingBolt.com|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227141102/https://gamingbolt.com/cyberpunk-2077-devs-looked-at-blade-runner-and-ghost-in-the-shell-for-inspiration|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Conditt|first=Jessica|date=1 August 2012|title=CD Projekt Red's 'Cyberpunk' inspired by System Shock, Blade Runner [Update]|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/01/cd-projekt-reds-cyberpunk-inspired-by-shellshock-blade-runne/|website=[[Engadget]]|archive-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181014045635/https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/01/cd-projekt-reds-cyberpunk-inspired-by-shellshock-blade-runne/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Related works==
===Sequel===
{{main|Ghost in the Shell 2: Man/Machine Interface}}
A continuation of the first manga can be found in the second manga series entitled ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Man/Machine Interface]]''.


== Explanatory notes ==
===Film and TV adaptations===
{{Notelist}}
{{main articles|[[Ghost in the Shell (film)]] and [[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]}}


==References==
The anime film adaptation is directed by [[Mamoru Oshii]]; fans debate the extent to which it is an oversimplification of the manga's themes, or whether it is a more serious interpretation with its own integrity. A second feature, ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]'', was also directed by Oshii and places the character of Batou in the lead role.
{{Reflist|30em}}

Production I.G has also announced a 3rd Ghost in the Shell Movie coming in Summer 2006. Called Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. - Solid State Society, it will apparently take place in the Stand Alone Complex universe [http://www.productionig.com/contents/news/2006/03/gits_sac_sss_tr.html] [http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/article.php?id=8588]

There is also an anime TV series, ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]]''.

===Video games===
{{main|Ghost in the Shell (video game)|game}}
One self-titled [[video game console|console]] [[Ghost in the Shell (video game)|game]] has already been produced, developed by [[Exact]] and published by [[THQ]]. A second one bearing the anime TV series title ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (video game)|Stand Alone Complex]]'' was released in [[November 2004]], developed by [[Sony|SCEJ]] and [[Cavia (game developer)|Cavia]] and published by [[Bandai]].

==Impact and influence==
[[Image:Gits-katsuragi-camouflage.jpeg|right|thumb|Major Kusanagi using optical camouflage (from ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]]'')]]
''Ghost in the Shell'' has made a significant impact in fiction and the real world alike.

''[[The Matrix]]'', a very successful [[1999]] sci-fi action movie, contains imagery apparently influenced by this movie (as well as other anime). For example, the opening scene with green digits resembles the opening of ''Ghost in the Shell''. During the opening scene in which [[Trinity (Matrix character)|Trinity]] flees the [[Agents (The Matrix)|Agents]], the shot of the Agent landing on the roof is almost identical to a shot of Kusanagi during the pursuit of the first 'puppet'. [http://webmirror.kobran.org/matrixgits/] Also, the shot in which the first puppet is fleeing Batou in the market and a similar scene where [[Neo (Matrix character)|Neo]] is fleeing a trio of the Agents in a real life market are linked by exploding watermelons and terrified civilians amongst crossfire (although Neo is not armed). The famous lobby shootout features [[Neo (Matrix character)|Neo]] and [[Trinity (Matrix character)|Trinity]] taking cover behind stone pillars, just as Kusanagi does during the battle with a tank. There is also a clear relation between the conception of the Matrix and the cybernetically enhanced brains of ''Ghost in the Shell''. (The [[Wachowski brothers]], makers of the ''Matrix'' trilogy, acknowledged the influence of ''Ghost in the Shell'' in an interview. [http://www.warnervideo.com/matrixevents/wachowski.html])

== Book references (manga) ==
*''The Ghost In The Shell (Kokaku Kidotai)'' : Publisher: [[Kodansha]] (KCDX) ISBN 4-06-313248-X C9979 Release: [[5 October]] [[1991]], original Japanese
*''Ghost In The Shell (English Edition)'' : Publisher: [[Dark Horse Comics]] / Studio Proteus ISBN 1-56971-081-3, Release: December 1995, English adaptation
*''Ghost In The Shell 2: Man/Machine Interface (English Edition Sequel)'' : Publisher: [[Dark Horse Comics]] / Studio Proteus ISBN 159307204X, Release: Dark Horse (January 19, 2005), English adaptation


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.production-ig.com/ Production I.G] — Production I.G official English website
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{imdb title|id=0113568|title=Ghost in the Shell}}
* {{Official website|http://kokaku-a.jp/ }} {{in lang|ja}}
*[http://www.manga.com/ghost/ Official Film Site At Manga.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170218110128/http://www.ghostintheshell.com.au/ Madman Entertainment's Australian distribution release site]
*[http://biphome.spray.se/masterlink/glossary.html Glossary of terms]
<!--"in" is intended to be lowercase, see the site-->
* {{Ann|manga|1590}}<!-- The parent link to the rest of the franchise. -->
*[http://www.neomythos.com/intheshell/index.shtml ''in the Shell''] — general information, philosophy, links
*[http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Island/3102/ghost.htm "The Soul of the New Machine"] — A review originally published in FILM COMMENT magazine, September 1996
*[http://www.kyo-kan.net/oshii-ig/gits/ Japanese Fansite]
*[http://anidb.info/perl-bin/animedb.pl?show=rel&aid=61 GITS Relations] — A graphical representation of the relations between the different series and movies from the ''GITS'' universe
*[http://www.mangareviewer.com/?page_id=43 BAOH manga review at Mangareviewer.com]
*[http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/00/6/ghost.html Review at sensesofcinema.com]
*[http://www.animegalleries.net/category/54 ''Ghost in the Shell'' Image Collection @ AnimeGalleries.Net]
*[http://www.standalonecomplex.co.nr ''Stand Alone Complex''] — ''Ghost in the Shell'' Forums


{{Ghost in the Shell}}
{{Ghost in the Shell}}
{{Masamune Shirow}}
{{Portal bar|1980s|Anime and manga|Speculative fiction}}
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 08:37, 27 November 2024

This article is about the media franchise in general. For specific works and entries in that franchise, see Ghost in the Shell (disambiguation).
Ghost in the Shell
Logo used in the 1995 film adaptation of the series.
Created byMasamune Shirow
Original workGhost in the Shell
OwnersMasamune Shirow
Kodansha
Print publications
Comics
Films and television
Film(s)Animated:

Live-action:

Animated series
Direct-to-video
Games
Video game(s)

Ghost in the Shell[a] is a Japanese cyberpunk media franchise based on the seinen manga series of the same name written and illustrated by Masamune Shirow. The manga, first serialized in 1989 under the subtitle of The Ghost in the Shell, and later published as its own tankōbon volumes by Kodansha, is set in mid-21st century Japan and tells the story of the fictional counter-cyberterrorist organization Public Security Section 9, led by protagonist Major Motoko Kusanagi.

Animation studio Production I.G has produced several anime adaptations of the series. These include the 1995 film of the same name and its 2004 sequel, Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence; the 2002 television series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex, and its 2020 follow-up, Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045; and the Ghost in the Shell: Arise original video animation (OVA) series. In addition, an American-produced live-action film was released on March 31, 2017.

Overview

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Title

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The original editor Koichi Yuri says: At first, Ghost in the Shell came from Shirow, but when Yuri asked "something more flashy", Shirow came up with "攻殻機動隊 Koukaku Kidou Tai (Shell Squad)" for Yuri. But Shirow was attached to including "Ghost in the Shell" as well even if in smaller type.[1]

Setting

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Main article: List of Ghost in the Shell characters

Primarily set in the mid-twenty-first century in the fictional Japanese city of Niihama, Niihama Prefecture (新浜県新浜市, Niihama-ken Niihama-shi),[b] otherwise known as New Port City (ニューポートシティ, Nyū Pōto Shiti), the manga and the many anime adaptations follow the members of Public Security Section 9, a task-force consisting of various professionals skilled at solving and preventing crime, mostly with some sort of police background. Political intrigue and counter-terrorism operations are standard fare for Section 9, but the various actions of corrupt officials, companies, and cyber-criminals in each scenario are unique and require the diverse skills of Section 9's staff to prevent a series of incidents from escalating.

In this post-cyberpunk iteration of a possible future, computer technology has advanced to the point that many members of the public possess cyberbrains, technology that allows them to interface their biological brain with various networks. The level of cyberization varies from simple minimal interfaces to almost complete replacement of the brain with cybernetic parts, in cases of severe trauma. This can also be combined with various levels of prostheses, with a fully prosthetic body enabling a person to become a cyborg. The main character of Ghost in the Shell, Major Motoko Kusanagi, is such a cyborg, having had a terrible accident befall her as a child that ultimately required her to use a full-body prosthesis to house her cyberbrain. This high level of cyberization, however, opens the brain up to attacks from highly skilled hackers, with the most dangerous being those who will hack a person to bend to their whims.

Media

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Literature

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Original manga

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Main article: Ghost in the Shell (manga)

The original Ghost in the Shell manga ran in Japan from April 1989 to November 1990 in Kodansha's manga anthology Young Magazine, and was released in a tankōbon volume on October 2, 1991.[2] Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface followed in 1997 for 9 issues in Young Magazine, and was collected in the Ghost in the Shell: Solid Box on December 1, 2000.[3] Then a standard version with modifications and new pages was published on June 26, 2001.[4] Four stories from Man-Machine Interface that were not released in tankobon format from previous releases were later collected in Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor, and published by Kodansha on July 17, 2003.[5] Several art books have also been published for the manga.

Films

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Animated films

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Main articles: Ghost in the Shell (1995 film) and Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence

Two animated films based on the original manga have been released, both directed by Mamoru Oshii and animated by Production I.G. Ghost in the Shell was released in 1995 and follows the "Puppet Master" storyline from the manga. It was re-released in 2008 as Ghost in the Shell 2.0 with new audio and updated 3D computer graphics in certain scenes.[6] Innocence, otherwise known as Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence, was released in 2004, with its story based on a chapter from the first manga.

Live-action film

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Main article: Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)

In 2008, DreamWorks and producer Steven Spielberg acquired the rights to a live-action film adaptation of the original Ghost in the Shell manga.[7] On January 24, 2014, Rupert Sanders was announced as director, with a screenplay by William Wheeler.[8] In April 2016, the full cast was announced, which included Juliette Binoche, Chin Han, Lasarus Ratuere and Kaori Momoi, and Scarlett Johansson in the lead role;[9] the casting of Johansson drew accusations of whitewashing.[10][11][12][13] Principal photography on the film began on location in Wellington, New Zealand, on February 1, 2016. Filming wrapped in June 2016.[14] Ghost in the Shell premiered in Tokyo on March 16, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 31, 2017, in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D.[15] It received mixed reviews, with praise for its visuals and Johansson's performance but criticism for its script.[16][17]

Television

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Stand Alone Complex TV series, film and ONA

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Main articles: Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex and Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society

In 2002, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex premiered on Animax, presenting a new telling of Ghost in the Shell independent from the original manga, focusing on Section 9's investigation of the Laughing Man hacker.[18] It was followed in 2004 by a second season titled Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG, which focused on the Individual Eleven terrorist group.[19] The primary storylines of both seasons were compressed into OVAs broadcast as Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex The Laughing Man in 2005 and Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Individual Eleven in 2006.[20][21] Also in 2006, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society, featuring Section 9's confrontation with a hacker known as the Puppeteer, was broadcast, serving as a finale to the anime series.[22] The extensive score for the series and its films was composed by Yoko Kanno.[23]

On April 7, 2017, Kodansha and Production I.G announced that Kenji Kamiyama and Shinji Aramaki would be co-directing a new Kōkaku Kidōtai anime production.[24] On December 7, 2018, it was reported by Netflix that they had acquired the worldwide streaming rights to the original net animation (ONA) anime series, titled Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045, and that it would premiere on April 23, 2020. The series is in 3DCG and Sola Digital Arts collaborated with Production I.G on the project. Ilya Kuvshinov handled character designs.[25] The series had two seasons of 12 episodes each.[26]

In addition to the anime, a series of published books, two separate manga adaptations, and several video games for consoles and mobile phones have been released for Stand Alone Complex.

Arise OVA, TV series and film

[edit]
Main articles: Ghost in the Shell: Arise and Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie

In 2013, a new iteration of the series titled Ghost in the Shell: Arise premiered, taking an original look at the Ghost in the Shell world, set before the original manga. It was released as a series of four original video animation (OVA) episodes (with limited theatrical releases) from 2013 to 2014, then recompiled as a 10-episode television series under the title of Kōkaku Kidōtai: Arise - Alternative Architecture. An additional fifth OVA titled Pyrophoric Cult, originally premiering in the Alternative Architecture broadcast as two original episodes, was released on August 26, 2015.[27] Kazuchika Kise served as the chief director of the series, with Tow Ubukata as head writer.[28] Cornelius was brought onto the project to compose the score for the series, with the Major's new voice actress Maaya Sakamoto also providing vocals for certain tracks.

Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie, also known as Ghost in the Shell: Arise − The Movie or New Ghost in the Shell, is a 2015 film directed by Kazuya Nomura that serves as a finale to the Ghost in the Shell: Arise story arc. The film is a continuation to the plot of the Pyrophoric Cult episode of Arise, and ties up loose ends from that arc.

A manga adaptation was serialized in Kodansha's Young Magazine, which started on March 13 and ended on August 26, 2013.[29][30]

2026 anime

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On May 25, 2024, it was announced that a new anime television series adaptation will be produced by Science Saru for a 2026 premiere.[31] Saru will be in a production committee with Bandai Namco Filmworks, Kodansha and Production I.G.[32]

Video games

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Main articles: Ghost in the Shell (video game), Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2004 video game), Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2005 video game), and Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online

Ghost in the Shell was developed by Exact and released for the PlayStation on July 17, 1997, in Japan by Sony Computer Entertainment.[33] It is a third-person shooter featuring an original storyline where the character plays a rookie member of Section 9. The video game's soundtrack Megatech Body features various techno artists, such as Takkyu Ishino, Scan X and Mijk Van Dijk.[34]

Several video games were also developed to tie into the Stand Alone Complex television series, in addition to a first-person shooter by Nexon and Neople titled Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online, released in 2016.[35]

Legacy

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Ghost in the Shell influenced some prominent filmmakers. The Wachowskis, creators of The Matrix and its sequels, showed it to producer Joel Silver, saying, "We wanna do that for real."[36] The Matrix series took several concepts from the film, including the Matrix digital rain, which was inspired by the opening credits of Ghost in the Shell, and the way characters access the Matrix through holes in the back of their necks. Other parallels have been drawn to James Cameron's Avatar, Steven Spielberg's A.I. Artificial Intelligence and Jonathan Mostow's Surrogates. James Cameron cited Ghost in the Shell as a source of inspiration,[37] citing it as an influence on Avatar.[38]

Bungie's 2001 third-person action game Oni draws substantial inspiration from Ghost in the Shell's setting and characters.[39][40] Ghost in the Shell also influenced video games such as the Metal Gear Solid series,[41] Deus Ex,[42] and Cyberpunk 2077.[43][44]

Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Known in Japan as Kōkaku Kidōtai (Japanese: 攻殻機動隊, lit. "Mobile Armored Riot Police")
  2. ^ There is a real-world Niihama, located in Ehime Prefecture, but its name is written differently in kanji: 新居浜市.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Official Log 1". Young Magazine Pirate Edition. 2003. p. 9.
  2. ^ 攻殻機動隊（１） [Ghost in the Shell (1)] (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  3. ^ 攻殻機動隊ＳＯＬＩＤ ＢＯＸ [Ghost in the Shell SOLID BOX]. Seven Net Shopping Co., Ltd. (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2013-03-01. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  4. ^ "『攻殻機動隊２』（士郎 正宗） 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス". 講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  5. ^ 攻殻機動隊 １．５ [Ghost in the Shell 1.5] (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  6. ^ "Ghost in the Shell to Return to Japanese Theaters". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  7. ^ Siegel, Tatiana; Fleming, Michael (April 14, 2008). "DreamWorks to make 'Ghost' in 3-D". Variety. Archived from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  8. ^ Bishop, Bryan (January 25, 2014). "Live-action 'Ghost in the Shell' movie signs the director of 'Snow White and the Huntsman'". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  9. ^ "Ghost in the Shell Photo Released as Production Begins". ComingSoon.net. April 14, 2016. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  10. ^ Brown, Tracey (January 10, 2015). "'Ghost in the Shell': Scarlett Johansson casting called 'whitewashing'". HERO COMPLEX. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
  11. ^ Child, Ben (January 16, 2015). "DreamWorks accused of 'whitewashing' Ghost in the Shell by casting Scarlett Johansson". The Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
  12. ^ "Is Scarlett Johansson casting Hollywood 'whitewashing'?". BBC News. April 19, 2016. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  13. ^ Fuster, Jeremy (April 14, 2016). "'Ghost In The Shell' Fans Not Happy About 'Whitewashed' American Remake". TheWrap. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
  14. ^ Tsui, Stephanie (June 2, 2016). ""Ghost in the Shell" Will Film in Hong Kong—and There's Still No Asian Lead". HK Magazine. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  15. ^ "Ghost in the Shell Official Trailer 1 (2017) - Scarlett Johansson Movie". YouTube. 2016-11-13. Archived from the original on 2020-09-09. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
  16. ^ "Ghost in the Shell (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  17. ^ "Ghost in the Shell reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  18. ^ "Animax's official GitS:SAC webpage" (in Japanese). Animax. Archived from the original on 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  19. ^ "Into the Network: The Ghost in the Shell Universe". Production I.G. Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
  20. ^ "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex The Laughing Man". Production I.G. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  21. ^ "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Individual Eleven". Production I.G. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  22. ^ "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Solid State Society". Production I.G. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  23. ^ Bull, John (2018-03-08). "Yoko Kanno: The Greatest Composer You've Never Heard Of". Medium. Archived from the original on 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  24. ^ "Ghost in the Shell Gets New Anime From Kenji Kamiyama, Shinji Aramaki". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 2017-04-08. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
  25. ^ "Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 3DCG Anime's Characters Designed by Birthday Wonderland's Ilya Kuvshinov". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 2019-06-13. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  26. ^ "New Ghost in the Shell 3DCG Anime Project to Premiere on Netflix in 2020". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 2019-11-08. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  27. ^ "Ghost in the Shell Arise Pyrophoric Cult Episode Slated for August on Home Video in Japan". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 2015-05-09. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  28. ^ "Ghost in the Shell Arise Anime to Launch in 2013". Anime News Network. January 15, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  29. ^ 6月22日から映画「攻殻機動隊ARISE GHOST IN THE SHELL」全4部作公開 [From June 22, the movie "Ghost in the Shell ARISE GHOST IN THE SHELL" will be released in four parts] (in Japanese). Gigazine. February 12, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
  30. ^ 「攻殻機動隊ＡＲＩＳＥ」コミカライズ 月刊ヤングマガジンで連載開始 公安9課以前を描く - アニメ！アニメ！ ["Ghost in the Shell ARISE" comicalization Starts serialization in monthly Young Magazine Drawing before Public Security Section 9 - Anime! animation] (in Japanese). AnimeAnime.jp. March 13, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
  31. ^ "New Ghost in the Shell Anime Announced".
  32. ^ "Ghost in the Shell Announces New TV Anime". Screen Rant. 25 May 2024.
  33. ^ 攻殻機動隊 GHOST IN THE SHELL. PlayStation (in Japanese). Sony Interactive Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  34. ^ "Ghost in the Shell - Soundtrack-" 世界中で絶賛されている近未来SFコミックス「攻殻機動隊」のプレイステーション・ゲームのSound [Techno] Trax。 [Sound [Techno] Trax of the PlayStation game of the near future SF comic "Ghost in the Shell" acclaimed all over the world.] (in Japanese). Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  35. ^ Prescott, Shaun (September 17, 2015). "First Assault is a free-to-play Ghost in the Shell FPS coming soon". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on 2017-06-10. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
  36. ^ Joel Silver, interviewed in "Making The Matrix" featurette on The Matrix DVD.
  37. ^ Rose, Steve (19 October 2009). "Hollywood is haunted by Ghost in the Shell". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  38. ^ Schrodt, Paul (1 April 2017). "How the original 'Ghost in the Shell' changed sci-fi and the way we think about the future". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  39. ^ Kushner, David (June 2000). "Ghost in the Machine". SPIN. Vol. 16, no. 6. p. 86. ISSN 0886-3032. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
  40. ^ Al-Shakarchi, Harry. "Interview with lead engineer Brent Pease". Bungie West. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  41. ^ Kojima, Hideo (8 April 2017). "Hideo Kojima on the Philosophy Behind 'Ghost in the Shell'". Glixel. Archived from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
  42. ^ "Ghost in the Shell (2017) – Blu-ray review". What Hi-Fi?. Haymarket Media Group. August 7, 2017. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  43. ^ "Cyberpunk 2077 Devs Looked at Blade Runner and Ghost in the Shell for Inspiration". GamingBolt.com. 13 January 2019. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  44. ^ Conditt, Jessica (1 August 2012). "CD Projekt Red's 'Cyberpunk' inspired by System Shock, Blade Runner [Update]". Engadget. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018.
[edit]
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