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</ref> Although this subfamily was considered [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] and separated from the [[partridge]]s, [[francolin]]s, and [[Old World quail]]s ([[Perdicinae]]) till the early 1990s,<ref name=Johnsgard1986 /><ref name=Johnsgard1988>
</ref> Although this subfamily was considered [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] and separated from the [[partridge]]s, [[francolin]]s, and [[Old World quail]]s ([[Perdicinae]]) till the early 1990s,<ref name=Johnsgard1986 /><ref name=Johnsgard1988>
{{Cite book |title=The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World |year=1988 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
{{Cite book |title=The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World |year=1988 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenies]] have shown that this placement is paraphyletic. For example, some [[partridge]]s ''(''genus ''[[Perdix]]'') are more closely affiliated to [[pheasant]]s, whereas [[Old World quail]]s and [[partridge]]s from the genus ''[[Alectoris]]'' are closer to [[junglefowl]]s.<ref name=Kimball1999>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0562 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic |year=1999 |last1=Kimball |first1=R. T. |last2=Braun |first2=E. L. |last3=Zwartjes |first3=P. W. |last4=Crowe |first4=T. M. |last5=Ligon |first5=J. D. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |pmid=10082609}}</ref><ref name=Kimball2014>{{Cite journal |doi=10.7717/peerj.361 |title=Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix |year=2014 |last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Braun |first2=Edward L. |journal=PeerJ |pages=e361 |volume=2 |pmid=24795852 |pmc=4006227}}</ref> Due to this, Phasianinae was redefined in 2021 as containing all genera more closely allied to ''Phasianus'' than to [[Pavoninae]] or [[Rollulinae]]; several groups formerly included in Phasianinae, such as [[peafowl]] and [[junglefowl]], were placed into Pavoninae.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-05-01|title=A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790321000245|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=158|pages=107091|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091|issn=1055-7903}}</ref>
</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenies]] have shown that this placement is paraphyletic. For example, some [[partridge]]s ''(''genus ''[[Perdix]]'') are more closely affiliated to [[pheasant]]s, whereas [[Old World quail]]s and [[partridge]]s from the genus ''[[Alectoris]]'' are closer to [[junglefowl]]s.<ref name=Kimball1999>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0562 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic |year=1999 |last1=Kimball |first1=R. T. |last2=Braun |first2=E. L. |last3=Zwartjes |first3=P. W. |last4=Crowe |first4=T. M. |last5=Ligon |first5=J. D. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |pmid=10082609}}</ref><ref name=Kimball2014>{{Cite journal |doi=10.7717/peerj.361 |title=Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix |year=2014 |last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Braun |first2=Edward L. |journal=PeerJ |pages=e361 |volume=2 |pmid=24795852 |pmc=4006227}}</ref> Due to this, Phasianinae was redefined in 2021 as containing all genera more closely allied to ''Phasianus'' than to [[Pavoninae]] or [[Rollulinae]]; several groups formerly included in Phasianinae, such as [[peafowl]] and [[junglefowl]], were placed into Pavoninae.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-05-01|title=A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790321000245|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=158|pages=107091|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091|issn=1055-7903}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/taxonomy/|access-date=2021-08-01|language=en-US}}</ref>


The Phasianinae are characterised by strong [[sexual dimorphism]], males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments, such as [[wattle (anatomy)|wattles]] and long tails. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.
The Phasianinae are characterised by strong [[sexual dimorphism]], males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments, such as [[wattle (anatomy)|wattles]] and long tails. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.

Revision as of 16:50, 1 August 2021

Phasianinae
Mongolian ringneck-type common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) cock
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Subfamily: Phasianinae
Horsfield, 1821
Type species
Phasianus colchicus
Genera

The Phasianinae (Horsfield, 1821) are a subfamily of the pheasant family (Phasianidae) of landfowl, the order Galliformes. The subfamily includes true pheasants, tragopans, grouse, turkey and similar birds.[1] Although this subfamily was considered monophyletic and separated from the partridges, francolins, and Old World quails (Perdicinae) till the early 1990s,[1][2] molecular phylogenies have shown that this placement is paraphyletic. For example, some partridges (genus Perdix) are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus Alectoris are closer to junglefowls.[3][4] Due to this, Phasianinae was redefined in 2021 as containing all genera more closely allied to Phasianus than to Pavoninae or Rollulinae; several groups formerly included in Phasianinae, such as peafowl and junglefowl, were placed into Pavoninae.[5][6]

The Phasianinae are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments, such as wattles and long tails. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.

Genera in taxonomic order

This list is ordered to show presumed relationships between species.

Image Tribe Genera
Lerwini
Ithaginini
Lophophorini
Pucrasiini
Meleagridini
Tetraonini
Rhizotherini
Phasianini

References

  1. ^ a b Johnsgard, P. A. (1986). The Pheasants of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ Johnsgard, P. A. (1988). The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  3. ^ Kimball, R. T.; Braun, E. L.; Zwartjes, P. W.; Crowe, T. M.; Ligon, J. D. (1999). "A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 11 (1): 38–54. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0562. PMID 10082609.
  4. ^ Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. (2014). "Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix". PeerJ. 2: e361. doi:10.7717/peerj.361. PMC 4006227. PMID 24795852.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ "A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 158: 107091. 2021-05-01. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091. ISSN 1055-7903.
  6. ^ "Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-08-01.
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