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| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
*''[[Afropavo]]''
*''[[Lerwa]]''
*''[[Argusianus]]''
*''[[Ithaginis]]''
*''[[Cheer pheasant|Catreus]]''
*''[[Tragopan]]''
*''[[Chrysolophus]]''
*''[[Tetraophasis]]''
*''[[Crossoptilon]]''
*''[[Gallus (biology)|Gallus]]''
*''[[Ithaginis]]''
*''[[Lophophorus]]''
*''[[Lophophorus]]''
*''[[Lophura]]''
*''[[Pavo (genus)|Pavo]]''
*''[[Phasianus]]''
*''[[Polyplectron]]''
*''[[Pucrasia]]''
*''[[Pucrasia]]''
*''[[Rheinardia]]''
*''[[Meleagris]]''
*''[[Syrmaticus]]''
*''[[Bonasa]]''
*''[[Tragopan]]''
*''[[Tetrastes]]''
*''[[Centrocercus]]''
*''[[Dendragapus]]''
*''[[Tympanuchus]]''
*''[[Lagopus]]''
*''[[Falcipennis]]''
*''[[Canachites]]''
*''[[Tetrao]]''
*''[[Lyrurus]]''
*''[[Rhizothera]]''
*''[[Perdix]]''
*''[[Syrmaticus]]''
*''[[Chrysolophus]]''
*''[[Phasianus]]''
*''[[Catreus]]''
*''[[Crossoptilon]]''
*''[[Lophura]]''
}}
}}


The '''Phasianinae''' ([[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821) are a [[subfamily (biology)|subfamily]] of the pheasant family ([[Phasianidae]]) of [[landfowl]], the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Galliformes]]. The subfamily includes [[pheasant]]s, [[tragopan]]s, [[junglefowl]], [[peafowl]], and similar birds.<ref name=Johnsgard1986>
The '''Phasianinae''' ([[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821) are a [[subfamily (biology)|subfamily]] of the pheasant family ([[Phasianidae]]) of [[landfowl]], the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Galliformes]]. The subfamily includes true [[pheasant]]s, [[tragopan]]s, [[grouse]], [[Turkey (bird)|turkey]] and similar birds.<ref name=Johnsgard1986>
{{Cite book |title=The Pheasants of the World |year=1986 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
{{Cite book |title=The Pheasants of the World |year=1986 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
</ref> Although this subfamily was considered [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] and separated from the [[partridge]]s, [[francolin]]s, and [[Old World quail]]s ([[Perdicinae]]) till the early 1990s,<ref name=Johnsgard1986 /><ref name=Johnsgard1988>
</ref> Although this subfamily was considered [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] and separated from the [[partridge]]s, [[francolin]]s, and [[Old World quail]]s ([[Perdicinae]]) till the early 1990s,<ref name=Johnsgard1986 /><ref name=Johnsgard1988>
{{Cite book |title=The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World |year=1988 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
{{Cite book |title=The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World |year=1988 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}}
</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenies]] have shown that the two Phasianidae subfamilies actually constitute only one lineage. For example, some [[partridge]]s ''(''genus ''[[Perdix]]'') are more closely affiliated to [[pheasant]]s, whereas [[Old World quail]]s and [[partridge]]s from the genus ''[[Alectoris]]'' are closer to [[junglefowl]]s.<ref name=Kimball1999>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0562 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic |year=1999 |last1=Kimball |first1=R. T. |last2=Braun |first2=E. L. |last3=Zwartjes |first3=P. W. |last4=Crowe |first4=T. M. |last5=Ligon |first5=J. D. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |pmid=10082609}}</ref><ref name=Kimball2014>{{Cite journal |doi=10.7717/peerj.361 |title=Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix |year=2014 |last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Braun |first2=Edward L. |journal=PeerJ |pages=e361 |volume=2 |pmid=24795852 |pmc=4006227}}</ref>
</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenies]] have shown that this placement is paraphyletic. For example, some [[partridge]]s ''(''genus ''[[Perdix]]'') are more closely affiliated to [[pheasant]]s, whereas [[Old World quail]]s and [[partridge]]s from the genus ''[[Alectoris]]'' are closer to [[junglefowl]]s.<ref name=Kimball1999>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0562 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic |year=1999 |last1=Kimball |first1=R. T. |last2=Braun |first2=E. L. |last3=Zwartjes |first3=P. W. |last4=Crowe |first4=T. M. |last5=Ligon |first5=J. D. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |pmid=10082609}}</ref><ref name=Kimball2014>{{Cite journal |doi=10.7717/peerj.361 |title=Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix |year=2014 |last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Braun |first2=Edward L. |journal=PeerJ |pages=e361 |volume=2 |pmid=24795852 |pmc=4006227}}</ref> Due to this, Phasianinae was redefined in 2021 as containing all genera more closely allied to ''Phasianus'' than to [[Pavoninae]] or [[Rollulinae]]; several groups formerly included in Phasianinae, such as [[peafowl]] and [[junglefowl]], were placed into Pavoninae.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-05-01|title=A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790321000245|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=158|pages=107091|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091|issn=1055-7903}}</ref>


The Phasianinae are characterised by strong [[sexual dimorphism]], males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments, such as [[wattle (anatomy)|wattles]] and long tails. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.
The Phasianinae are characterised by strong [[sexual dimorphism]], males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments, such as [[wattle (anatomy)|wattles]] and long tails. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.


==Species in taxonomic order==
==Genera in taxonomic order==
This list is ordered to show [[Taxonomic sequence|presumed relationships]] between species.
This list is ordered to show [[Taxonomic sequence|presumed relationships]] between species.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Image !! Genus !! Living species
! Image !! Tribe !! Genera
|-
|[[File:Blood Pheasant (26935101897).jpg|120px]]||[[Blood pheasant|Ithaginis]]||
* [[Blood pheasant]], ''Ithaginis cruentus''
|-
|[[File:Temminck Tragopan.jpg|120px]]||''[[Tragopan]]'' ||
* [[Western tragopan]], ''Tragopan melanocephalus''
* [[Satyr tragopan]], ''Tragopan satyra''
* [[Blyth's tragopan]], ''Tragopan blythii''
* [[Temminck's tragopan]], ''Tragopan temminckii''
* [[Cabot's tragopan]], ''Tragopan caboti''
|-
|[[File:勺鸡.jpg|120px]]||''Pucrasia'' ||
*[[Koklass pheasant]], ''Pucrasia macrolopha''
|-
|[[File:Himalayan Monal Adult Male East Sikkim Sikkim India.png|120px]]||''[[Lophophorus]],'' monals ||
* [[Himalayan monal]], ''Lophophorus impejanus''
* [[Sclater's monal]], ''Lophophorus sclateri''
* [[Chinese monal]], ''Lophophorus lhuysii''
|-
|[[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Ceylon Junglefowl (Gallus lafayetii) Male.jpg|120px]]||''[[Junglefowl|Gallus]]'', junglefowl and chickens ||
* [[Red junglefowl]], ''Gallus gallus''
** [[Chicken|Domestic chicken]], ''G. g. domesticus''
* [[Grey junglefowl]], ''Gallus sonneratii''
* [[Sri Lanka junglefowl]], ''Gallus lafayetii''
* [[Green junglefowl]], ''Gallus varius''
|-
|[[File:Swinhoe's Pheasant 0673.jpg|120px]]||''[[Lophura]]'', gallopheasants ||
* [[Kalij pheasant]], (''L. leucomelanos'')
**White-crested kalij pheasant, (''L. l. hamiltoni'')
**Nepal kalij pheasant, (''L. l. leucomelanos'')
**Black-backed kalij pheasant, (''L. l. melanota'')
**Black kalij pheasant, (''L. l. moffitti'')
**Black-breasted kalij pheasant, (''L. l. lathami'')
**William's kalij pheasant, (''L. l. williamsi'')
**Oates' kalij pheasant, (''L. l. oatesi'')
**Crawfurd's kalij pheasant, (''L. l. crawfurdi'')
**Lineated kalij pheasant, (''L. l. lineata'')
* [[Silver pheasant]], (''L. nycthemera'')
**(''L. n. lewisi'')
**(''L. n. annamensis'')
**(''L. n. engelbachi'')
**(''L. n. beli'')
**(''L. n. berliozi'')
**(''L. n. rufripes'')
**(''L. n. ripponi'')
**(''L. n. occidentalis'')
**(''L. n. beaulieui'')
**(''L. n. fokiensis'')
**(''L. n. whiteheadi'')
**(''L. n. omeiensis'')
* [[Imperial pheasant]], ''Lophura imperialis''
* [[Edward's pheasant]], ''Lophura edwardsi''
** [[Vietnamese pheasant]], Lophura edwardsi var. formerly ''Lophura hatinhensis''
* [[Swinhoe's pheasant]], ''Lophura swinhoii''
* [[Hoogerwerf's pheasant]], ''Lophura hoogerwerfi''
* [[Salvadori's pheasant]], ''Lophura inornata''
* [[Crestless fireback]], ''Lophura erythrophthalma''
**Malayan crestless fireback, (''L. e. erythrophthalma'')
**Bornean crestless fireback, (''L. e. pyronota'')
* [[Crested fireback]], ''Lophura ignita''
**Lesser Bornean crested fireback, (''L. i. ignita'')
**Greater Bornean crested fireback, (''L. i. nobilis'')
**Vieilott's crested fireback, (''L. i. rufa'')
**Delacour's crested fireback, (''L. i. macartneyi'')
* [[Siamese fireback]], ''Lophura diardi''
* [[Bulwer's pheasant]], ''Lophura bulweri''
|-
|[[File:Crossoptilon mantchuricum -USA -captive-8a.jpg|120px]]||''[[Crossoptilon]]'', eared pheasants ||
* [[White eared pheasant]], ''Crossoptilon crossoptilon''
* [[Tibetan eared pheasant]], ''Crossoptilon harmani''
* [[Brown eared pheasant]], ''Crossoptilon mantchuricum''
* [[Blue eared pheasant]], ''Crossoptilon auritum''
|-
|[[File:Cheer Pheasant.jpg|120px]]||''Catreus'' ||
* [[Cheer pheasant]], ''Catreus wallichii''
|-
|-
|[[File:SnowPartridgeAtTungnathUttarakhandIndia.jpg|frameless|119x119px]]
|[[File:Mikado Pheasant 398.jpg|120px]]||''[[Syrmaticus]]'', long-tailed pheasants ||
|[[Lerwini]]
* [[Reeve's pheasant]], ''Syrmaticus reevesi''
|
* [[Elliot's pheasant]], ''Syrmaticus ellioti''
* ''[[Snow partridge|Lerwa]]'' (snow partridge)
* [[Mrs. Hume's pheasant]], ''Syrmaticus humiae''
* [[Mikado pheasant]], ''Syrmaticus mikado''
* [[Copper pheasant]], ''Syrmaticus soemmerringi''
|-
|-
|[[File:Blood Pheasant (26935101897).jpg|120px]]||[[Ithaginini]]||
|[[File:A beutifull feazant in full glory searching food along the Rhine river - panoramio.jpg|120px]]||''[[Phasianus]]'', typical pheasants ||
*[[Green pheasant]] ''Phasianus versicolor''
* ''[[Blood pheasant|Ithaginis]]'' (blood pheasant)
*[[Common pheasant]], ''Phasianus colchicus''
** Caucasus pheasants, ''Phasianus colchicus colchicus'' group
** White-winged pheasants, ''Phasianus colchicus chrysomelas/principalis'' group
*** Prince of Wales pheasant, ''Phasianus colchicus principalis''
** Mongolian ring-necked pheasants or white-winged ring-necked pheasants, ''Phasianus colchicus mongolicus'' group
** Tarim pheasants, ''Phasianus colchicus tarimensis'' group
** Chinese ring-necked pheasants, ''Phasianus colchicus torquatus'' group
*** Taiwan pheasant, ''Phasianus colchicus formosanus''
|-
|-
|[[File:Golden Pheasant male RWD4.jpg|120px]]||''[[Chrysolophus]]'', ruffed pheasants ||
|[[File:Temminck Tragopan.jpg|120px]]||[[Lophophorini]]||
* ''[[Tragopan]]'' (tragopans)
* [[Golden pheasant]], ''Chrysolophus pictus''
* ''[[Tetraophasis]]'' (monal-partridges)
* [[Lady Amherst's pheasant]], ''Chrysolophus amherstiae''
* ''[[Monal|Lophophorus]]'' (monals)
|-
|-
|[[File:Polyplectron malacense -captive -male-8a.jpg|120px]]||''[[Polyplectron]]'', peacock-pheasants ||
|[[File:勺鸡.jpg|120px]]||[[Pucrasiini]]||
*''[[Pucrasia]]'' (koklass pheasant)
* [[Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron chalcurum''
* [[Mountain peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron inopinatum''
* [[Germain's peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron germaini''
* [[Grey peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron bicalcaratum''
* [[Hainan peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron katsumatae''
* [[Malayan peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron malacense''
* [[Bornean peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron schleiermacheri''
* [[Palawan peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron emphanum''
|-
|-
|[[File:Wild turkey eastern us.jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|[[File:Argo de Rheinard (Rheinardia ocellata), Zoo de Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 01.JPG|120px]]||''Rheinardia'' ||
|[[Meleagridini]]
* [[Vietnamese crested argus]], ''Rheinardia ocellata''
|
* [[Malayan crested argus]], ''Rheinardia nigrescens''
* ''[[Meleagris]]'' (turkeys)
|-
|-
|[[File:Tetrao urogallus Richard Bartz.jpg|frameless|163x163px]]
|[[File:Argusianus argus, Khao Sok, Thailand 3.jpg|120px]]||''Argusianus'' ||
|[[Grouse|Tetraonini]]
* [[Great argus]], ''Argusianus argus''
|
* ''[[Bonasa]]'' (ruffed grouse)
* ''[[Tetrastes]]'' (hazel grouse)
* ''[[Centrocercus]]'' (sage-grouse)
* ''[[Dendragapus]]'' (blue grouse)
* ''[[Tympanuchus]]'' (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse)
* ''[[Lagopus]]'' (ptarmigans)
* ''[[Falcipennis]]'' (Siberian grouse)
* ''[[Spruce grouse|Canachites]]'' (spruce grouse)
* ''[[Tetrao]]'' (capercaillies)
* ''[[Lyrurus]]'' (black grouse)
|-
|-
|[[File:Rhizothera longirostris.jpg|frameless|119x119px]]
|[[File:Paonroue.JPG|120px]]||''[[Pavo (genus)|Pavo]]'' Peacock ||
|[[Rhizotherini]]
* [[Indian peafowl]] ''Pavo cristatus''
|
* [[Green peafowl]], ''Pavo muticus''
* ''[[Rhizothera]]'' (long-billed partridges)
|-
|-
|[[File:Afropavo congensis -Artis Zoo -Netherlands -male-8a.jpg|120px]]||''Afropavo'' ||
|[[File:Swinhoe's Pheasant 0673.jpg|120px]]
|[[Phasianini]]
* [[Congo peafowl]], ''Afropavo congensis''
|
* ''[[Perdix]]'' (true partridges)
* ''[[Syrmaticus]]'' (long-tailed pheasants)
* ''[[Chrysolophus]]'' (ruffed pheasants)
* ''[[Phasianus]]'' (true pheasants)
* ''[[Cheer pheasant|Catreus]]'' (cheer pheasant)
* ''[[Crossoptilon]]'' (eared pheasants)
* ''[[Lophura]]'' (gallopheasants)
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 16:49, 1 August 2021

Phasianinae
Mongolian ringneck-type common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) cock
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Subfamily: Phasianinae
Horsfield, 1821
Type species
Phasianus colchicus
Genera

The Phasianinae (Horsfield, 1821) are a subfamily of the pheasant family (Phasianidae) of landfowl, the order Galliformes. The subfamily includes true pheasants, tragopans, grouse, turkey and similar birds.[1] Although this subfamily was considered monophyletic and separated from the partridges, francolins, and Old World quails (Perdicinae) till the early 1990s,[1][2] molecular phylogenies have shown that this placement is paraphyletic. For example, some partridges (genus Perdix) are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus Alectoris are closer to junglefowls.[3][4] Due to this, Phasianinae was redefined in 2021 as containing all genera more closely allied to Phasianus than to Pavoninae or Rollulinae; several groups formerly included in Phasianinae, such as peafowl and junglefowl, were placed into Pavoninae.[5]

The Phasianinae are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments, such as wattles and long tails. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. They typically eat seeds and some insects.

Genera in taxonomic order

This list is ordered to show presumed relationships between species.

Image Tribe Genera
Lerwini
Ithaginini
Lophophorini
Pucrasiini
Meleagridini
Tetraonini
Rhizotherini
Phasianini

References

  1. ^ a b Johnsgard, P. A. (1986). The Pheasants of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ Johnsgard, P. A. (1988). The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  3. ^ Kimball, R. T.; Braun, E. L.; Zwartjes, P. W.; Crowe, T. M.; Ligon, J. D. (1999). "A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 11 (1): 38–54. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0562. PMID 10082609.
  4. ^ Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. (2014). "Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix". PeerJ. 2: e361. doi:10.7717/peerj.361. PMC 4006227. PMID 24795852.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ "A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 158: 107091. 2021-05-01. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091. ISSN 1055-7903.
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