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==== Lengthening ==== |
==== Lengthening ==== |
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* Consonants are lengthened in the coda of a stressed syllable; cf. {{IPA|/ˈumbra/}} {{IPA|[ˈuˑmˑbra]}}.<ref>Mura & Virdis 2015: 30, 65</ref> |
* Consonants are lengthened in the coda of a stressed syllable; cf. {{IPA|/ˈumbra/}} {{IPA|[ˈuˑmˑbra]}}.<ref>Mura & Virdis 2015: 30, 65</ref> **'''Is this true for all dialects?**''' |
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** This process turns {{IPA|/p t k/}}, which are by default {{IPA|[pˑ tˑ kˑ]}}, into the full geminates {{IPA|[pp tt kk]}}.<ref>Mura & Virdis 2015: 14, 75</ref> |
** This process turns {{IPA|/p t k/}}, which are by default {{IPA|[pˑ tˑ kˑ]}}, into the full geminates {{IPA|[pp tt kk]}}.<ref>Mura & Virdis 2015: 14, 75</ref> |
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** Word-initial {{IPA|/b d ɡ/}}: |
** Word-initial {{IPA|/b d ɡ/}}: |
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*** Spirantize to {{IPA|[β ð ɣ]}} in Nuorese. |
*** Spirantize to {{IPA|[β ð ɣ]}} in Nuorese. |
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*** Reduce to {{IPA|[∅]}} in Logudorese and Campidanese ( |
*** Reduce to {{IPA|[∅]}} in Logudorese and Campidanese (variably). **'''Find out the conditions for this.**''' |
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** Word-initial {{IPA|/p t k/}}: |
** Word-initial {{IPA|/p t k/}}: |
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*** Remain unchanged in Nuorese.{{efn|Except for the varieties where /k/ yields a glottal stop; see below.}} |
*** Remain unchanged in Nuorese.{{efn|Except for the varieties where /k/ yields a glottal stop; see below.}} |
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*** Lenite to {{IPA|[β ð ɣ]}} in Logudorese and Campidanese. |
*** Lenite to {{IPA|[β ð ɣ]}} in Logudorese and Campidanese. '''**Does [ð] rhotacize in Cagliari?**''' |
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* In the southernmost Nuorese varieties, {{IPA|/k/}} lenites to [ʔ] or [h].{{efn|[ʔ] south of a line running approximately from Olzai to Oliena, [h] in Dorgali (Contini 1987: maps 24–26).}} |
* In the southernmost Nuorese varieties, {{IPA|/k/}} lenites to [ʔ] or [h].{{efn|[ʔ] south of a line running approximately from Olzai to Oliena, [h] in Dorgali (Contini 1987: maps 24–26).}} |
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Revision as of 07:50, 15 October 2021
(Sardinian.)
Phonological processes
Lengthening
- Consonants are lengthened in the coda of a stressed syllable; cf. /ˈumbra/ [ˈuˑmˑbra].[1] **Is this true for all dialects?**
- This process turns /p t k/, which are by default [pˑ tˑ kˑ], into the full geminates [pp tt kk].[2]
- After the words e 'and', a 'to', or a 'interrogative particle', the initial consonant of a following word is lengthened.[3][a]
Intervocalic lenition
- Singleton plosives and fricatives undergo lenition between vowels, including across word-boundaries.
- /f/ voices to [v].
- /s/ voices to [z].[b]
- Word-internal /b d ɡ/ spirantize to [β ð ɣ].
- Word-initial /b d ɡ/:
- Spirantize to [β ð ɣ] in Nuorese.
- Reduce to [∅] in Logudorese and Campidanese (variably). **Find out the conditions for this.**
- Word-initial /p t k/:
- Remain unchanged in Nuorese.[c]
- Lenite to [β ð ɣ] in Logudorese and Campidanese. **Does [ð] rhotacize in Cagliari?**
- In the southernmost Nuorese varieties, /k/ lenites to [ʔ] or [h].[d]
Paragoge
- Utterance-final consonants receive an echo vowel; cf. /ˈkɛlɔs/ [ˈkɛːlɔzɔ]. After /n r s/, the vowel is weakly articulated and often inaudible.[5]
Assimilation
Word-final
- In Nuorese, /-r -s/ merge and then:[6]
- Assimilate completely before /l n/ and (variably) /f/.
- Yield [s] before /p t k s θ/.
- Yield [r] in all other cases.
- In Campidanese, /-s/:[7]
- Voices to [z] before /m b/.
- Reduces to [∅] before /b d ɡ/.[f]
- Remains unchanged before /p t k s/.
- In Logudorese, /-s/:[8]
- Remains unchanged before /p t k s/.
- Generally yields [r] in all other cases.
Universal
- /nd/ [ɳɖ] assimilates to [ɳɳ] in some varieties, particularly northeastern Nuorese.[g]
Labiovelars
- Latin /kw ɡw/ survive unchanged in Campidanese but have merged to /b/ in Logudorese and Nuorese.
- Outside of the above sequences, /enwiki/w/ only occurs in loanwords.[9]
Notes
- ^ This is due to all three words' originally having had a final consonant in Latin (et, ad, aut).
- ^ /-s-/, however, does not voice in Dorgali, Orune, Fonni, or Ovodda. It does so variably in Urzulei (Contini 1987: map 51).
- ^ Except for the varieties where /k/ yields a glottal stop; see below.
- ^ [ʔ] south of a line running approximately from Olzai to Oliena, [h] in Dorgali (Contini 1987: maps 24–26).
- ^ Traditionally, word-initial /l/ also lenited between vowels, but this is becoming increasingly rare. Today its predominant realization is [ɭɭ], which is even beginning to spread to word-internal /l/; cf. [sɔβi~sɔɭɭi] 'sun' (Frigeni 2005: 22).
- ^ Sometimes this triggers gemination, resulting in [bb dd ɡɡ].
- ^ Per Contini (1987: map 37), consistent assimilation is observed in the towns of Orune, Bitti, Santu Lussurgiu, Desulo, Tonara, Belvì, and Aritzo; while variable assimilation is observed in Onanì, Lula, Lodè, Loculi, Galtellì, Burgos, Esporlatu, Bonorva, Bonannaro, Borutta, and Monti.
References
Bibliography
- Frigeni, Chiara. 2005. The development of liquids from Latin to Campidanian Sardinian: The role of contrast and structural similarity. Tortonto working Papers in Linguistics 24. 15–30.
- Frigeni, Chiara. 2009. Sonorant relationships in two varieties of Sardinian. University of Toronto: doctoral dissertation.
- Lorinczi, Marinella. 1996. Sociolinguistica della ricerca linguistica: Punti vista divergenti sulle consonanti scempie e geminate nell'italiano di Sardegna. In Actas do XIX congreso internacional de lingüística e filoloxía románicas 8. 311–334.
- Sampson, Rodney. 2016. Sandhi phenomena. In Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.), The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages, 669–680. Oxford University Press.