User:Nicodene/sandbox2
(Sardinian.)
Phonological processes
[edit]Lengthening
[edit]- Consonants are lengthened in the coda of a stressed syllable; cf. /ˈumbra/ [ˈuˑmˑbra].[1]
- This process turns /p t k/, which are by default [pˑ tˑ kˑ], into the full geminates [pp tt kk].[2]
- After the words e 'and', a 'to', or a 'interrogative particle', the initial consonant of a following word is lengthened.[3][a]
Intervocalic lenition
[edit]- Singleton stops and fricatives undergo lenition between vowels, even across word-boundaries. The changes are, generally speaking, as follows:[4]
- In Campidanese, word-internal /l/ lenites:[5][f]
- To [β] or [w] in most of the centre and west.
- To a variety of outcomes in other areas.[g]
Paragoge
[edit]- Utterance-final consonants receive an echo vowel; cf. /ˈkɛlɔs/ [ˈkɛːlɔzɔ]. After /n r s/, the vowel may be weakly articulated and often inaudible.[6]
Assimilation
[edit]Assimilation, generally regressive, is common among Sardinian consonants.
General
[edit]- /nd/ [ɳɖ] assimilates to [ɳɳ] in some varieties, particularly northeastern Nuorese.[h]
Word-final
[edit]- /-t/ assimilates to a following consonant; cf. ⟨cheret bènnere⟩ [ˈkɛːɾɛbˈbɛnnɛɾɛ].[7]
- In Nuorese, final /r/ and /s/ both:[8]
- Assimilate to a following /l n/ and, variably, /f/.
- Yield [s] before /p t k s θ/.
- Yield [r] in all other cases.
- In Logudorese, /-s/:[9]
- Remains unchanged before /p t k s/.
- Generally yields [r] in all other cases.
- In Campidanese, /-s/:[10]
- Voices to [z] before /m b/.
- Reduces to zero before /b d ɡ/.[i]
- Remains unchanged before /p t k s/.
Historical changes
[edit]- After /p t k/, Latin /l/:[11]
- Proto-Romance prosthetic [ɪ-][k] became a fixed (invariable) /i/ in Sardinian.[12]
- It has since been lost in most of Campidanese.[13]
- In Campidanese, Latin /k ɡ/ palatalized and affricated before front vowels, yielding /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/.[14]
- Latin /kw ɡw/ have merged to /b(b)/ in Logudorese and Nuorese, while remaining unchanged in Campidanese.[15][l]
Notes
[edit]- ^ This is due to all three words' originally having had a final plosive in Latin (et, ad, aut) which tended to assimilate to the initial consonant of a following word.
- ^ It does not voice in the towns of Dorgali, Orune, Fonni, or Ovodda; and it does so variably in Urzulei (Contini 1987: map 51).
- ^ This occurs south and west of a line running approximately from Orune to Dorgali (Contini 1987: map 11).
- ^ [ʔ] south of a line running approximately from Olzai to Oliena, [h] in Dorgali (Contini 1987: maps 24–26).
- ^ In Nuorese, [v] is a common alternative to [β].
- ^ Traditionally, word-initial /l/ also lenited between vowels, but this is becoming increasingly rare. Today its predominant realization is [ɭɭ], which is even beginning to spread to word-internal position; cf. [sɔβi~sɔɭɭi] 'sun' (Frigeni 2005: 22).
- ^
- To [ʁ] in the most of the east and Sulcis.
- To [ʔ] in Sarrabus and parts of the east.
- To [ɡʷ] in the town of Gesturi.
- To [ʟ] in traditional lower-class speech in Cagliari.
- ^ Per Contini (1987: map 37), consistent assimilation is observed in the towns of Orune, Bitti, Santu Lussurgiu, Desulo, Tonara, Belvì, and Aritzo; while variable assimilation is observed in Onanì, Lula, Lodè, Loculi, Galtellì, Burgos, Esporlatu, Bonorva, Bonannaro, Borutta, and Monti.
- ^ Sometimes this triggers gemination, resulting in [bb dd ɡɡ].
- ^ North of a line running approximately from Bosa to Budoni. The change is comparable, and probably due, to a similar one in Italian.
- ^ Which had been added, allophonically, before word-initial /sp st sk/ in order to split the clusters; cf. /ˈspina/ > *[ɪs.ˈpiː.na]. Originally this was not done if the cluster was already preceded by a vowel; cf. /una ˈspina/ > *[u.nas.ˈpiː.na]. Later, [ɪ-] became an integral part of such words, present in any context, hence phonemic.
- ^ The resulting /b(b)/ never undergoes lenition in intervocalic position.
References
[edit]- ^ Mura & Virdis 2015: 30, 65
- ^ Mura & Virdis 2015: 14, 75
- ^ Mensching & Remberger 2016: 276
- ^ Jones 1997: 377
- ^ Frigeni 2005: 21
- ^ Mura & Virdis: 47–48
- ^ Jones 1997: 378
- ^ Pittau 1972: §35
- ^ Mura & Virdis 2015: 129
- ^ Frigeni 2009: 6
- ^ Contini 1987: maps 6, 28–31, 49.
- ^ Rodney 2010: 96
- ^ Contini 1987: map 52
- ^ Jones 1997: 377
- ^ Jones 1997: 377
Bibliography
[edit]- Frigeni, Chiara. 2005. The development of liquids from Latin to Campidanese Sardinian: The role of contrast and structural similarity. Tortonto working Papers in Linguistics 24. 15–30.
- Frigeni, Chiara. 2009. Sonorant relationships in two varieties of Sardinian. University of Toronto: doctoral dissertation.
- Jones, Michael A. 1997. Sardinia. In Maiden, Martin; Mair, Parry, (eds.), The dialects of Italy, 376–384. London: Routledge.
- Lorinczi, Marinella. 1996. Sociolinguistica della ricerca linguistica: Punti vista divergenti sulle consonanti scempie e geminate nell'italiano di Sardegna. In Actas do XIX congreso internacional de lingüística e filoloxía románicas 8. 311–334.
- Sampson, Rodney. 2010. Vowel prosthesis in Romance: A diachronic study. Oxford University Press.
- Sampson, Rodney. 2016. Sandhi phenomena. In Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.), The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages, 669–680. Oxford University Press.